Central Methodist University

The European Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS, formerly Hot Dry Rock, HDR) programme of Soultz-sous-Forêts is organized around three wells drilled to a depth of about 5000 m. Hydraulic stimulations were performed in the wells in 2000 (GPK2 well), 2003 (GPK3 well) and 2004 and 2005 (GPK4 well). The stimulation of GPK2 induced more than 700 seismic events with a magnitude greater than 1.0. The seismicity depicts a dense, homogeneous cloud, without any apparent structure. Medium-size earthquakes represent more than 80 per cent of the cumulative seismic moment. The b-value of the Gutenberg and Richter law is larger than 1.2. The injectivity has been increased by a factor 20. These characteristics indicate that the stimulation reactivated a 3-D dense network of fractures. The stimulation of GPK3 induced only about 250 events with a magnitude greater than 1.0 but with a greater proportion of large events, up to 2.9. The hypocentres form clear structures identified as large faults, the b-value is about 0.9 and the large events (M > 2.0) account for the greater part of the cumulative seismic moment. The injectivity of the well, which was already high before the stimulation, remained unchanged. The stimulation of GPK4 was achieved in two stages. This stimulation produced even less induced events, making the interpretation difficult. The differences between the seismic response of GPK2 and GPK3 are due to the presence of large faults cut by GPK3 or in its close vicinity and reached by the injected water. Once a seismic event occurs on a fault, a sequence of earthquakes is triggered and the seismicity behaves, for a large part, independent of the injected flow rate. The stimulations also show some evidence that creeping could be a major source of deformation, if not the main one. The future EGS programme will have to drill wells in zones free of large faults to avoid poor hydraulic performance and inconvenience to the population.

OBJECTIVE: To provide an evidence-based review of measures of psychosocial adjustment and psychopathology, with a specific focus on their use in the field of pediatric psychology. METHODS: As part of a larger survey of pediatric psychologists from the Society of Pediatric Psychology e-mail listserv (American Psychological Association, APA, Division 54), 37 measures were selected for this psychometric review. Measures that qualified for the review fell into one of the following three categories: (a) internalizing or externalizing rating scales, (b) broad-band rating scales, and (c) self-related rating scales. RESULTS: Psychometric characteristics (i.e., three types of reliability, two types of validity) were strong for the majority of measures reviewed, with 34 of the 37 measures meeting "well-established" evidence-based assessment (EBA) criteria. Strengths and weaknesses of existing measures were noted. CONCLUSIONS: Recommendations for future work in this area of assessment are presented, including suggestions that more fine-grained EBA criteria be developed and that evidence-based "profiles" be devised for each measure.

Abstract: A critical step in understanding the relationship between forest management and bird populations is conducting studies that employ rigorous experimental designs, relate forest management to avian demography, and explore relationships at expanded temporal and spatial scales. The Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project ( MOFEP ) is a long‐term, large‐scale manipulative experiment that is testing the effects of even‐aged ( i.e., clearcutting ) and uneven‐aged ( i.e., selection cutting ) forest management on a suite of response variables in Missouri oak‐hickory forests. We report on the short‐term effects of these management systems on the density and reproductive success of birds by evaluating 5 years of preharvest and 3 years of postharvest data from MOFEP. Densities of mature forest species declined 24–69% on the control ( i.e., no timber harvest ) sites during post‐treatment years, confounding interpretation of treatment effects. Densities of both Kentucky Warblers ( Oporornis formosus ) and Worm‐eating Warblers ( Helmitheros vermivorus ) increased in treatment sites relative to control sites. Conversely, even‐aged management negatively affected Ovenbird ( Seiurus aurocapillus ) density. Treatment significantly and positively affected density of four of the six early successional species. Densities of Indigo Bunting ( Passerina cyanea ) and Yellow‐breasted Chat ( Icteria virens ) were significantly higher in both even‐aged and uneven‐aged treatments, whereas densities of Prairie Warbler ( Dendroica discolor ) and White‐eyed Vireo ( Vireo griseus ) were significantly higher in even‐aged treatments than in the controls. Nest success rates averaged 29% for all species and did not change significantly from pre‐ to post‐treatment years. Mature forest bird populations declined as trees were removed, but significant changes in nest predation and brood parasitism did not occur. In addition, openings associated with timber removal provided habitats for early successional species. We suggest that a mixed strategy of timber management may be necessary to support the full range of breeding birds in this region.

New for this edition: Coverage of the NAFTA agreement, the Chiapas uprising , the new Zedillo administration, and the 1995 economic crisis. This introduction to the politics of Mexico examines not only the roots of Mexico's contemporary political culture, but its structure of government and electoral process, issues of corruption and foreign policy, the impact of political and economic modernization since 1988, and the possibilities for Mexico's future.

Journal Article To Live Ancient Lives: The Primitivist Dimension in Puritanism. By Theodore Dwight Bozeman. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988. xii + 413 pp. $34.95.) Get access John S. Erwin John S. Erwin Olney Central College Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 76, Issue 3, December 1989, Pages 909–910, https://doi.org/10.2307/2936453 Published: 01 December 1989

Several studies suggest that prenatal stress is a possible risk factor in the development of autism spectrum disorders. However, many children exposed to stress prenatally are born healthy and develop typically, suggesting that other factors must contribute to autism. Genes that contribute to stress reactivity may, therefore, exacerbate prenatal stress-mediated behavioral changes in the adult offspring. One candidate gene linked to increased stress reactivity encodes the serotonin transporter. Specifically, an insertion/deletion (long/short allele) polymorphism upstream of the serotonin transporter gene correlates with differential expression and function of the serotonin transporter and a heightened response to stressors. Heterozygous serotonin transporter knockout mice show reductions in serotonin transporter expression similar to the human short polymorphism. In this study, the role of prenatal stress and maternal serotonin transporter genotype were assessed in mice to determine whether their combined effect produces reductions in social behavior in the adult offspring. Pregnant serotonin transporter heterozygous knockout and wild-type dams were placed in either a control condition or subjected to chronic variable stress. The adult offspring were subsequently assessed for social interaction and anxiety using a three-chamber social approach task, ultrasonic vocalization detection, elevated-plus maze and an open field task. Results indicated that prenatal stress and reduced serotonin transporter expression of the dam may have the combined effect of producing changes in social interaction and social interest in the offspring consistent with those observed in autism spectrum disorder. This data indicates a possible combined effect of maternal serotonin transporter genotype and prenatal stress contributing to the production of autistic-like behaviors in offspring.

With recent advances in understanding of the neuroscience of risk taking, attention is now turning to genetic factors that may contribute to individual heterogeneity in risk attitudes. In this paper we test for genetic associations with risk attitude measures derived from both the psychology and economics literature. To develop a long-term prospective study, we first evaluate both types of risk attitudes and find that the economic and psychological measures are poorly correlated, suggesting that different genetic factors may underlie human response to risk faced in different behavioral domains. We then examine polymorphisms in a spectrum of candidate genes that affect neurotransmitter systems influencing dopamine regulation or are thought to be associated with risk attitudes or impulsive disorders. Analysis of the genotyping data identified two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the gene encoding the alpha 4 nicotine receptor (CHRNA4, rs4603829 and rs4522666) that are significantly associated with harm avoidance, a risk attitude measurement drawn from the psychology literature. Novelty seeking, another risk attitude measure from the psychology literature, is associated with several COMT (catechol-O-methyl transferase) SNPs while economic risk attitude measures are associated with several VMAT2 (vesicular monoamine transporter) SNPs, but the significance of these associations did not withstand statistical adjustment for multiple testing and requires larger cohorts. These exploratory results provide a starting point for understanding the genetic basis of risk attitudes by considering the range of methods available for measuring risk attitudes and by searching beyond the traditional direct focus on dopamine and serotonin receptor and transporter genes.

UNLABELLED: Do children's schemata for occupations they observe in real life differ from those they see on TV? 177 second- and fifth-graders were assigned to conditions in a 2 (real-life or on TV) x 2 (police officer or nurse) design. They answered open-ended questions about what police officers or nurses do (in real life or on TV) and rated the typicality of various job activities. Their schematic knowledge about TV and real occupations was clearly differentiated. TV versions entailed more glamour, higher income, more stereotypes, and more dramatic events without negative consequences. Real-life occupations entailed more effort, status, and excitement. Older children differentiated slightly more clearly than younger ones. Children who perceived television as factual and realistic had real-world schemata similar to TV images. Children who were heavy viewers and perceived television as realistic were most likely to aspire to jobs shown on TV. CONCLUSION: children form separate schemata for social information acquired from TV and from real-world experience, but those who perceive television as socially realistic are apt to incorporate TV messages in their schemata and their aspirations.

This review provides a broad perspective of the uses of amino acid fluorides in the synthesis of peptides and a wide range of other molecules including peptidomimetics, heterocycles and biologically active molecules.

This collection of twelve specially commissioned essays, the first to focus on the work of Felicia Hemans, includes new work from important critics in the field - Isobel Armstrong, Stephen Behrendt, G

Stress exposure during gestation is implicated in several neuropsychiatric conditions, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Previous research showed that prenatal stress increases risk for ASD with peak exposure during the end of the second and the beginning of the third trimester. However, exposures to prenatal stress do not always result in ASD, suggesting that other factors may interact with environmental stressors to increase ASD risk. The present study examined a maternal genetic variation in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) affecting stress tolerance and its interaction with the effect of environmental stressors on risk for ASD. Two independent cohorts of mothers of ASD children recruited by the University of Missouri and Queen's University were surveyed regarding the prenatal environment and genotyping on 5-HTTLPR was performed to explore this relationship. In both samples, mothers of children with ASD carrying the stress susceptible short allele variant of 5-HTTLPR experienced a greater number of stressors and greater stress severity when compared to mothers carrying the long allele variant. The temporal peak of stressors during gestation in these mothers was consistent with previous findings. Additionally, increased exposure to prenatal stress was not reported in the pregnancies of typically developing siblings from the same mothers, regardless of maternal genotype, suggesting against the possibility that the short allele might increase the recall of stress during pregnancy. The present study provides further evidence of a specific maternal polymorphism that may affect the risk for ASD with exposure to prenatal stress. Autism Res 2016, 9: 1151-1160. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

This study describes the development and validation of the Homan‐Hewitt Readability Formula. This formula estimates the readability level of single‐sentence test items. Its initial development is based on the assumption that differences in readability level will affect item difficulty. The validation of the formula is achieved by (a) estimating the readability levels of sets of test items predicted to be written at 2nd‐ through 8th‐grade levels; (b) administering the tests to 782 students in grades 2 through 5; (3) using the class means as the unit of analyses and subjecting the data to a two‐factor repeated measures ANOVA. Significant differences were found on class mean performance scores across the levels of readability. These results indicated that a relationship exists between students’reading grade levels and their responses to test items written at higher readability levels.

This study was designed with three main purposes: (a) to investigate the effects of two listening conditions on error detection accuracy, (b) to compare error detection responses for rhythm errors and pitch errors, and (c) to examine the influences of texture on error detection accuracy. Undergraduate music education students ( N = 18) listened to purposefully incorrect performances of band literature in two formats, on recordings and while conducting a live ensemble. Pitch and rhythm errors were inserted into the music excerpts to investigate responses to different types of errors. Half of the excerpts were played by the full ensemble and half by a single section. Participants served as their own controls by completing the error detection tasks under all conditions. Results indicated that participants were significantly more successful in identifying errors in the recording condition than in the conducting condition. A significant interaction existed between the error type (pitch or rhythm) and the ensemble texture (single section or full ensemble). Participants identified rhythm errors more accurately in the single section texture and diagnosed pitch errors more successfully in the full ensemble excerpts.

ABSTRACT Long‐term landscape‐scale experiments allow for the detection of effects of silviculture on bird abundance. Manipulative studies allow for strong inference on effects and confirmation of patterns from observational studies. We estimated bird‐territory density within forest stands (2.89–62 ha) for 19 years of the Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project (MOFEP), a 100‐year experiment designed to study the effects of even‐age and uneven‐age management on wildlife. We spot‐mapped territories of 15 species in 228 stands for 5 years before treatment and 14 years after treatment to assess the effects of stand‐level silvicultural treatments (clearcut, select cut, thin, and no‐harvest) applied within even‐age, uneven‐age, or no‐harvest (control) management sites and year on avian territory density. We used 2 a priori contrasts to compare pre‐treatment bird densities with densities during early (3–5 yr) and late (12–14 yr) post‐treatment periods. The interaction of silvicultural treatment and year had significant effects on the densities of all 15 species. Densities of hooded warbler ( Setophaga citrina ), indigo bunting ( Passerina cyanea ), prairie warbler ( Setophaga discolor ), and yellow‐breasted chat ( Icteria virens ) increased significantly 3–5 years post‐treatment with the greatest changes in clearcuts, but densities 12–14 years post‐treatment did not differ from pre‐treatment densities. Densities of Acadian flycatcher ( Empidonax virescens ), wood thrush ( Hylocichla mustelina ), and especially ovenbird ( Seiurus aurocapilla ) had significant decreases in clearcut stands after treatment and lesser decreases in select cut or thin stands post‐treatment. Densities of black‐and‐white warbler ( Mniotilta varia ), eastern wood‐pewee ( Contopus virens ), and Kentucky warbler ( Geothlypis formosa ) increased in clearcut, thin, and select cut stands, but these increases were short‐lived and sporadic by year after treatment. Densities of Acadian flycatcher and ovenbird remained lower in clearcut stands than no‐harvest stands 13 years post‐treatment. The results of this manipulative experiment were mostly consistent with our predictions of bird response to common silvicultural treatments in these forests. Managers can use these species‐specific responses to silvicultural treatment to guide management decisions for target species or to balance management practices in a landscape to meet the needs of multiple species. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.

The robust photocatalytic efficiency of hemin anchored BaTiO ₃ is due to the synergetic effect among photosensitization, reactive ¹ O ₂ and redox reactions involving Fe ²⁺ /Fe ³⁺ .

An atom efficient protocol <italic>via</italic> a one-pot four-component cyclocondensation reaction catalyzed by copper( <sc>i</sc> ) iodide in aqueous medium under ultrasonic irradiation has been developed for the synthesis of novel polysubstituted 1,4-dihydropyridines.

A 10-mL graduated cylinder was used to construct a colorimeter to investigate the relationship between absorbance and path length found in the Beer-Lambert law. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were used as the light sources and filter monochromators. The experiments were conducted on intensely colored permanganate and tetraamminecopper(II) solutions. The device also was useful for demonstrating the relationship between absorbance and concentration.

Abstract: We evaluated changes in breeding bird density and shifts in territory distribution with respect to clear cutting and timber stand improvement (TSI) of even‐aged stands on &gt;300 ha experimental management units as part of the Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project. After one harvest entry, clear cutting had positive effects on density of indigo bunting ( Passerina cyanea ), prairie warbler ( Dendroica discolor ), and yellow‐breasted chat ( Icteria virens ) and negative effects on density of Acadian flycatcher ( Empidonax virescens ), ovenbird ( Seiurus aurocapilla ), and worm‐eating warbler ( Helmitheros vermivorus ). In buffer regions within 100 m of clearcuts, indigo bunting, hooded warbler ( Wilsonia citrina ), wood thrush ( Hylocichila mustelina ), and Kentucky warbler ( Oporornis formosus ) densities increased and ovenbird density decreased. Breeding bird densities did not change in interior regions &gt; 100 m from clearcuts except for a small increase for wood thrush. Breeding Acadian flycatcher and ovenbird showed greater use of stands not treated with TSI. We recommend combining adjoining stands to keep clearcut sizes between 8 ha and 13 ha to reduce negative effects on ovenbirds by cutting. We suggest a 7‐year offset between the timing of clear cutting and TSI to reduce their combined effects on ovenbird.

The objective of this study was to determine how students' strategies for solving percent problems change over grades 5, 7, 9, and 11. The questions addressed included the following: What intuitive knowledge do students bring to the study of percent? Do students use this intuitive knowledge in solving percent problems? What processes do students use to solve percent problems? Does choice of solution method differ after formal instruction on percent? The researcher employed a cross-sectional research design whereby 31 students representing two ability levels (middle and high) from grades 5, 7, 9, and 11 were interviewed. The responses were compared and contrasted by ability and grade level. The 5th and 7th graders, who had little or no formal instruction on percent, used a variety of strategies including benchmark, ratios, and fractions, to solve percent problems. The 9th graders made extensive use of the school-taught equation strategy. The 11th graders, who had been away from formal instruction on percent for at least a year, also used the equation strategy extensively, but also employed a variety of other strategies and were more reflective in their choice of strategy.

The authors assessed the impact that social value orientations--prosocial (i.e., concerned about outcomes for both oneself and others) versus proself (i.e., concerned about one's own outcome only)--had on fairness judgments in a non-negotiation setting. The results indicated that prosocials generally formed fairness judgments in a manner suggested by equity theory: Given the same input as a comparison other, they saw an equal outcome as fairer than a favorable or unfavorable outcome. The fairness determinations of proselfs, however, tended to follow the tenets of self-interest theory: Given the same input as a comparison other, they saw a favorable outcome as fairer than an unfavorable outcome. Contrary to self-interest theory, proselfs did not find a favorable outcome fairer than an equal outcome. These findings indicate that social value orientations differentially affect the evaluation of outcome information in the formation of fairness judgments.