Alagappa University

Zn1–xCoxO (x = 0, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by a coprecipitation method. The crystalline sizes of synthesized samples were calculated from the powder XRD patterns, which were found to decrease with the increase of cobalt content. The FT-IR spectra confirmed the Zn–O stretching bands at 468, 456, 452, and 461 cm–1 for the respective ZnO NPs. SEM images demonstrated the distinct flowerlike morphology. The photoluminescence spectra of all the samples exhibited a broad emission in the visible range. XPS studies were carried out for Zn0.90Co0.10O NPs. The carriers (donors) bound on the Co sites were observed from the micro-Raman spectroscopic studies. The pure and Co-doped ZnO NPs showed significant changes in the M–H loop where the diamagnetic behavior of ZnO changes to ferromagnetic nature when doping with Co. Oxygen vacancies and zinc interstitials were found to be the main reasons for room-temperature ferromagnetism in the Co-doped ZnO NPs with the support of the results obtained from the EPR, photoluminescence, and micro-Raman studies.

Pure ZnO and Neodymium (Nd) doped ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by the co-precipitation method. The synthesized nanoparticles retained the wurtzite hexagonal structure. From FESEM studies, ZnO and Nd doped ZnO NPs showed nanorod and nanoflower like morphology respectively. The FT-IR spectra confirmed the Zn-O stretching bands at 422 and 451 cm(-1) for ZnO and Nd doped ZnO NPs respectively. From the UV-VIS spectroscopic measurement, the excitonic peaks were found around 373 nm and 380 nm for the respective samples. The photoluminescence measurements revealed that the broad emission was composed of ten different bands due to zinc vacancies, oxygen vacancies and surface defects. The antibacterial studies performed against extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) producing strains of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae showed that the Nd doped ZnO NPs possessed a greater antibacterial effect than the pure ZnO NPs. From confocal laser scanning microscopic (CLSM) analysis, the apoptotic nature of the cells was confirmed by the cell shrinkage, disorganization of cell wall and cell membrane and dead cell of the bacteria. SEM analysis revealed the existence of bacterial loss of viability due to an impairment of cell membrane integrity, which was highly consistent with the damage of cell walls.

The alarming effect of antibiotic resistance prompted the search for alternative medicine to resolve the microbial resistance conflict. Over the last two decades, scientists have become increasingly interested in metallic nanoparticles to discover their new dimensions. Green nano synthesis is a rapidly expanding field of interest in nanotechnology due to its feasibility, low toxicity, eco-friendly nature, and long-term viability. Some plants have long been used in medicine because they contain a variety of bioactive compounds. Silver has long been known for its antibacterial properties. Silver nanoparticles have taken a special place among other metal nanoparticles. Silver nanotechnology has a big impact on medical applications like bio-coating, novel antimicrobial agents, and drug delivery systems. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the pharmaceutical qualities of medicinal plants, as well as a convenient guideline for plant-based silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial activity.

clinical trials.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Abstract SiO 2 /Poly(3‐aminophenylboronic acid) (PAPBA) composites were synthesized under different experimental conditions, using ultrasonic irradiation method. Polymerization was carried out in the presence of sodium fluoride and D ‐fructose to anchor 3‐aminophenylboronic acid groups on to SiO 2 surface. The SiO 2 /PAPBA nanocomposite prepared by NaF and D ‐fructose in the polymerization medium was found to show different morphology, electrical properties, thermal behavior and structural characterization in comparison to the nanocomposites prepared under other conditions. Ultrasonic irradiation minimizes the aggregation of nanosilica and promotes anchoring of PAPBA units over SiO 2 surface. The morphology of PAPBA/ SiO 2 nanocomposite was investigated by using transmission electron microscopy, UV‐visible spectroscopy; thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction analysis were used for characterization. Transmission electron microscope of the nanocomposites observation shows that SiO 2 /PAPBA composite, prepared with D ‐fructose and NaF under ultrasonication has a core–shell morphology. The thermal and crystalline properties of core‐shell SiO 2 /PAPBA nanocomposite was prepared via ultrasonication method is different from the SiO 2 /PAPBA nanocomposite prepared via conventional stirring method, in which SiO 2 nanoparticles are submerged in PAPBA. Conductivity of the composite prepared via ultrasonication shows around 0.2 S/cm. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 2743–2750, 2007

Green synthesis of nanoparticles using seaweeds are fascinating high research attention nowadays and also gaining center of attention in biomedical applications. In this work, we have synthesized biocompatible and functionalized silver nanoparticles using an aqueous extract of seaweed Enteromorpha compressa as a reducing as well as stabilizing agent and their efficient antimicrobial and anticancer activity are reported here. The UV–vis spectra of AgNPs showed the characteristics SPR absorption band at 421 nm. The chemical interaction and crystalline nature of the AgNPs were evaluated by FT-IR and XRD studies. The XRD result of AgNPs shows typical Ag reflection peaks at 38.1°, 44.2°, 64.4° and 77.1° corresponding to (111), (200), (220) and (311) Bragg’s planes. The surface morphology and composition of the samples were observed by HRTEM, EDS and SAED pattern analyses. Spherical shaped Ag nano structures were observed in the size ranges between 4 and 24 nm with clear lattice fringes in the HRTEM image. This report reveals that seaweed mediated synthesis of AgNPs and sustained delivery of Ag ions to the bacterial and fungal surface have been reducing their growth rate which was evaluated by well diffusion assay. The synthesized AgNPs showed favorable cytotoxicity against Ehlrich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) cells with IC50 value was recorded at 95.35 μg mL−1. This study showed cost effective silver nanoparticles synthesis with excellent biocompatibility and thus could potentially be utilized in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.

(8 mm).

Extension of driving range and battery run time optimization are necessary key points in the modeling of Electric Vehicle (EV). In this view, Battery Management System (BMS) plays a major role to ensure a safe and trustworthy battery operation, especially when using Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries in an electric vehicle. Key function of BMS is State of Charge (SoC) estimation. A well-parameterized battery model is required for accurate state estimation. Consequently, the major factors to be considered in battery modeling are the SoC estimation and charging methodology of an effective BMS development. By focusing on these features, in this paper, the well-known battery models such as the electrochemical model, equivalent circuit model, and data-driven model are comprehensively reviewed along with their strengths and weaknesses. Further, the SoC estimation of a battery is also discussed by using standard methodologies such as direct estimation methods and model-based estimation methods. The comparisons of the three most distinct battery models and the classification of SoC estimation techniques to develop a proper BMS for EV with the focus on accuracy, configuration effort, computational complexity, ease of implementation, and real-time applications are systematically reviewed. In addition to this, convenient battery charging approaches with the consideration of some constraints such as charging time, charging efficiency, state of charge, state of health, charging voltage threshold, capacity fade, power fade, aging effect, capacity utilization, impedance rise, and temperature rise of the battery in EV are presented. Finally, the perspectives of the existing work and the recommended future research work of BMS are summarized.

, has been identified as the bioactive compound responsible for numerous pharmacological activities of turmeric, including anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, etc. Nevertheless, the clinical application of curcumin is inadequate due to its low solubility, poor absorption, rapid metabolism and elimination. Advancements in recent research have shown several components and techniques to increase the bioavailability of curcumin. Combining with adjuvants, encapsulating in carriers and formulating in nanoforms, in combination with other bioactive agents, synthetic derivatives and structural analogs of curcumin, have shown increased efficiency and bioavailability, thereby augmenting the range of applications of curcumin. The scope for incorporating biotechnology and nanotechnology in amending the current drawbacks would help in expanding the biomedical applications and clinical efficacy of curcumin. Therefore, in this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the plethora of therapeutic potentials of curcumin, their drawbacks in efficient clinical applications and the recent advancements in improving curcumin's bioavailability for effective use in various biomedical applications.

Generally, silver is considered as a noble metal used for treating burn wound infections, open wounds and cuts. However, the emerging nanotechnology has made a remarkable impact by converting metallic silver into silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for better applications. The advancement in technology has improved the synthesis of NPs using biological method instead of physical and chemical methods. Nonetheless, synthesizing AgNPs using biological sources is ecofriendly and cost effective. Till date, AgNPs are widely used as antibacterial agents; therefore, a novel idea is needed for the successful use of AgNPs as therapeutic agents to uncertain diseases and infections. In biomedicine, AgNPs possess significant advantages due to their physical and chemical versatility. Indeed, the toxicity concerns regarding AgNPs have created the need for non-toxic and ecofriendly approaches to produce AgNPs. The applications of AgNPs in nanogels, nanosolutions, silver based dressings and coating over medical devices are under progress. Still, an improvised version of AgNPs for extended applications in an ecofriendly manner is the need of the hour. Therefore, the present review emphasizes the synthesis methods, modes of action under dissipative conditions and the various biomedical applications of AgNPs in detail.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major reason for the increased visual loss globally, and it became an important cause of visual impairment among people in 25-74 years of age. The DR significantly affects the economic status in society, particularly in healthcare systems. When timely treatment is provided to the DR patients, approximately 90% of patients can be saved from visual loss. Therefore, it becomes highly essential to classify the stages and severity of DR for the recommendation of required treatments. In this view, this paper introduces a new automated Hyperparameter Tuning Inception-v4 (HPTI-v4) model for the detection and classification of DR from color fundus images. At the preprocessing stage, the contrast level of the fundus image will be improved by the use of contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) model. Then, the segmentation of the preprocessed image takes place utilizing a histogram-based segmentation model. Afterward, the HPTI-v4 model is applied to extract the required features from the segmented image and it subsequently undergoes classification by the use of a multilayer perceptron (MLP). A series of experiments take place on MESSIDOR (Methods to Evaluate Segmentation and Indexing Techniques in the field of Retinal Ophthalmology) DR dataset to guarantee the goodness of the HPTI-v4 approach and the obtained results clearly exhibited the supremacy of the HPTI-v4 model over the compared methods in a significant way.

.Drug-likeness and ADMET profile prediction of best docked compounds from present study were predicted to be safe, drug-like compounds with no toxicity.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Pure ZnO and alkaline metal ion (Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+)-doped ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by the co-precipitation method. The synthesized nanoparticles retained the wurtzite hexagonal structure, which was confirmed by X-ray diffraction studies. The micro-strain properties were analyzed through Williamson–Hall analysis. The oxidation states of the elements (C (1s), O (1s), Zn (2p), Mg (1s), Ca (2p), Sr (3d) and Ba (3d)) were confirmed by XPS studies. HRSEM studies showed a reduction in the thickness of the ZnO nanoflakes from 63 to 47 nm after doping. EDAX studies determined the amount of dopant (alkaline metals) incorporated into the doped samples. The FT-IR spectra confirmed the Zn–O stretching bands at 432, 416, 414, 426 and 422 cm−1 for the respective ZnO NPs. The photoluminescence measurements revealed that the broad emission was composed of six different bands due to zinc and oxygen vacancies. Thermal analysis revealed that the irreversible structural transition occurred from the cubic phase to the wurtzite phase in the samples. The antibacterial studies performed against a set of bacterial strains showed that the Mg-doped ZnO NPs possessed a greater antibacterial effect than the other alkaline metal ion-doped ZnO NPs.

Pure, mixed and doped metal oxides (MOX) have attracted great interest for the development of electrical and electrochemical sensors since they are cheaper, faster, easier to operate and capable of online analysis and real-time identification. This review focuses on highly sensitive chemoresistive type sensors based on doped-SnO2, RhO, ZnO-Ca, Smx-CoFe2−xO4 semiconductors used to detect toxic gases (H2, CO, NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (e.g., acetone, ethanol) in monitoring of gaseous markers in the breath of patients with specific pathologies and for environmental pollution control. Interesting results about the monitoring of biochemical substances as dopamine, epinephrine, serotonin and glucose have been also reported using electrochemical sensors based on hybrid MOX nanocomposite modified glassy carbon and screen-printed carbon electrodes. The fundamental sensing mechanisms and commercial limitations of the MOX-based electrical and electrochemical sensors are discussed providing research directions to bridge the existing gap between new sensing concepts and real-world analytical applications.

This study reveals the synthesis of spherical gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) using aqueous fruit extract of Terminalia arjuna, which contains tannin, terpenoid, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides and polyphenolic compounds. The synthesized Au NPs were characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential (ZP) analyses. UV–visible spectra of the fruit extract containing Au NPs showed a surface plasmon resonance peak at 523 nm. FTIR analysis was performed to analyze the biomolecules responsible for the reduction of Au NPs. FTIR analysis clearly showed that Au NPs were capped with plant compounds. The EDX analysis was used to identify the elemental composition of the synthesized Au NPs. The high crystallinity of Au NPs with a face-centered cubic phase is evident to XRD patterns. AFM and TEM observations revealed that synthesized Au NPs were spherical shape with the range 20–50 nm. DLS measurement revealed that Au NPs were obtained in the average size of 25 nm and it is found to be stable at 21.9 mV through ZP analysis. The synthesized Au NPs were investigated for its antibacterial activity. By contrast, Au NPs did not show any antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The Au NPs were treated with two different concentrations (500 and 1,000 μM) of Gloriosa superba seeds. Au NPs exposure at 1,000 μM concentration has most significant effect on seed germination rate and vegetative growth of G. superba. This is the first report on Au NPs as a biocompatibility material to enhance the seed yield of this endangered medicinal plant.

In this work we aim to synthesize biocompatible ZnO nanoparticles from the zinc nitrate via green process using leaf extracts of the Costus pictus D. Don medicinal plant. FTIR studies confirm the presence of biomolecules and metal oxides. X-ray diffraction (XRD) structural analysis reveals the formation of pure hexagonal phase structures of ZnO nanoparticles. The surface morphologies of ZnO nanoparticles observed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) suggest that most ZnO crystallites are hexagonal. EDX analysis confirms the presence of primarily zinc and oxygen. TEM images show that biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles are hexagonal and spherical. The plausible formation mechanisms of zinc oxide nanoparticles are also predicted. The biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles exhibit strong antimicrobial behavior against bacterial and fungal species when employing the agar diffusion method. Synthesized ZnO nanoparticles exhibit anticancer activity against Daltons lymphoma ascites (DLA) cells as well as antimicrobial activity against some bacterial and fungal strains.

Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is the collection of medical devices and related applications which link the healthcare IT systems through online computer networks. In the field of diagnosis, medical image classification plays an important role in prediction and early diagnosis of critical diseases. Medical images form an indispensable part of a patient's health record which can be applied to control, handle and treat the diseases. But, classification of images is a challenging task in computer-based diagnostics. In this research article, we have introduced a improved classifier i.e., Optimal Deep Learning (DL) for classification of lung cancer, brain image, and Alzheimer's disease. The researchers proposed the Optimal Feature Selection based Medical Image Classification using DL model by incorporating preprocessing, feature selection and classification. The main goal of the paper is to derive an optimal feature selection model for effective medical image classification. To enhance the performance of the DL classifier, Opposition-based Crow Search (OCS) algorithm is proposed. The OCS algorithm picks the optimal features from pre-processed images, here Multi-texture, grey level features were selected for the analysis. Finally, the optimal features improved the classification result and increased the accuracy, specificity and sensitivity in the diagnosis of medical images. The proposed results were implemented in MATLAB and compared with existing feature selection models and other classification approaches. The proposed model achieved the maximum performance in terms of accuracy, sensitivity and specificity being 95.22%, 86.45 % and 100% for the applied set of images.

Although carbon nanoparticles or quantum dots (C-dots) have been studied extensively for a variety of applications (e.g., photocatalysis, metal ion sensing, antibacterial, cell labeling), a greener synthetic method is highly indispensable. Herein, we report a facile one-step hydrothermal carbonization approach for the synthesis of fluorescent blue/green C-dots using oyster mushroom (Pleurotus species). First, we demonstrate the application of these C-dots as a colorimetric sensor for toxic metal ions detection such as heavy metal Pb2+ ions with the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 58.63 μM and 177.69 μM, respectively. Second, we show the application of C-dots as a promising fluorescent probe for DNA recognition through the electrostatic intercalative interaction between ctDNA and C-dots. Third, we demonstrate the efficient antibacterial activity of C-dots against three bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Finally, the anticancer activity of C-dots against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells is demonstrated.

BACKGROUND: For many years chemical preservatives have been used in food, to act as either antimicrobials or antioxidants or both. In general, consumers regard additive-free foods as safer since preservatives can cause health hazards like asthma and cancer and are suspected to be mutagenic and neurotoxic. The present study was carried out to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of seaweeds, with a view to developing safer food preservatives. METHODS: Ten edible seaweeds, which have wide pharmaceutical application, were collected from Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, India and evaluated for antioxidant and antimicrobial activity against food borne pathogens. RESULTS: The results indicate that Gelidiella acerosa has the highest antioxidant activity while Haligra sps exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 96). CONCLUSION: Quantitative analysis of the total phenolic content of the seaweeds indicated that Gelidella acerosa and Haligra sps have high phenolic contents, which correlated to their respective antioxidant and antimicrobial activity.

Silver and gold nanoparticles were synthesized using an aqueous extract of the seaweed Turbinaria conoides and their antibiofilm activity against marine biofilm forming bacteria is reported here. The UV-Vis spectra showed the characteristics SPR absorption band for Ag NPs at 421 and for Au NPs at 538 nm. Further, the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using FT-IR, XRD, FESEM, EDX, and HRTEM analysis. Spherical and triangular nanostructures of the Ag and Au nanoparticles were observed between the size ranges of 2-17 nm and 2-19 nm, respectively. The synthesized Ag NPs are efficient in controlling the bacterial biofilm formation; however, Au NPs did not show any remarkable antibiofilm activity. The maximum zone of inhibition was recorded against E. coli (17.6 ± 0.42 mm), followed by Salmonella sp., S. liquefaciens, and A. hydrophila. The macrotube dilution method inferred the MIC (20-40 µL mL(-1)) and MBC (40-60 µL mL(-1)) of Ag NPs. The CLSM images clearly showed the weak adherence and disintegrating biofilm formation of marine biofilm bacterial strains treated with Ag NPs. The Artemia cytotoxicity assay recorded the LC50 value of 88.914 ± 5.04 µL mL(-1). Thus the present study proved the efficiency of Ag NPs as a potent antimicrofouling agent and became the future perspective for the possible usage in the biofouling related issues in the aquaculture installations and other marine systems.