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This paper proposes different parameterized linear matrix inequality (PLMI) characterizations for fuzzy control systems. These PLMI characterizations are, in turn, relaxed into pure LMI programs, which provides tractable and effective techniques for the design of suboptimal fuzzy control systems. The advantages of the proposed methods over earlier ones are then discussed and illustrated through numerical examples and simulations.

This paper presents new tests to analyze the robust stability and/or performance of linear systems with uncertain real parameters. These tests are extensions of the notions of quadratic stability and performance where the fixed quadratic Lyapunov function is replaced by a Lyapunov function with affine dependence on the uncertain parameters. Admittedly with some conservatism, the construction of such parameter-dependent Lyapunov functions can be reduced to a linear matrix inequality (LMI) problem and hence is numerically tractable. These LMI-based tests are applicable to constant or time-varying uncertain parameters and are less conservative than quadratic stability in the case of slow parametric variations. They also avoid the frequency sweep needed in real-/spl mu/ analysis, and numerical experiments indicate that they often compare favorably with /spl mu/ analysis for time-invariant parameter uncertainty.

Discusses analysis and synthesis techniques for robust pole placement in linear matrix inequality (LMI) regions, a class of convex regions of the complex plane that embraces most practically useful stability regions. The focus is on linear systems with static uncertainty on the state matrix. For this class of uncertain systems, the notion of quadratic stability and the related robustness analysis tests are generalized to arbitrary LMI regions. The resulting tests for robust pole clustering are all numerically tractable because they involve solving linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) and cover both unstructured and parameter uncertainty. These analysis results are then applied to the synthesis of dynamic output-feedback controllers that robustly assign the closed-loop poles in a prescribed LMI region. With some conservatism, this problem is again tractable via LMI optimization. In addition, robust pole placement can be combined with other control objectives, such as H/sub 2/ or H/sub /spl infin// performance, to capture realistic sets of design specifications. Physically motivated examples demonstrate the effectiveness of this robust pole clustering technique.

This paper analyses the transformation and redefinition of local identity in rural France from the perspective of heritage – more precisely food and gastronomy – and local rural tourism. As an identity marker of a geographic area and/or as a means of promoting farm products, gastronomy meets the specific needs of consumers, local producers and other actors in rural tourism. The paper considers the meaning of food from a theoretical perspective. The current interest in traditional food and cuisine is part of a general desire for authentic experiences. At the regional level, the dynamics of building up heritage consist in actualizing, adapting, and re‐interpreting elements from the past, thus combining conservation and innovation. Local development can be seen as a process of territorial and heritage construction. Culinary heritage is a social construction and an important resource for local action. The paper examines the case of the Haut Plateau de l’Aubrac (Central France), where the local development process is closely linked to the valorization and the re‐creation of gastronomic knowledge and skill.

The Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP)-Energetic Particle, Composition, and Thermal Plasma (ECT) suite contains an innovative complement of particle instruments to ensure the highest quality measurements ever made in the inner magnetosphere and radiation belts. The coordinated RBSP-ECT particle measurements, analyzed in combination with fields and waves observations and state-of-the-art theory and modeling, are necessary for understanding the acceleration, global distribution, and variability of radiation belt electrons and ions, key science objectives of NASA’s Living With a Star program and the Van Allen Probes mission. The RBSP-ECT suite consists of three highly-coordinated instruments: the Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer (MagEIS), the Helium Oxygen Proton Electron (HOPE) sensor, and the Relativistic Electron Proton Telescope (REPT). Collectively they cover, continuously, the full electron and ion spectra from one eV to 10’s of MeV with sufficient energy resolution, pitch angle coverage and resolution, and with composition measurements in the critical energy range up to 50 keV and also from a few to 50 MeV/nucleon. All three instruments are based on measurement techniques proven in the radiation belts. The instruments use those proven techniques along with innovative new designs, optimized for operation in the most extreme conditions in order to provide unambiguous separation of ions and electrons and clean energy responses even in the presence of extreme penetrating background environments. The design, fabrication and operation of ECT spaceflight instrumentation in the harsh radiation belt environment ensure that particle measurements have the fidelity needed for closure in answering key mission science questions. ECT instrument details are provided in companion papers in this same issue. In this paper, we describe the science objectives of the RBSP-ECT instrument suite on the Van Allen Probe spacecraft within the context of the overall mission objectives, indicate how the characteristics of the instruments satisfy the requirements to achieve these objectives, provide information about science data collection and dissemination, and conclude with a description of some early mission results.

This note describes a new framework for the analysis and synthesis of control systems, which constitutes a genuine continuous-time extension of results that are only available in discrete time. In contrast to earlier results the proposed methods involve a specific transformation on the Lyapunov variables and a reciprocal variant of the projection lemma, in addition to the classical linearizing transformations on the controller data. For a wide range of problems including robust analysis and synthesis, multichannel H/sub 2/ stateand output-feedback syntheses, the approach leads to potentially less conservative linear matrix inequality (LMI) characterizations. This comes from the fact that the technical restriction of using a single Lyapunov function is to some extent ruled out in this new approach. Moreover, the approach offers new potentials for problems that cannot be handled using earlier techniques. An important instance is the eigenstructure assignment problem blended with Lyapunov-type constraints which is given a simple and tractable formulation.

Abstract. This paper presents the Meso-NH model version 5.4. Meso-NH is an atmospheric non hydrostatic research model that is applied to a broad range of resolutions, from synoptic to turbulent scales, and is designed for studies of physics and chemistry. It is a limited-area model employing advanced numerical techniques, including monotonic advection schemes for scalar transport and fourth-order centered or odd-order WENO advection schemes for momentum. The model includes state-of-the-art physics parameterization schemes that are important to represent convective-scale phenomena and turbulent eddies, as well as flows at larger scales. In addition, Meso-NH has been expanded to provide capabilities for a range of Earth system prediction applications such as chemistry and aerosols, electricity and lightning, hydrology, wildland fires, volcanic eruptions, and cyclones with ocean coupling. Here, we present the main innovations to the dynamics and physics of the code since the pioneer paper of Lafore et al. (1998) and provide an overview of recent applications and couplings.

This paper investigates how such a trivial device as a shopping cart may surprisingly contribute to shaping exchanges in supermarkets. First, the shopping cart completely modifies consumers' calculations. It does so by leading them to accomplish particular gestures, by transforming a budgetary constraint into a volumetric one, and by providing them with true calculative tools. Second, shopping with a cart also implies some `planned' cognitive processes. These processes concern interplay between family needs, selection equipment (such as a shopping list) and market information (packaging, for example). The combination of these elements moves the consumer from mere calculation (price-based computing) to `qualculation' (i.e. quality-based rational judgements). Third, and in particular, since it favours the transformation of the individual consumer into a collective one (or `cluster', i.e. a small group of people gathering around the same device), a shopping cart functions as a scene or as a frame for collective `calqulation' (from the French verb `calquer', i.e. adjusting one's standpoint to that of another, and vice versa).

Throughout the world, urban agriculture supplies fresh local vegetables to city populations. However, the increasing anthropogenic uses of metal-containing nanoparticles (NPs) such as CuO-NPs in urban areas may contaminate vegetables through foliar uptake. This study focused on the CuO-NP transfer processes in leafy edible vegetables (i.e., lettuce and cabbage) to assess their potential phytotoxicity. Vegetables were exposed via leaves for 5, 10, or 15 days to various concentrations of CuO-NPs (0, 10, or 250 mg per plant). Biomass and gas exchange values were determined in relation to the Cu uptake rate, localization, and Cu speciation within the plant tissues. High foliar Cu uptake occurred after exposure for 15 days for lettuce [3773 mg (kg of dry weight) −1 ] and cabbage [4448 mg (kg of dry weight) −1 ], along with (i) decreased plant weight, net photosynthesis level, and water content and (ii) necrotic Cu-rich areas near deformed stomata containing CuO-NPs observed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Analysis of the CuO-NP transfer rate (7.8–242 μg day –1 ), translocation of Cu from leaves to roots and Cu speciation biotransformation in leaf tissues using electron paramagnetic resonance, suggests the involvement of plant Cu regulation processes. Finally, a potential health risk associated with consumption of vegetables contaminated with CuO-NPs was highlighted.

Tumor reversion is the process by which some cancer cells lose their malignant phenotype. This study was aimed at defining some of the molecular and phenotypic properties of this process. Biological models of tumor reversion were isolated from human leukemia and breast cancer cell lines by using the H-1 parvovirus as a selective agent. Differential gene expression analysis was performed between the parental malignant cells and their revertants or alternatively between these parental cells and their SIAH-1 transfectant counterparts. These SIAH-1 transfectants have a suppressed malignant phenotype and were used as a control for a viral-free system. Two hundred sixty-three genes were found to be either activated or inhibited during the reversion process, as confirmed by Northern blot analysis or quantitative PCR. Of these, 32% were differentially expressed in all systems, irrespective of whether parvovirus-selected, SIAH-1 overexpressing, or p53 mutant or wild-type cell lines were used, suggesting the existence of a universal mechanism underlying tumor reversion. Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein (tpt1/TCTP) has the strongest differential expression, down-regulated in the reversion of U937- and SIAH-1-overexpressing cells. Inhibition of TCTP expression by anti-sense cDNA or small interfering RNA molecules results in suppression of the malignant phenotype and in cellular reorganization, similar to the effect of SIAH-1. Hence, tumor reversion can be defined at the molecular level, not just as the reversal of malignant transformation, but as a biological process in its own right involving a cellular reprogramming mechanism, overriding genetic changes in cancer, by triggering an alternative pathway leading to suppression of tumorigenicity.

This paper addresses several challenging problems of robust filtering. We derive new linear matrix inequality (LMI) characterizations of minimum variance or H/sub 2/ performance and demonstrate that they allow the use of parameter-dependent Lyapunov functions while preserving tractability of the problem. The resulting conditions are less conservative than earlier techniques, which are restricted to fixed (not parameter-dependent) Lyapunov functions. The remainder of the paper discusses reduced-order filter problems. New LMI-based nonconvex optimization formulations are introduced for the existence of reduced-order filters, and several efficient optimization algorithms of local and global optimization are proposed. Nontrivial and less conservative relaxation techniques are presented as well. The viability and efficiency of the proposed approaches are then illustrated through computational experiments and comparisons with existing methods.

As a marker of regional identity, heritage remains a complex field of inquiry. The discussion proposed here will use food to investigate the process of heritage construction or ‘heritagisation’ as an important issue for rural tourism promotion. If food today is considered to be a locus of inter-cultural exchange that contributes to the construction of social identities, then it could also be considered as an important resource for rural development strategy. As it is also strongly associated with the tourism sector, gastronomic heritage, in its forms of construction and mobilisation, calls into question the social and cultural dynamics of a given space. The objective of this discussion is twofold and will treat the notion of heritage as a social construct and as a resource for action. We will attempt to answer the following question: At what point can heritage become a resource and component of professional opportunities? To what extent does this prove to be undeniably subject to the process of local ownership? Methodological note: I emphasise that this discussion, which results from a study of three rural regions in France, will attempt to formally and objectively posit a means of comprehending the process of heritage creation.

International audience

* INRA - Unité de Biométrie, Centre de Toulouse (FRA) Diffusion du document : INRA - Unité de Biométrie, Centre de Toulouse (FRA)

The US National Human Genome Research Institute defines precision medicine as follows: "Precision medicine (generally considered analogous to personalized medicine or individualized medicine) is an innovative approach that uses information about an individual's genomic, environmental, and lifestyle information to guide decisions related to their medical management. The goal of precision medicine is to provide a more precise approach for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease." In this perspective article, we question this definition of precision medicine and the risks linked to its current practice and development. We highlight that in practice, precision medicine is based on the use of large volumes of biological data for individual purposes mostly in line with the biomedical model of health, which carries the risk of the biological reductionism of the person. A more comprehensive, precise, and even "personal" approach to health would require taking into account environmental, socio-economic, psychological, and biological determinants, an approach more in line with the biopsychosocial model of health. The role of environmental exposures, in a broad sense, is highlighted more and more, notably in the field of exposome research. Not considering the conceptual framework in which precision medicine is deployed leads to the concealment of the different responsibilities that can be mobilized within the health system. Anchoring precision medicine in a model that does not limit its definition to its biological and technical components makes it possible to envisage a personalized and more precise medicine, integrating a greater share of interventions centered on the skills and life contexts of individuals.

Experimental investigations of the boundary layer receptivity, on the sharp leading edge of a at plate, to acoustic waves induced by two-dimensional and three- dimensional perturbers, have been performed for a free-stream Mach number M ∞ = 5.92. The fields of controlled free-stream disturbances were studied. It was shown that two-dimensional and three-dimensional perturbers radiate acoustic waves and that these perturbers present a set of harmonic motionless sources and moving sources with constant amplitude. The disturbances excited in the boundary layer were measured. It was found that acoustic waves impinging on the leading edge generate Tollmien–Schlichting waves in the boundary layer. The receptivity coefficients were obtained for several radiation conditions and intensities. It was shown that there is a dependence of receptivity coefficients on the wave inclination angles.

The basics of single particle measurements are discussed and illustrated with measurements of the droplet size distribution with an optical spectrometer, the Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe (FSSP), and its improved version, the Fast-FSSP. The various sources of uncertainties are successively analyzed: the statistical significance of an incomplete sampling of the particle population, counting losses due to coincidence of particles and electronic dead time of the counter, artificial broadening of the size distributions by the coincidences, inhomogeneities of the sensitive volume of the probe, ambiguities of the Mie scattering curve, errors on the sampled volume, and, finally, the uncertainties on the size calibration of the instrument. It is demonstrated with examples of data collected with the Fast-FSSP that additional parameters, such as the pulse duration and the interarrival times between detections, are crucial for improving the sizing of the particles and the retrieval of the spatial evolution of the size distribution at the smallest scales.

Despite considerable research about biogeochemical behavior of trace elements (TEs) in soil-plant-human systems, there is still a gap of knowledge regarding dose–response relationship, especially for low-applied doses. Trace elements such as mercury, cadmium, antimony and others are highly toxic, without any known essential function in plants. Nevertheless, recent toxicology and risk assessment studies revealed TE-induced hormesis in plants, i.e. stimulation in plant growth at low-doses while suppression at high-doses. This is the first review critically reviewing the TE-induced phytohormetic. The review compares hormetic effects for 366 observations from various research articles among different (i) toxic TEs, (ii) plant species, (iii) plant response parameters (end points), and (iv) exposure durations. It was observed that various toxic TEs, especially Cd, induce hormesis in plants. The mean value of Maximum Stimulatory Response (MAX) was 27% higher compared to the control response, with a range of 0.71 to 1122%. This review critically highlights the TE-induced phytohormesis by discussing possible mechanisms such as the (i) activation of plant tolerance mechanisms after TE-induced overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and (ii) interplay between phytohormones and TE-mediated ROS production towards plant growth. HighlightsFirst review highlighting trace elements-induced hormesis in plantsTrace elements -induced phytohormesis is evaluated for 366 endpointsThe hormesis varies for different plants, trace elements, endpoints & durationsActivation of plant defense and phytohormones results trace elements-induced hormesisValidation of mechanisms of trace elements-mediated phytohormesis is required

This special issue features a collection of papers that explore the notions of “market agencements” and “market agencing,” recently introduced in market studies, and reflect on their contribution to our understanding of consumption, markets and material culture. These notions originate from the contributions of Michel Callon. They are grounded on the core notion of actor-network, which has been renewed and refined through the notion of socio-technical “agencement.” With its etymology that refers to words like “agent,” “agency” and “agencer” (i.e. disposing, in English), the notion of market agencement is a way to describe the various entities that pragmatically enact economic calculations and shape consumer behavior. Extending Callon's original contribution, this special issue proposes a subtle and yet incisive shift from the notion of “market agencement” to the “agencing of markets.” The key idea is to move the emphasis to the collective and open procedures of market processes. This program is achieved with an opening contribution from Michel Callon, and various essays from Luis Araujo and Hans Kjellberg, Cédric Calvignac and Franck Cochoy, Céline Cholez and Pascale Trompette, Joe Deville, Susi Geiger and John Finch, and Alexandre Mallard. Each paper shows in its own way that “market agencing” helps us to move further away from focusing purely on “market devices” and their connotations of frozen socio-technical arrangements and stable structures and provides us with the means to better address the study of political creativity, innovation, and dissembling/reassembling of market issues and matters.

The p53 tumor suppressor protein plays a crucial role in tumorigenesis by controlling cell-cycle progression and apoptosis. We have previously described a transcript designated tumor suppressor activated pathway-6 (TSAP6) that is up-regulated in the p53-inducible cell line, LTR6. Cloning of the murine and human full-length TSAP6 cDNA revealed that it encodes a 488-aa protein with five to six transmembrane domains. This gene is the murine and human homologue of the recently published rat pHyde. Antibodies raised against murine and human TSAP6 recognize a 50- to 55-kDa band induced by p53. Analysis of the TSAP6 promoter identified a functional p53-responsive element. Functional studies demonstrated that TSAP6 antisense cDNA diminished levels of the 50- to 55-kDa protein and decreased significantly the levels of p53-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, TSAP6 small interfering RNA inhibited apoptosis in TSAP6-overexpressing cells. Yeast two-hybrid analysis followed by GST/in vitro-transcribed/translated pull-down assays and in vivo coimmunoprecipitations revealed that TSAP6 associated with Nix, a proapoptotic Bcl-2-related protein and the Myt1 kinase, a negative regulator of the G(2)/M transition. Moreover, TSAP6 enhanced the susceptibility of cells to apoptosis and cooperated with Nix to exacerbate this effect. Cell-cycle studies indicated that TSAP6 could augment Myt1 activity. Overall, these data suggest that TSAP6 may act downstream to p53 to interface apoptosis and cell-cycle progression.