Azerbaijan State Pedagogical University

Abstract In investigating intergroup attitudes, previous research in developmental psychology has frequently confounded ingroup favouritism and outgroup derogation. The present study, using unconfounded measures, examines the possibility that ingroup favouritism and outgroup derogation are distinct phenomena. Six‐year‐old children (n = 594) from five, culturally diverse nations were asked to make various evaluations of the national ingroup and of four national outgroups. The data indicate that although there is overwhelming evidence that young children favour the ingroup over other groups, outgroup derogation is limited in extent and appears to reproduce attitudes held by adult members of the particular nations investigated.

The [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] compounds have been synthesized and low-temperature modification single crystals obtained from the high temperature modification by polymorphic transformation. The method of high temperature X-ray diffractometer has been used to study [Formula: see text] (x = 0.05 Zn and Cd) layered single crystal. It was established that such a substitution has a significant impact on the number and temperature of polymorphic transformations. Crystallgraphic parameters were determined for each phase. Temperature dependence of lattice parameters were obtained and determined change mechanism of lattice parameters by influence of temperature.

The results of calculations of the electron structure for Ag 2 S and Ag 2 Se crystals from first-principle in the framework of density functional theory (DFT) are presented in this work. The origin of the bands from [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] electron states of Ag, S and Se atoms are investigated. It was established that the orthorhombic Ag 2 Se crystal shows semiconductor properties in P222 1 and P2 1 2 1 2 1 space groups and semimetallic properties in Im-3m space groups with cubic crystal system. Monoclinic crystal type of Ag 2 S shows semiconductor properties in P2 1 /c space group. However, semimetallic properties manifested itself in monoclinic Ag 2 S in P2 1 and cubic Ag 2 S structure in Im-3m phases.

The X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum of the nano-ZrO 2 compound was drawn, the crystal structure was determined at room temperature and under normal conditions. Radiation-thermal decomposition of water on nanosized ZrO 2 in the temperature range of [Formula: see text]–673 K has been studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. It has been shown that nanosized zirconium dioxide adsorbs water via the molecular and dissociative mechanisms. Intermediate products of the radiation-induced heterogeneous decomposition of water, namely, the molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide radical ions, zirconium hydride, and hydroxyl radicals have been detected. A comparative analysis of changes in the absorption bands (ABs) of molecular water and surface hydroxyl groups with temperature has been conducted, and the stimulating role of radiation in the radiation-thermal process of water decomposition has been revealed. With the participation of nano-ZrO 2 during the radiation-heterogeneous decomposition of water to reveal the role of unbalanced cargo carriers that play the role of energy carriers under the influence of gamma-quantities in nano-ZrO 2 and nano-[Formula: see text] systems paramagnetic centers, their origin and acquisition kinetics learned by the EPR method.

The crystal structure and thermal properties of AgCuS compound were investigated at high temperature ranges. It was found that the crystal structure of these compounds has orthorhombic symmetry with Cmcm space group at the normal condition and room temperature. The phase transition to cubic symmetry with Fm3m space group is observed at [Formula: see text] temperature. The endoeffect was observed with a central peak at [Formula: see text] in the differential thermal analysis. The temperature dependence on heat capacity was obtained in the range of [Formula: see text] temperature. Thermodynamic parameters have been determined: enthalpy and heat capacity. The value of enthalpy was calculated according to the temperature of the phase transition.

Abstract A series of CaSiO 3 : x %Tb 3+ , y %Sm 3+ compounds was synthesized by the conventional solid state reaction. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy investigations were conducted to determine crystal structure. The photoluminescence (PL) excitation spectrum of Tb 3+ and Sm 3+ doped compounds consists of a series of peaks corresponding to electronic transitions of Tb 3+ and Sm 3+ ions. The wavelength of 375 nm was optimal to excite the luminescence of Tb 3+ /Sm 3+ co-doped compounds. The PL emission spectrum consists of a set of intense lines at wavelengths of 415 nm, 436 nm, 457 nm, 488 nm, 543 nm, 586 nm, and 622 nm, corresponding to Tb 3+ electronic transitions of 5 D 3 → 7 F 5 , 5 D 3 → 7 F 4 , 5 D 3 → 7 F 3 , 5 D 4 → 7 F 6 , 5 D 4 → 7 F 5 , 5 D 4 → 7 F 4 , and 5 D 4 → 7 F 3 , respectively. The PL emission spectrum of the Sm 3+ doped compound has a series of three peaks located at wavelengths of 565 nm, 602 nm, and 648 nm, corresponding to the electronic transitions of Sm 3+ from 4 G 5/2 to 6 H 5/2 , 6 H 7/2 , and 6 H 9/2 , respectively. The energy level diagram was proposed. The lifetime measurements were conducted for all samples and energy transfer process was also examined by this way. The Commission Internationale de I’Eclairage chromaticity coordinates, correlated color temperature, and color rendering index of phosphors were determined and the results indicate that the obtained materials are optimal candidate for white LED applications.

This paper aims at investigating the periodic wave solutions for the (3+1)-dimensional potential-Yu–Toda–Sasa–Fukuyama equation, from its bilinear form, obtained using the Hirota operator. Two major cases were studied from two different ansatzes. The 3D, 2D and density representation illustrating some cases of solutions obtained have been represented from a selection of the appropriate parameters. The modulation instability is employed to discuss the stability of got solutions. That will be extensively used to report many attractive physical phenomena in the fields of acoustics, heat transfer, fluid dynamics, classical mechanics and so on.

X-ray analysis of layered [Formula: see text] crystal has been investigated before and after gamma irradiation. Single crystal [Formula: see text] was irradiated with a [Formula: see text] gamma source which had an energy of 1.33 MeV. The dose rate was [Formula: see text] and the absorption dose was from 1 kGy up to 30 kGy. The thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetric, differential thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis were performed on the samples. The thermodynamic analysis was evaluated for the thermally stable temperature range for unirradiated and irradiated [Formula: see text] compound. The results showed the splitting of GeNdS sample in the manner [Formula: see text] at the temperature range of [Formula: see text] which leads to mass reduction by 0.29%.

The integration of adaptive learning platforms and emerging computer technologies has transformed education by personalizing learning experiences and increasing accessibility. However, challenges such as uneven access, inadequate teacher training, and technical limitations hinder their full potential. This study examines the impact of major educational platforms (Coursera, Khan Academy, edX) and adaptive technologies on the learning process, aiming to assess their effectiveness in diverse educational contexts. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining qualitative content analysis of educational platforms such as Coursera, Khan Academy, and edX with quantitative assessment of their features, engagement levels, and effectiveness. The study analyzed data from educational institutions in Kyrgyzstan, Ukraine, and Azerbaijan, focusing on the role of analytics, interactive elements, and gamification in enhancing learning outcomes. Findings indicate that adaptive platforms enhance accessibility and flexibility in learning while offering real-time analytics for personalized feedback. Virtual labs, such as those utilizing the Quanser QNET DC Motor Control Board, demonstrated the feasibility of remote practical training. However, successful implementation depends on comprehensive planning, infrastructure readiness, and continuous professional development for educators. The study contributes to understanding the role of adaptive learning in addressing educational disparities. It highlights the necessity of institutional support and teacher training for the effective use of these technologies. Novel insights include the potential of integrating AI-driven analytics to optimize personalized learning experiences. Future research should explore long-term impacts on student engagement and academic performance, particularly in under-resourced educational settings.

The Ag[Formula: see text]Cu[Formula: see text]Se and Ag[Formula: see text]Cu[Formula: see text]Se compounds have been synthesized and grown as single crystals. High-temperature X-ray diffraction method was used to study polymorphic transformations. It is shown that the Ag[Formula: see text]Cu[Formula: see text]Se crystals of high-temperature FCC modification are decomposed into Ag 2 Se and AgCuSe when the temperature decreases below T = 488 K and Ag[Formula: see text]Cu[Formula: see text]Se is decomposed into Cu 2 Se and AgCuSe when the temperature decreases below T = 540 K. Transformations in both compounds are reversible. Crystalline parameters are obtained and the temperature dependence of the lattice parameters for each phase is built.

In the present work, boron-carbide (B4C) samples (purity of 99.5% and density of 1.80 g/cm3) were irradiated by using gamma radiation from a 60Co gamma source. Gamma irradiation of the samples was carried out at doses 48.5, 97, 145.5 and 194 kGy. The samples were analysed using a UV-V Gary 50 Scan spectrophotometer. The effect of different irradiation doses on the defects created in the B4C samples was investigated. In the B4C samples, the formation processes for color centers depended on the gamma irradiation dose. The calculated activation energies at room temperature essential for the formation of F and F+ color centers ranged from 1.89 – 2.05 eV.

The DSC, TG, DTA, and DTG analyses of boron silicides, which are widely applied in radiation material science and nuclear technology, have been performed depending on the thermal treatment rate. The kinetic parameters (energy, enthalpy, oxidation reaction rate, heat capacity, and activation energy) of effects occurring in the thermal treatment of boron silicides of 99.5% purity within a temperature range of 25–900°C at a rate of 5–20°C/min have been established. It has been established that the phase transition typical for silicides with its central peak at a temperature 572 ± 5°C can exist in boron silicides depending on the thermal treatment rate. In TG and DTG spectra, this appears as an oxidation thermal effect at T ≥ 660°C with a change increase in mass of nearly 9%.

AgCu[Formula: see text]Fe[Formula: see text]S compounds were synthesized by partial Cu[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]Fe replacement in the AgCuS crystal at a concentration range of 0[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]x[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]0.03. In the differential thermal analysis spectrum obtained at a temperature range of 300 K[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]T[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]1300 K, endoeffect corresponding to the structural phase transition in the AgCuS compound was observed at the temperature T[Formula: see text]=[Formula: see text]938 K. It has been determined that this result is also observed in the AgCu[Formula: see text]Fe[Formula: see text]S compound obtained by partial replacement of Cu atoms by Fe atoms. However, in the compound of AgCu[Formula: see text]Fe[Formula: see text]S this effect was observed at higher temperatures. The thermal capacities and enthalpies of phase transitions were calculated for the given compounds.

Single crystals of AgCuS, [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] compounds were synthesized using the Bridgman method. The crystal structures and phase transitions were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) method in the high temperature ranges. The monoclinic, orthorhombic, hexagonal and cubic phases were observed in the temperature range of [Formula: see text]. Thermal expansion coefficients were calculated for different phases according to the lattice parameters. It was determined that the values of thermal expansion coefficients differ in different planes depending on the space group and symmetry.

In the article, studying the behavior of a rod strings is considered, the character of the change in dynamic pressure in rods is studied. On the basis of the equation fluctuation of a homogeneous core, the question on fluctuations of rod strings is studied more deeply. 
 One of the most important problems in the operation of sucker rod pumps is the problem of selecting a sucker rod string. The growth of well depths requires not only a complete analysis of the operation of the existing equipment, but also the rational operation of such wells. Many researchers have dealt with the calculation of the dynamic forces acting on the sucker rods.
 Here, with the help of mathematical modeling, an analytical expression was obtained, which allows one to study the nature of changes in dynamic stresses in the rods, the problem of optimizing the choice of the dimensions and weight of the rods is formulated.

In the presented work, a boron carbide sample with a purity of 99.9%, particle size [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text]m and a density of [Formula: see text] was used. Boron carbide samples were irradiated with linear electrons in the energy range of 2.5 MeV at the doses of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] at room temperature. XRD results show that only in the crystal structure of [Formula: see text] compound, among boron carbide samples irradiated in the dose rate from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] phase transition does not occur. The observed decrease in the lattice parameter values was explained as the strengthening of the bonds as a result of the recombination of defects in the crystal by influencing electron fluence. Dynamics of Raman spectra change and analytic analysis of intensive and duplex modes in various electron fluxes in ([Formula: see text]) CBC-structure were performed and the occurring disorder in Raman active has been identified.

The influence of the surface electric field on the edge photoconductivity (PC) in undoped and ytterbium-doped (N[Formula: see text][Formula: see text] 10[Formula: see text] cm[Formula: see text]) layered GaS crystals at T = 77 K irradiated with gamma quanta was investigated. It was found that the PC of layered crystals in the absorption edge region due to charge exchange of surface levels is formed as a result of electric smoothing of fluctuations in the potential of surface energy bands. The degree of smoothing of the surface bending of the zones depends on the dose of [Formula: see text]-irradiation, the concentration of impurity atoms and also on the magnitude and direction of the transverse electric field.

Three new antibodies have been investigated relative to genetic control of the absent antigenic determinant. In each instance a family member has lacked the same antigenic determinant as the propositus. None of the three antibodies is identical with any previously reported one. Because a second case was found identical with one of these antibodies, it was felt that other cases may be resolved as a result of this report. The number of random donors tested with each of the individual antibodies varied from several hundred to several thousand. None was compatible with the specific antibodies.

The crystal structure and atomic dynamics of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles have been studied. The crystal structure of iron oxide nanoparticles was determined by X-ray diffraction. The analysis showed that the crystal structure of [Formula: see text] 50–100 nm dimensional iron oxide corresponds to a high symmetry cubic crystal structure. Calculations have shown that there are four infrared active, five Raman active and seven hyper-Raman active modes in the space group Fd-3m with cubic symmetry. Four of these modes have been observed using Raman spectroscopy: 213, 271, 380 and 591 cm[Formula: see text]. The vibrational modes are interpreted by Gaussian function. It was found that these vibration modes correspond to the vibration of O–Fe–O bonds and iron-oxygen polyhedra.

The thermal propeties of a Sb2Te3 sample irradiated with high-energy swift heavy ions has been studied, and the resuits are reported in the presented work. Antimony telluride samples were irradiated with 167-MeV 131Xe ions at intensities of 5.0 × 1012 ion/cm2,5.0 × 1013 ion/cm2 and 3.83 × 1014 ion/cm2. Stoppind end range of ions in matter (SRIM) analyses were performed on the Sb-Te binary system having a density of 6.50 g/cm3, and the penertration depth of the Xe ions were determined. The thermodynamical kinetics of the Sb2Te3 compound were found to be different in a certain temperature range before and after irradiation with swift heavy ions. The phase transition and the widespread effect in the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve of non-irradiated sample change toward high temperatures in the 140 ≤ T ≤ 600 °C temperature range. The widespread effect and the phase transition in the DSC curves for irradiated samples decreased as a funation of temperature. Hourever, the thermodynamic kinetics were due to a complex mechansim in the 117 ≤ T ≤ 660 °C temperature range under the influenced of swift heavy ions. The value of Wigner enthalpy linearly decreases for non-irradiated and irradiated samples. Recombination kinetics and migration due to the energy levels of defects influencd the kinetics of the thermodynamic functions depending on the temperature. Moreover, the results obtained for the activation energy shown that the dynamics of the mechanism changed from a volumetric to a superficial character.