Cancer Research Wales

The WHO Histological classification of Lung Tumours, published in 1967, has been revised. The main features are as follows: Squamous cell carcinoma (epidermoid carcinoma) has the same definition as in the original version, i.e., the identification of keratin and/or intercellular bridges by light microscopy. Three degrees of histological differentiation are described. Dysplasia and carcinoma in situ are discussed. Small cell carcinoma is divided into oat-cell carcinoma, an intermediate cell type and a category for oat-cell carcinomas combined with other major types. Adenocarcinoma includes the acinar, papillary and bronchiolo-alveolar forms and the solid carcinomas with mucus formation (previously part of the large cell carcinoma group). Mesothelial tumours are divided into fibrous, epithelial and biphasic subtypes. A number of less common tumours and tumour-like lesions are defined.

As society grapples with an aging population and increasing prevalence of disability, "reablement" as a means of maximizing functional ability in older people is emerging as a potential strategy to help promote independence. Reablement offers an approach to mitigate the impact of dementia on function and independence. This article presents a comprehensive reablement approach across seven domains for the person living with mild-to-moderate dementia. Domains include assessment and medical management, cognitive disability, physical function, acute injury or illness, assistive technology, supportive care, and caregiver support. In the absence of a cure or ability to significantly modify the course of the disease, the message for policy makers, practitioners, families, and persons with dementia needs to be "living well with dementia", with a focus on maintaining function for as long as possible, regaining lost function when there is the potential to do so, and adapting to lost function that cannot be regained. Service delivery and care of persons with dementia must be reoriented such that evidence-based reablement approaches are integrated into routine care across all sectors.

Many patients with advanced cancer have oral problems, some of which may have a microbiologic basis. The oral flora in such patients has not, however, been characterized. This study has assessed the prevalence of yeasts, coliforms and coagulase positive staphylococci in the oral flora of 197 patients with advanced cancer. Both imprint cultures (n = 197) and oral rinses (n = 161) were collected. Yeasts were isolated from the mouths of 83% of the patients, coliforms from 49.1% and coagulase-positive staphylococci from 28%. All these percentages are considerably in excess of reported levels for healthy individuals. The results indicate a loss of colonization resistance of the oral mucosa in terminal cancer, with potential implications for the development of mouth care regimes for such patients.

‘To be shaved by a barber means good all round, for — so to speak — from the act of being shaved (karēnai) proceeds that of being gladdened (charēnai), just one letter being substituted for another. … ‘By a barber’ is stipulated, because, if one shaves oneself and is not a barber, then that signifies bereavement or a sudden disaster. … Cutting one's own nails signifies paying one's debts, if one is a debtor. … ’

This volume is a monument to the skill, industry and dedication of its editor, Alan Bush's daughter, Rachel O'Higgins. It will be of lasting utility to historians of English music. The relationship it charts was an equal one, but for unequal reasons. When the correspondence began in 1927, Ireland was an established composer—a position he was to hold for another quarter-century. When Bush chose Ireland as his private tutor in 1922, he was almost entirely unknown, and was (on the whole) destined to remain so. Whereas the master depended wholly on his professional earnings, the pupil, like other artists of this generation, was (to use his own vocabulary) from the rentier class. In the 1930s, Bush responded to Ireland's need for financial support, mainly by subsidising his lease of a town house in Chelsea. Estimating the power-balance by the ratio of letters exchanged (though some of Bush's are missing) it lies inversely in Bush's favour by 1:4. From the outset, Dr O'Higgins sets the relationship between the two men firmly in its international political context. Though Bush sought success, by the mid-1930s he was a dedicated Communist, and saw his art mainly as a means to forward the cause. Ireland's motivation was more conventional. His success had been in large part due to the fortunate happenstance that his stylistic maturity coincided with the birth of the BBC, an unprecedented source of patronage. His network of backers included the corporation's resident musicological tyro, Edward Clark. At this distance it is difficult to estimate what attracted Clark, protagonist of the ‘ultra-modern music’ whose BBC history has been charted by Jenny Doctor, to Ireland's output. Yet Clark was both magus and fellow traveller, and along with others (like the exiled Catalan violinist Antoní Brosa, who gave several Ireland premieres) helped Bush and the CPGB to establish the Workers’ Music Association. This was in 1936, year of the Spanish Civil War. Exploiting the perfervid atmosphere which events in Spain created, Bush took the opportunity to convert his mentor to the true faith. As his letters show, Ireland accepted instruction in terms of language used, and even built radical utopianism into his music. An outstanding case was These Things Shall Be, the BBC's chief commission in celebration of the 1937 Coronation. In what was an amazing coup for the Party, perhaps in retrospect the nearest it came to revolution during the People's Front era, Bush (who orchestrated the piece) persuaded Ireland to yoke ‘The Internationale’ as a descant to the main theme. The work was broadcast in coronation week by Adrian Boult and BBC forces, to considerable acclaim. Indeed, neither Whitehall nor Buckingham Palace seems to have noticed anything amiss.

No two patients and no two clinical situations are identical. Clinical complexities in care occur in the physical and psychosocial domains, often confounded by the family's views. An ethical framework for clinical decision making is essential to underpin robust management of difficult situations.

Enrique Moradiellos. La perfidia de Albión: El gobierno británico y la guerra civil española. (Historia.) Madrid, Spain: Siglo Veintiuno de España. 1996. Pp. xviii, 408 Get access Moradiellos Enrique. La perfidia de Albión: El gobierno británico y la guerra civil española. (Historia.) Madrid, Spain: Siglo Veintiuno de España. 1996. Pp. xviii, 408. Rob Stradling Rob Stradling Penarth, Wales Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 105, Issue 3, June 2000, Pages 1011–1012, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/105.3.1011 Published: 01 June 2000

Journal Article Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany and World War II, by Stanley G. PayneEntre la Antorcha y la Esvástica: Franco en la encrucijada de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, by Emilio Saénz-Francés San Baldomero Get access Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany and World War II, by Stanley G. Payne (New Haven, CT: Yale U.P. 2008; pp. 228. £14.99);Entre la Antorcha y la Esvástica: Franco en la encrucijada de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, by Emilio Saénz-Francés San Baldomero (Madrid: Editorial Actas, 2009; pp. 1006. N.p.). Rob Stradling Rob Stradling Penarth Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The English Historical Review, Volume CXXVI, Issue 518, February 2011, Pages 238–241, https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/ceq431 Published: 01 February 2011

Historians and others interested in sampling a different angle on the modern history of Europe will find this book rewarding. It is thorough in treatment, richly informative and widely sourced. It explains, often in dramatic style, the interrelationship of musical and political developments—mainly but not exclusively in the huge, culturally complex and densely-populated region which had the Germanic states at its geopolitical core. It is profusely illustrated with eight pages of colour plates and dozens of monochrome pictures, all expertly selected and relevantly positioned. Its treatment of technological issues in music-production (Ch. 4) is outstandingly useful for those, as this reviewer, with no scientific background. It is, moreover, the first history of music which, while placing its affective subject centre-stage, seeks constantly to contextualise its internal vicissitudes and external influences. Above all, it foregrounds the importance of music's sponsors and consumers. In effect, this reduces the role of ‘the creative process’. Although the order of things indicated by the book's sub-title implies that this may not have been his intention, the de-centring of ‘the lone genius’ is an overdue and undevout consummation, and one much to be welcomed.

Intersection syndrome is an inflammatory condition located at the crossing point between the first and second dorsal compartments in the wrist. It is an uncommon presentation but has been recognized as an injury typical of rowers (when it is named oarsman's wrist) and other sports such as racquet sports, baseball, cycling, hockey, golf, ice hockey, skiing, and softball. It has not been previously described in climbers. This report details 2 cases of intersection associated with the use of an ice axe. The first presentation was in a female climber who was using an ice axe for climbing in the Nepal Himalayas and the second was in a male climber using an ice axe for winter climbing training in the Alps. Both climbers presented with wrist pain, swelling, and crepitus over the dorsum of the wrist, about 5 cm proximal to Lister's tubercle. Although well documented in other sporting populations, there seems to be limited reporting of intersection syndrome in the climbing population. It may be worth considering a diagnosis of "ice axe wrist" as a differential in patients who have been using ice axes in climbing or mountaineering.

FURTHER TRANSLATION ERRORS IN BEVERS SAGA STEPHEN HUNT STEPHEN HUNT PenarthS. Glamorgan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume 32, Issue 4, December 1985, Pages 455–456, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/32-4-455 Published: 01 December 1985

THE Spanish general election of March 1996 was a close contest between the centre-left Socialist party (PSOE)—in power for more than thirteen years—and the centre-right Popular Party (PP). The previous decade had seen the development of an underlying consensus, both of principle and policy, between the main constituents of Spanish politics. During this period a mixed economy, liberalised public culture, equality of opportunity, progress towards social justice, and recognition of regional autonomies, had moved to a secure zone beyond partisan dispute. Despite—though also because of—the continuing depredations of the Basque separatists of ETA, bridges were constructed over the turbulent rivers of a deeply divisive past. In the solid centre of politics now lay a lodestone of constitutional gravitas which seemed at once to be the coping-stone of ‘La Transición’—Spain's slow and deliberate journey from dictatorship to democracy, and from relative poverty to a consumer society, to which many observers (the present writer among them) wonderingly attached the word ‘miraculous’.

<h3>ABSTRACT</h3> Here we present a generalized method of guide RNA “tuning” that enables Cas9 to discriminate between two target sites that differ by a single nucleotide polymorphism. We employ our methodology to generate a novel <i>in vivo</i> mutation prevention system in which Cas9 actively restricts the occurrence of undesired gain-of-function mutations within a population of engineered organisms. We further demonstrate that the system is scalable to a multitude of targets and that the general tuning and prevention concepts are portable across engineered Cas9 variants and Cas9 orthologs. Finally, we show that the designed mutation prevention system maintains robust activity even when placed within the complex environment of the mouse gastrointestinal tract.

Excavations at Botromagno - Alastair M. Small (ed.): An Iron Age and Roman Republican Settlement on Botromagno, Gravina di Puglia. Excavations of 1965–1974. Vol. I. The Site. Vol. II. The Artifacts. (Archaeological Monographs of the British School at Rome No. 5.) Vol. I: Pp. xviii + 259; 130 figures. Vol. II: Pp. xviii + 399; 120 figures, 21 plates. London: British School at Rome, 1992. £45.00. - Volume 43 Issue 2

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The following books are reviewed. This Working Day World: women's lives and culture in Britain, 1914-1945 SYBIL OLDFIELD (Ed.), 1994 London: Taylor & Francis. viii+210pp., £12.95 Working-class Cultures in Britain, 1890-1960 JOANNA BOURKE, 1994 London: Routledge. x+276pp., £37.50 (hardback), £12.99 (paperback) Working-class Cultures in Britain, 1890-1960 JOANNA BOURKE, 1994 London: Routledge. x+276pp., £37.50 (hardback), £12.99 (paperback) The Cultural Identity of Seventeenth Century Woman: a reader N. H. KEEBLE, 1994 London: Routledge. xii+306pp., £45.00 (hardback), £16.99 (paperback) Reclaiming the Past: landmarks of women's history PAGE PUTMAN MILLER (Ed.), 1993 Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press; Buckingham: Open University Press. viii+232pp., £28.50 Gender and American History since 1890 BARBARA MELOSH (Ed.), 1993 London: Routledge. xii+308pp., £35.00 (hardback), £12.99 (paperback) American Women in the Progressive Era, 1900-1920 DOROTHY SCHNEIDER & CARL J. SCHNEIDER, 1993 New York: Facts on File. 276pp., $24.95 (hardback) A Wider Range: travel writing by women in Victorian England MARIA H. FRAWLEY, 1994 Cranbury: Associated University Presses. 237pp. The Family and Family Relationships, 1500-1900: England, France and the United States of America ROSEMARY O'DAY, 1994 London: Macmillan. xix+344 pp., £12.99 Poor Women and Children in the European Past JOHN HENDERSON & RICHARD WALL (Eds), 1994 London: Routledge, xiii+347 pp. £45.00 Education for Motherhood: advice for mothers in twentieth-century Canada KATHERINE ARNUP, 1994 Toronto: University of Toronto Press. xiii+251pp., £12.00 Cruelty and Silence: war, tyranny, uprising and the Arab world KANAN MAKIYA (SAMIR AL-KHALIL), 1994 Harmondsworth: Penguin. 358pp., £6.99 On Her Their Lives Depend: munitions workers in the Great War ANGELA WOOLLACOTT, 1994 Berkeley: University of California Press. xiv+241pp. Mark Twain in the Company of Women LAURA E. SKANDERA-TROMBLEY, 1994 Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 219pp. $29.95 Making Peace: the reconstruction of gender in interwar Britain SUSAN KINGSLEY KENT, 1994 Princeton: Princeton University Press. x +182pp. £21.50 Women and Philanthropy in Nineteenth-century Ireland MARIA LUDDY, 1995 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. xiv+252pp., £17.95 Tender Geographies: women and the origins of the novel in France JOAN DEJEAN, 1993 New York: Columbia University Press. xii+298pp. Biographies of British Women: an annotated bibliography PATRICIA SWEENEY, 1993 London: Mansell. x+410pp., £50.00 Auto/biography in Sociology. A Special issue of Sociology, 27(1), February LIZ STANLEY & DAVID MORGAN (Eds), 1993 Exeter: British Sociological Publications. 196pp. The Making of Victorian Sexuality MICHAEL MASON, 1994 Oxford: Oxford University Press. 338 pp., £17.95 Women in England 1500-1769 ANNE LAURENCE, 1994 London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. xvi+302pp., £25.00 ‘Ladies, Please Don't Smash These Windows’: women's writing, feminist consciousness and social change 1918-1938 MAROULA JOANNOU, 1995 Oxford: Berg. 236pp., £39.95 (hardback) £14.95 (paperback) Banishing the Beast: English feminism and sexual morality 1885-1914 LUCY BLAND, 1995 London: Penguin Books. 410pp., £8.99 We're in this War Too: World War II letters from American women in uniform JUDY BARRETT LITOFF & DAVID C. SMITH, 1994 New York: Oxford University Press. 272pp., £19.50 Jugend ohne Zukunft: Hitler-Jugend und Bund Deutscher Mädel in Österreich vor 1938 JOHANNA GEHMACHER Vienna: Picus Verlag. 479 pp., ÖS 348.

Archivo Gomá: Documentos de la Guerra Civil (Vols. 2, 3, 4) José Andrés–Gallego and Antoón M. Pazos (Madrid : CSIC , 2002 ; 540, 393, 366, N.p.)

‘Right-Wing Spain in the Civil War Era shows a diverse and fragmented Spanish right which, far from being isolated, was profoundly influenced by German Nazism.’ Rarely has the term ‘publisher’s blurb’ been so justified as by the oxymoronic assertion on the back cover of this attempt at a ‘Dictionary of the Spanish Right’. Seven of the present eight chapters originally appeared in Spain; and its principal raison d’être is to emphasise the similarities and forms of convergence between Francoism and Nazism. Although the contents are supplemented by rather standard vignettes of pre-Civil War actors (Antonio Maura and Franco’s 1920s harbinger, ‘mild dictator’ Miguel Primo de Rivera) the star performers in the volume represent a rogues’ gallery of extremists, ostensibly chosen to demonstrate their extreme variety of extremism. Thus, the cases studied range from the distinctly peculiar psychiatrist Vallejo Nágera (Michael Richards) who diagnosed ‘Red’ POWs as hopeless alcoholics press-ganged into fighting, to the maniacal priest Jaime Tusquets (Paul Preston), who (akin, mutatis mutandis, to the diabolical Inquisitor of Goya’s Contra el bien general) obsessively compiled lists of Bolsheviks, Jews and Masons. The selection of figures such as these serves to emphasise the extremist nature of the Spanish Right. Thus, we are reminded that, just like their admired Caudillo, these men ‘devoured’, or ‘enthusiastically devoured’, apocalyptic proto-fascist texts in their formative years. Well-thumbed copies of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion were central to their formation and their hatred of the Left was expressed ‘virulently’ or ‘violently’ or ‘vehemently’. In sum, they were ‘diverse and fragmented’ only to the extent of being philo-Nazis to a man, especially in their racist and exterminatory world-views.

Diagnostic abdominal paracentesis was performed in 43 patients in whom the diagnosis was uncertain. It was found to be particularly useful in abdominal pain resulting from trauma. In 12 patients the findings led to their being spared a laparotomy while in several other patients they led to very early diagnosis of the lesion responsible enabling early surgical treatment to be undertaken. A false-negative result was obtained in only one patient. It is concluded that diagnostic abdominal paracentesis is an extremely reliable diagnostic aid and can lead to improved surgical care of the patient with, atypical acute abdominal pain.

As this notice is compiled, the normally latent curse of Spanish history—a national urge to self-destruction in response to crisis—is again feverishly manifest. The Constitution of 1978, centre-piece of the most lauded political settlement of contemporary history, is under pressure. The nation made in civil war two centuries ago, and re-composed in 1876, 1939 and 1978, is threatened by dissolution. If the seemingly inevitable earthquake strikes again, will it resemble the ‘velvet divorce’ of Czechs and Slovaks in 1993, or will the outcome be another mutual bloodbath as in 1936? A background element to the current destabilisation is the war of polemics over 1936 triggered by the Asociación para la Recuperación de la Memoria Histórica (ARMH). Founded in 2000, it was an overdue and justified attempt, based on modern archaeological and forensic techniques, to endow families of the Civil War’s pro-republican victims with a ‘closure’ denied them by both dictatorship and democracy. But in 2004 the campaign took an egregious change of direction through its political, financial and ultimately legal endorsement by a new PSOE (centre-left) government. In general, supporters of the ARMH are dedicated to the memory of the Second Republic. Among them, Paul Preston is a distinguished foreign representative.