Central European University - Budapest Campus

On March 18, 2025, the Hungarian Parliament passed legislation aimed at protecting children from assemblies that promote homosexuality. Although the amendment imposes general limitations on freedom of assembly, it is commonly understood as a ban on the LGBTQ+ Pride march, just ahead of the 30th anniversary in 2025. The new law purposefully violates European human rights standards on freedom of assembly and LGBTQ+ rights, as well as fundamental values of the European Union, such as the rule of law and democracy (Article 2 TEU).

This paper presents a text-based method for measuring illiberalism. Our approach distinguishes between political actors within the same country and is sensitive to different subtypes of illiberalism—such as anti-pluralism, nationalism, religious fundamentalism, and the villainization of political opponents. The model combines word embeddings, trained on actor- and time-specific text, with dictionaries of liberal and illiberal terms. We apply our measures to 67 political parties across seven European legislatures (1996-2022) and two issues: gender politics and immigration. Our results identify differences in the degrees and varieties of illiberalism across countries, systematically demonstrating illiberalism’s political relevance.

Abstract In this study we investigate the implementation and challenges of accessing archives in the digital age. Through an online survey and expert interviews, data were collected from archival institutions, professional users, and civil society organizations in all Council of Europe member states. The findings reveal that digitization has had a positive impact on document accessibility, providing convenience, reducing workload, and improving user access. However, only a small portion of archival holdings have been digitized, highlighting the need for further efforts in this area. Data protection and copyright present significant obstacles, with the European General Data Protection Regulation leading to access restrictions and legal uncertainties. Preservation, interoperability, and organization of records pose challenges in the digital realm, and while artificial intelligence shows promise in automating metadata creation and identifying sensitive materials, concerns about algorithmic biases and the need for additional checks are highlighted. To enhance accessibility, user-friendly interfaces, cooperation among memory preserving institution, and outreach to new user groups are crucial, which can ensure the effective preservation and accessibility of digital collections in the digital age. We provide insights for policy-making and archival institutions in navigating the evolving landscape of accessibility.

At a time when calls for the EU to respond to Musk’s provocations multiply, critical questions about whether, why, and how the EU may react remain largely unanswered. Musk’s conduct, which spans sectors as diverse as social media (X, formerly Twitter), AI (xAI), satellite technology (Starlink), space rockets (SpaceX), and electric vehicles (Tesla), pose unique challenges to existing legal frameworks. His multi-industry influence gives rise to profound questions about the limits of individual influence and power accumulation in a complex geopolitical landscape.

This paper presents a text-based method for measuring illiberalism. Our approach distinguishes between political actors within the same country and is sensitive to different subtypes of illiberalism—such as anti-pluralism, nationalism, religious fundamentalism, and the villainization of political opponents. The model combines word embeddings, trained on actor- and time-specific text, with dictionaries of liberal and illiberal terms. We apply our measures to 67 political parties across seven European legislatures (1996-2022) and two issues: gender politics and immigration. Our results identify differences in the degrees and varieties of illiberalism across countries, systematically demonstrating illiberalism’s political relevance.

This dataset captures the responses of over 1500 participants in Brazil to an original online survey. This online survey was designed by a group of experts in populism from Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED, Madrid), King's College London, Univerity of York, Universidad Diego Portales, Chile, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and University of Liverpool. The survey contains over a hundred items: Socio-demographic items: education, age, religion, gender, employment Populism items: including Akkerman et al.'s 2014 scale of populist attitudes, and a new items corresponding to a new multi-dimensional scale of populist attitudes (Olivas Osuna 2021; Olivas Osuna 2024; Olivas Osuna et al. forthcoming) (32 items) Items related to trust on institutions and media (9 items) Items related to satisfaction with the functioning of democracy, services and institutions (7 items) Authoritarian values (Feldman and Stenner 1997) Liberal democratic values (Zanotti and Rama 2021) Authoritarian personality indexes (Hibbing 2020) Conspiracy theories (3 items) Nationalism (5 items) Nativism (Young et al. 2019) Affective polarisation Support for political party (past vote and vote intention) Left-right ideological self-placement Other socio-political questions. Fieldwork was conducted by YouGov in Brazil between November and December 2023 (in parallel, 2 similar surveys were conducted in Argentina and Poland). The survey was part of the projects: Populism and Borders: a Supply- and Demand-Side Comparative Analysis of Discourses and Attitudes (PBSDCA) and Principal Investigator Interdisciplinary Comparative Project on Populism and Secessionism (ICPPS). The uploaded files contain: Detail of survey results (.sav) Questionnaire (.doc) 3 files with resuts, labels and codes (.xls) Fieldwork summary file provided by Yougov (.pdf)(this file is in Spanish) Codebook file (.xls)

This dataset captures the responses of over 1300 participants in Poland to an original online survey. This online survey was designed by a group of experts in populism from Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED, Madrid), King's College London, Univerity of York, Universidad Diego Portales, Chile, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and University of Liverpool. The survey contains over a hundred items: Socio-demographic items: education, age, religion, gender, employment Populism items: including Akkerman et al.'s 2014 scale of populist attitudes, and a new items corresponding to a new multi-dimensional scale of populist attitudes (Olivas Osuna 2021; Olivas Osuna 2024; Olivas Osuna et al. forthcoming) (32 items) Items related to trust on institutions and media (9 items) Items related to satisfaction with the functioning of democracy, services and institutions (7 items) Authoritarian values (Feldman and Stenner 1997) Liberal democratic values (Zanotti and Rama 2021) Authoritarian personality indexes (Hibbing 2020) Conspiracy theories (3 items) Nationalism (5 items) Nativism (Young et al. 2019) Affective polarisation Support for political party (past vote and vote intention) Left-right ideological self-placement Other socio-political questions. Fieldwork was conducted by YouGov in Poland between November and December 2023 (in parallel, 2 similar surveys were conducted in Brazil and Argentina). The survey was part of the projects: Populism and Borders: a Supply- and Demand-Side Comparative Analysis of Discourses and Attitudes (PBSDCA) and Principal Investigator Interdisciplinary Comparative Project on Populism and Secessionism (ICPPS). The uploaded files contain: Detail of survey results (.sav) Questionnaire (.doc) 3 files with resuts, labels and codes (.xls) Fieldwork summary file provided by Yougov (.pdf)(this file is in Spanish) Codebook file (.xls)

This dataset captures the responses of over 3000 participants in Italy, Greece and Spain to an original online survey that was conducted by Qualtrics Research. This online survey was designed by a group of experts in populism from Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED, Madrid), King's College London, Univerity of York, Universidad Diego Portales, Chile and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM). The survey contains over a hundred items: Socio-demographic items: education, age, religion, gender, employment Populism items: including Akkerman et al.'s 2014 scale of populist attitudes, and a new items corresponding to a new multi-dimensional scale of populist attitudes (Olivas Osuna 2021; Olivas Osuna 2024; Olivas Osuna et al. forthcoming) (32 items) Items related to trust on institutions and media (9 items) Items related to satisfaction with the functioning of democracy, services and institutions (7 items) Authoritarian values (Feldman and Stenner 1997) Liberal democratic values (Zanotti and Rama 2021) Conspiracy theories (3 items) Borders and immigration (4 items) Nationalism (5 items) Nativism (Young et al. 2019) Support for political party (party affinity, vote recall and vote intention) Affective polarisation Left-right ideological self-placement Other socio-political questions. Fieldwork was conducted by Qualtric Research between 23 March and 5 April 2022. Previously Qualtrics Research carried out a pilot test on 16 and 17 March 2022. The surveys was part of the projects: Populism and Borders: a Supply- and Demand-Side Comparative Analysis of Discourses and Attitudes (PBSDCA) and Principal Investigator Interdisciplinary Comparative Project on Populism and Secessionism (ICPPS). Detail of survey results combined and per country (.sav) Questionnaires in Greek, Italian and Spanish (.doc) Draft version of the questionnaire in English (.pdf) Codebook (.xls) Summary of ESOMAR methodology applied by Qualtrics Research file (.pdf) For further information about the survey and data please contact José Javier Olivas Osuna.

This dataset captures the responses of over 3000 participants in Italy, Greece and Spain to an original online survey that was conducted by Qualtrics Research. This online survey was designed by a group of experts in populism from Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED, Madrid), King's College London, Univerity of York, Universidad Diego Portales, Chile and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM). The survey contains over a hundred items: Socio-demographic items: education, age, religion, gender, employment Populism items: including Akkerman et al.'s 2014 scale of populist attitudes, and a new items corresponding to a new multi-dimensional scale of populist attitudes (Olivas Osuna 2021; Olivas Osuna 2024; Olivas Osuna et al. forthcoming) (32 items) Items related to trust on institutions and media (9 items) Items related to satisfaction with the functioning of democracy, services and institutions (7 items) Authoritarian values (Feldman and Stenner 1997) Liberal democratic values (Zanotti and Rama 2021) Conspiracy theories (3 items) Borders and immigration (4 items) Nationalism (5 items) Nativism (Young et al. 2019) Support for political party (party affinity, vote recall and vote intention) Affective polarisation Left-right ideological self-placement Other socio-political questions. Fieldwork was conducted by Qualtric Research between 23 March and 5 April 2022. Previously Qualtrics Research carried out a pilot test on 16 and 17 March 2022. The surveys was part of the projects: Populism and Borders: a Supply- and Demand-Side Comparative Analysis of Discourses and Attitudes (PBSDCA) and Principal Investigator Interdisciplinary Comparative Project on Populism and Secessionism (ICPPS). Detail of survey results combined and per country (.sav) Questionnaires in Greek, Italian and Spanish (.doc) Draft version of the questionnaire in English (.pdf) Codebook (.xls) Summary of ESOMAR methodology applied by Qualtrics Research file (.pdf) For further information about the survey and data please contact José Javier Olivas Osuna.

This dataset captures the responses of over 1500 participants in Argentina to an original online survey. This online survey was designed by a group of experts in populism from Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED, Madrid), King's College London, Univerity of York, Universidad Diego Portales, Chile, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and University of Liverpool. The survey contains over a hundred items: Socio-demographic items: education, age, religion, gender, employment Populism items: including Akkerman et al.'s 2014 scale of populist attitudes, and a new items corresponding to a new multi-dimensional scale of populist attitudes (Olivas Osuna 2021; Olivas Osuna 2024; Olivas Osuna et al. forthcoming) (32 items) Items related to trust on institutions and media (9 items) Items related to satisfaction with the functioning of democracy, services and institutions (7 items) Authoritarian values (Feldman and Stenner 1997) Liberal democratic values (Zanotti and Rama 2021) Authoritarian personality indexes (Hibbing 2020) Conspiracy theories (3 items) Nationalism (5 items) Nativism (Young et al. 2019) Affective polarisation Support for political party (past vote and vote intention) Left-right ideological self-placement Other socio-political questions. Fieldwork was conducted by YouGov Argentina in between November and December 2023 (in parallel, 2 similar surveys were conducted in Brazil and Poland). The survey was part of the projects: Populism and Borders: a Supply- and Demand-Side Comparative Analysis of Discourses and Attitudes (PBSDCA) and Principal Investigator Interdisciplinary Comparative Project on Populism and Secessionism (ICPPS). The uploaded files contain: Detail of survey results (.sav) Questionnaire (.doc) 3 files with resuts, labels and codes (.xls) Fieldwork summary file provided by Yougov (.pdf)(this file is in Spanish) Codebook file (.xls)

This dataset captures the responses of over 1500 participants in Argentina to an original online survey. This online survey was designed by a group of experts in populism from Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED, Madrid), King's College London, Univerity of York, Universidad Diego Portales, Chile, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and University of Liverpool. The survey contains over a hundred items: Socio-demographic items: education, age, religion, gender, employment Populism items: including Akkerman et al.'s 2014 scale of populist attitudes, and a new items corresponding to a new multi-dimensional scale of populist attitudes (Olivas Osuna 2021; Olivas Osuna 2024; Olivas Osuna et al. forthcoming) (32 items) Items related to trust on institutions and media (9 items) Items related to satisfaction with the functioning of democracy, services and institutions (7 items) Authoritarian values (Feldman and Stenner 1997) Liberal democratic values (Zanotti and Rama 2021) Authoritarian personality indexes (Hibbing 2020) Conspiracy theories (3 items) Nationalism (5 items) Nativism (Young et al. 2019) Affective polarisation Support for political party (past vote and vote intention) Left-right ideological self-placement Other socio-political questions. Fieldwork was conducted by YouGov Argentina in between November and December 2023 (in parallel, 2 similar surveys were conducted in Brazil and Poland). The survey was part of the projects: Populism and Borders: a Supply- and Demand-Side Comparative Analysis of Discourses and Attitudes (PBSDCA) and Principal Investigator Interdisciplinary Comparative Project on Populism and Secessionism (ICPPS). The uploaded files contain: Detail of survey results (.sav) Questionnaire (.doc) 3 files with resuts, labels and codes (.xls) Fieldwork summary file provided by Yougov (.pdf)(this file is in Spanish) Codebook file (.xls)

Our symposium ‘Musk, Power, and the EU’ has evolved in parallel with the inauguration of the new US administration and has been marked by numerous and unprecedented attacks on the European Union. Amid a flurry of announcements challenging the status quo - often with brutal disregard, even against traditional allies - the European Union, along with the way it exercises power, suddenly appears as the antithesis of the new America. Yet does the EU have what it takes to resist such an expansionist and plutocratic projection of power, which now threatens Europe’s security, lifestyle and overall existence?

This dataset captures the responses of over 1300 participants in Poland to an original online survey. This online survey was designed by a group of experts in populism from Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED, Madrid), King's College London, Univerity of York, Universidad Diego Portales, Chile, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and University of Liverpool. The survey contains over a hundred items: Socio-demographic items: education, age, religion, gender, employment Populism items: including Akkerman et al.'s 2014 scale of populist attitudes, and a new items corresponding to a new multi-dimensional scale of populist attitudes (Olivas Osuna 2021; Olivas Osuna 2024; Olivas Osuna et al. forthcoming) (32 items) Items related to trust on institutions and media (9 items) Items related to satisfaction with the functioning of democracy, services and institutions (7 items) Authoritarian values (Feldman and Stenner 1997) Liberal democratic values (Zanotti and Rama 2021) Authoritarian personality indexes (Hibbing 2020) Conspiracy theories (3 items) Nationalism (5 items) Nativism (Young et al. 2019) Affective polarisation Support for political party (past vote and vote intention) Left-right ideological self-placement Other socio-political questions. Fieldwork was conducted by YouGov in Poland between November and December 2023 (in parallel, 2 similar surveys were conducted in Brazil and Argentina). The survey was part of the projects: Populism and Borders: a Supply- and Demand-Side Comparative Analysis of Discourses and Attitudes (PBSDCA) and Principal Investigator Interdisciplinary Comparative Project on Populism and Secessionism (ICPPS). The uploaded files contain: Detail of survey results (.sav) Questionnaire (.doc) 3 files with resuts, labels and codes (.xls) Fieldwork summary file provided by Yougov (.pdf)(this file is in Spanish) Codebook file (.xls)

This dataset captures the responses of over 1500 participants in Brazil to an original online survey. This online survey was designed by a group of experts in populism from Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED, Madrid), King's College London, Univerity of York, Universidad Diego Portales, Chile, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and University of Liverpool. The survey contains over a hundred items: Socio-demographic items: education, age, religion, gender, employment Populism items: including Akkerman et al.'s 2014 scale of populist attitudes, and a new items corresponding to a new multi-dimensional scale of populist attitudes (Olivas Osuna 2021; Olivas Osuna 2024; Olivas Osuna et al. forthcoming) (32 items) Items related to trust on institutions and media (9 items) Items related to satisfaction with the functioning of democracy, services and institutions (7 items) Authoritarian values (Feldman and Stenner 1997) Liberal democratic values (Zanotti and Rama 2021) Authoritarian personality indexes (Hibbing 2020) Conspiracy theories (3 items) Nationalism (5 items) Nativism (Young et al. 2019) Affective polarisation Support for political party (past vote and vote intention) Left-right ideological self-placement Other socio-political questions. Fieldwork was conducted by YouGov in Brazil between November and December 2023 (in parallel, 2 similar surveys were conducted in Argentina and Poland). The survey was part of the projects: Populism and Borders: a Supply- and Demand-Side Comparative Analysis of Discourses and Attitudes (PBSDCA) and Principal Investigator Interdisciplinary Comparative Project on Populism and Secessionism (ICPPS). The uploaded files contain: Detail of survey results (.sav) Questionnaire (.doc) 3 files with resuts, labels and codes (.xls) Fieldwork summary file provided by Yougov (.pdf)(this file is in Spanish) Codebook file (.xls)