Centre de gestion en recherche

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Based on a study of a network of fab labs and makerspaces, this article investigates the role that such ‘fabrication spaces’ can play in fostering 21st century skills. Using a combination of the two main 21st century skills frameworks—DigComp and EntreComp—developed by the EU Commission, we study by the means of two combined qualitative research methods—semi-structured interviews of 13 fab lab/makerspace founders, followed by a focus group with founders and policymaker—the entrepreneurial and digital skills that are fostered by these fab labs and makerspaces. Our findings are that while fab labs and makerspaces naturally foster some entrepreneurial 21st century skills, only explicit and proactive entrepreneurship and education programme enable to foster the whole spectrum of these skills. In regard to technical skills, fab labs and makerspaces enable to develop skills beyond what is generally considered as 21st century digital skills, because they combine digital skills with hands-on ‘making’ skills, since they are themselves mixed environment, both digital and physical. Consequently, the growing importance of ‘maker technologies’ may force to redefine what 21st century skills should be.

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Alors que le numérique se généralise, de nouveaux espaces de travail physiques, comme les espaces de coworking, se multiplient et rencontrent un engouement mondial. Dans cet article, les auteurs présentent trois espaces de coworking pour entrepreneurs innovants à travers l’étude d’une petite entreprise de services y ayant successivement localisé son activité. Ils montrent que les espaces de coworking constituent un type original d’intermédiaire d’innovation ouverte favorisant des contacts multiples et capable de soutenir des dynamiques de collaboration multi-acteurs, tout en ayant une autonomie économique. Les auteurs présentent quatre composantes d’intermédiation, ayant la spécificité d’être spatialement ancrées, qui peuvent conduire au développement de nouvelles offres.

The aim of this paper is to critically assess the effect of 3D printing technologies on entrepreneurship. While 3D printing technologies (also known as ‘additive manufacturing’) have been considered as highly transformative technologies, they have been so far (despite over 30 years of existence) restricted to niche markets, and until recently, it seemed that only the largest firms were able to take advantage of those technologies. However, the cost of use of such technologies has sharply decreased over the past few years, and an increasing number of service companies offer both offline (Fab Labs, makerspaces, bureaus) and online (3D printing platforms) access to 3D printing capacities, enabling to “bridge the gap” and provide access to 3D printing technologies to everyone. In this context, using a case-based exploratory methodology, this research aims to explore the benefits of 3D printing technologies for entrepreneurs and new ventures, in particular in relation to overcoming specific challenges these smaller and younger structures face. After identifying the key types of hurdle faced by entrepreneurs – NPD issues, technical issues, market issues, financial issues, and business model issues – this article investigates the manner in which different forms of usage of 3D printing technologies – prototyping, tooling, direct manufacturing, distributed and localised manufacturing – can help alleviate each of those types of barrier. The results of this research indicate that 3D printing technologies are indeed likely to enable entrepreneurs to overcome the five main types of barriers they generally face. Furthermore, because of the very particular situation of entrepreneurs and new ventures and the specific challenges they face in terms of scale, access to markets, and lack of financial resources, 3D printing may in fact be more transformative for smaller and younger structures, than for larger and well-established corporations. However, this research also indicates that benefits for entrepreneurs derived from the use of 3D printing may depend on the degree of involvement of 3D printing in the overall productive process – the more the merrier – and that using 3D printing only at design and tooling stage, although helpful to some extent, may not be so impactful.

Cahier du laboratoire, classification JEL : L20

La relation de service non seulement désigne, mais «est » plusieurs «choses » à la fois : un objet de recherche, un concept, une modélisation, une expérience quotidienne, une orientation en matière d’action publique, un discours managérial... Cet article examine les effets retour qu’un tel objet peut avoir sur l’une des disciplines concernées : la sociologie du travail. L’hypothèse est que cet objet nous dérange. L’usager-destinataire du service fait figure d’intrus, de hors-statut. Il n’appartient pas à notre univers théorique de référence, pas plus que l’idée que le travail, le contenu même de l’action, puisse prendre la forme d’une relation, d’une intervention sur le vivant et non plus d’une activité de transformation de la matière. Un exemple empirique — celui de l’information des voyageurs en gare — montre tout l’intérêt qu’il y a à se placer du point de vue de la réception (à suivre le destinataire) pour analyser le travail réel de l’agent annonceur.

BACKGROUND: Remote Patient Monitoring Systems (RPMS) based on e-health, Nurse Navigators (NNs) and patient engagement can improve patient follow-up and have a positive impact on quality of care (by limiting adverse events) and costs (by reducing readmissions). However, the extent of this impact depends on effective implementation which is often restricted. This is partly due to the lack of attention paid to the RPMS design phase prior to implementation. The content of the RPMS can be carefully designed at this stage and various obstacles anticipated. Our aim was to report on an RPMS design case to provide insights into the methodology required in order to manage this phase. METHODS: This study was carried out at Gustave Roussy, a comprehensive cancer centre, in France. A multidisciplinary team coordinated the CAPRI RPMS design process (2013-2015) that later produced positive outcomes. Data were collected during eight studies conducted according to the Medical Research Council (MRC) framework. This project was approved by the French National Data Protection Authorities. RESULTS: Based on the study results, the multidisciplinary team defined strategies for resolving obstacles prior to the implementation of CAPRI. Consequently, the final CAPRI design includes a web app with two interfaces (patient and health care professionals) and two NNs. The NNs provide regular follow-up via telephone or email to manage patients' symptoms and toxicity, treatment compliance and care packages. Patients contact the NNs via a secure messaging system. Eighty clinical decision support tools enable NNs to prioritise and decide on the course of action to be taken. CONCLUSION: In our experience, the RPMS design process and, more generally, that of any complex intervention programme, is an important phase that requires a sound methodological basis. This study is also consistent with the notion that an RPMS is more than a technological innovation. This is indeed an organizational innovation, and principles identified during the design phase can help in the effective use of a RPMS (e.g. locating NNs if possible within the care organization; recruiting NNs with clinical and managerial skills; defining algorithms for clinical decision support tools for assessment, but also for patient decision and orientation).

BACKGROUND: As the uptake of health information technologies increased, most healthcare organizations have become producers of big data. A growing number of hospitals are investing in the development of big data analytics (BDA) capabilities. If the promises associated with these capabilities are high, how hospitals create value from it remains unclear. The present study undertakes a scoping review of existing research on BDA use in hospitals to describe the path from BDA capabilities (BDAC) to value and its associated challenges. METHODS: This scoping review was conducted following Arksey and O'Malley's 5 stages framework. A systematic search strategy was adopted to identify relevant articles in Scopus and Web of Science. Data charting and extraction were performed following an analytical framework that builds on the resource-based view of the firm to describe the path from BDA capabilities to value in hospitals. RESULTS: Of 1,478 articles identified, 94 were included. Most of them are experimental research (n=69) published in medical (n=66) or computer science journals (n=28). The main value targets associated with the use of BDA are improving the quality of decision-making (n=56) and driving innovation (n=52) which apply mainly to care (n=67) and administrative (n=48) activities. To reach these targets, hospitals need to adequately combine BDA capabilities and value creation mechanisms (VCM) to enable knowledge generation and drive its assimilation. Benefits are endpoints of the value creation process. They are expected in all articles but realized in a few instances only (n=19). CONCLUSIONS: This review confirms the value creation potential of BDA solutions in hospitals. It also shows the organizational challenges that prevent hospitals from generating actual benefits from BDAC-building efforts. The configuring of strategies, technologies and organizational capabilities underlying the development of value-creating BDA solutions should become a priority area for research, with focus on the mechanisms that can drive the alignment of BDA and organizational strategies, and the development of organizational capabilities to support knowledge generation and assimilation.

En 1959, Michel Crozier, Jean-Daniel Reynaud, Alain Touraine et Jean-René Tréanton prennent la responsabilité éditoriale d’une nouvelle revue : Sociologie du travail, publiée aux Éditions du Seuil. La « sociologie du travail » et sa revue éponyme incarnent alors le renouveau de la sociologie française fondé sur la démarche de « terrain » et la confrontation avec la « demande sociale » dans le contexte de la France de la Reconstruction. C’est à ce moment charnière de l’histoire de cette discipline qu’est consacré cet ouvrage. Les auteurs y dressent le portrait d’une communauté scientifique vivante où les sociologues académiques sont dans un échange permanent avec les acteurs sociaux de tous bords : hauts fonctionnaires, syndicalistes, dirigeants d’entreprises. Cet ouvrage est une contribution à l’histoire de la sociologie et de son institutionnalisation, mais aussi à l’histoire des intellectuels et de leur engagement dans la Cité. Les témoignages des quatre fondateurs qui s’expriment avec rigueur et sincérité et qui ne cachent pas leurs désaccords, constituent en eux-mêmes des documents de première importance. Ce livre porte principalement sur l’histoire de la sociologie, mais aussi sur les débats politiques, économiques et sociaux de la France d’après-guerre.

Ce ouvrage collectif cherche a comprendre, par une enquete realisee sur deux ans, les raisons des differences de performances dans le management de projet.

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This article studies power imbalances in alliances. More precisely, we seek to understand how – and under what circumstances – firms can leverage market redefinition strategies to change the structure of their markets and to reduce the bargaining power of actual or potential partners. Based on resource dependence theory, our analysis examines the causes of disproportionate power in alliances and describes various power-balancing operations that can be implemented to reduce dependence. In previous research, the presence of alternative sources that might reduce resource dependence has been given exogenously, and the set of power-balancing operations has been rather limited. Based on the alliance literature, the bargaining power literature and the market redefinition literature, we elaborate a theoretical framework to study the extent to which firms can leverage market redefinition strategies to shape the structure of their markets, in general, and reduce the bargaining power of partners, in particular. We illustrate our theoretical framework by means of multiple case studies and discuss our conclusions. Focusing on air-rail intermodal strategies, we emphasise that firms can proactively redesign their market boundaries to find new partners. These market redefinition strategies reduce dependence on powerful partners in the traditional market and offer new strategic partnership options for firms. In addition, we note that processes can be implemented to increase the quality offered by these new substitutes. Finally, we elucidate several theoretical and managerial implications regarding the role of market redefinition strategies in alliance development.

Ce numéro spécial propose d’appréhender la fiabilité et la résilience organisationnelles comme des dimensions de la performance. Ce faisant, il contribue à sortir ces deux dimensions du cercle des spécialistes du risque pour les inscrire dans le champ plus large du management des organisations tournées vers l’efficience économique. Les trois articles proposent des études de cas approfondies dans des secteurs variés : transport ferroviaire, petit électroménager et tourisme. Ils abordent la construction de la fiabilité et de la résilience dans les équipes projets, à travers des technologies de l’information et en tant que processus d’apprentissage post-crise. Une des contributions majeures de l’exploration des ces différents contextes est de souligner l’importance de la dimension temporelle et des dynamiques sociales dans la construction de la fiabilité et de la résilience.

International audience

International audience

L’article étudie l’action collective des entreprises sous l’angle des dispositifs. Pour analyser ces derniers, il utilise les concepts de méta-organisation et d’organisation partielle mis en avant par Ahrne et Brunsson (2008 ; 2010). S’appuyant sur le cas d’un secteur, celui du pétrole, il montre que contrairement à ce qui avait été anticipé en raison de la globalisation et de l’affaiblissement des États et de la négociation collective, ces dispositifs continuent à être utilisés à grande échelle par les entreprises, notamment pour traiter les questions de responsabilité sociale et de développement durable en relation avec les différentes parties-prenantes. En effet, sur le plan stratégique, ces dispositifs d’action collective permettent de gérer les effets de réputation des entreprises, les signaux faibles venant de l’environnement et le désamorçage des conflits avec les parties prenantes. Sur le plan institutionnel, l’invention de nouvelles formes de dispositifs depuis les années 1960 – les méta-organisations corporatives thématiques et multi-parties-prenantes – s’est faite dans une dynamique de complémentarité, les dispositifs s’appuyant les uns sur les autres et se complétant pour permettre aux entreprises une large gamme de stratégies collectives.

The paper investigates the impact the Internet may have in the evolution of telecommunications networks. First, we show why the Internet, emerging from a different cognitive perception of the data communication problem, has led to a new network architecture based on: (i) the distribution of the ‘network intelligence’ to the user equipment; (ii) the very cost-effective ‘statistical sharing’ of the network resources (i. e. getting the whole bandwidth of the network for short periods of time); (iii) the establishment of an Internet Protocol (IP) ‘gateway’ facilitating interoperability between heterogeneous infrastructure facilities—instead of the operator—controlled homogeneity of the telecom networks; and (iv) an ‘adaptative’ way for open standards—setting. Second, we suggest that two technological trajectories (telecom— ‘creative accumulation’ and Internet—‘creative destruction’) should dynamically co-exist henceforth and compete for market shares—possibly during later evolutionary stages generating relatively different national or even localized (e. g. local providers) trajectories of evolution (with differing interfaces and standards). Furthermore, we explore the question of whether the Internet’s interoperability model may be a useful policy paradigm for future information infrastructures, and we start to discuss the implications of requisite interoperability on the comunications industry‘s structure itself. Overall, our preliminary observations raise questions about the possibilities of two ‘technological trajectories’ co-existing, and the relationship between the interoperability and learning conditions in the network industries.

La mode managériale existe, tout le monde l'a rencontrée : cercles de qualité, robotique aujourd'hui ou recherche opérationnelle il y a quelques années. D'où vient la puissance de ce phénomène ? Du fait qu'il réussit à associer, dans une convergence de discours et d'actions, médias, consultants, cadres de grandes entreprises, responsables politiques… C'est le miracle de cette solidarité, qui se déplace d'un objet de la mode à l'autre, que cet article se propose d'élucider.

International audience