Changchun University of Science and Technology

Abstract The bandgap in graphene‐based materials can be tuned from 0 eV to that of benzene by changing size and/or surface chemistry, making it a rising carbon‐based fluorescent material. Here, the surface chemistry of small size graphene (graphene quantum dots, GQDs) is tuned programmably through modification or reduction and green luminescent GQDs are changed to blue luminescent GQDs. Several tools are employed to characterize the composition and morphology of resultants. More importantly, using this system, the luminescence mechanism (the competition between both the defect state emission and intrinsic state emission) is explored in detail. Experiments demonstrate that the chemical structure changes during modification or reduction suppresses non‐radiative recombination of localized electron‐hole pairs and/or enhances the integrity of surface π electron network. Therefore the intrinsic state emission plays a leading role, as opposed to defect state emission in GQDs. The results of time‐resolved measurements are consistent with the suggested PL mechanism. Up‐conversion PL of GQDs is successfully applied in near‐IR excitation for bioimaging.

The Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), also known as the Altaid Tectonic Collage, is characterised by a vast distribution of Paleozoic and Mesozoic granitic intrusions. The granitoids have a wide range of compositions and roughly show a temporal evolution from calcalkaline to alkaline to peralkaline series. The emplacement times for most granitic plutons fall between 500 Ma and 100 Ma, but only a small proportion of plutons have been precisely dated. The Nd-Sr isotopic compositions of these granitoids suggest their juvenile characteristics, hence implying a massive addition of new continental crust in the Phanerozoic. In this paper we document the available isotopic data to support this conclusion. Most Phanerozoic granitoids of Central Asia are characterised by low initial Sr isotopic ratios, positive ε Nd (T) values and young Sm—Nd model ages (T DM ) of 300-1200 Ma. This is in strong contrast with the coeval granitoids emplaced in the European Caledonides and Hercynides. The isotope data indicate their ‘juvenile’ character and suggest their derivation from source rocks or magmas separated shortly before from the upper mantle. Granitoids with negative ε Nd (T) values also exist, but they occur in the environs of Precambrian microcontinental blocks and their isotope compositions may reflect contamination by the older crust in the magma generation processes. The evolution of the CAOB is probably related to accretion of young arc complexes and old terranes (microcontinents). However, the emplacement of large volumes of post-tectonic granites requires another mechanism, probably through a series of processes including underplating of massive basaltic magma, intercalation of basaltic magma with lower crustal granulites, partial melting of the mixed lithologic assemblages leading to generation of granitic liquids, followed by extensive fractional crystallisation. The proportions of the juvenile or mantle component for most granitoids of Central Asia are estimated to vary from 70% to 100%.

Abstract In computer vision, a series of exemplary advances have been made in several areas involving image classification, semantic segmentation, object detection, and image super-resolution reconstruction with the rapid development of deep convolutional neural network (CNN). The CNN has superior features for autonomous learning and expression, and feature extraction from original input data can be realized by means of training CNN models that match practical applications. Due to the rapid progress in deep learning technology, the structure of CNN is becoming more and more complex and diverse. Consequently, it gradually replaces the traditional machine learning methods. This paper presents an elementary understanding of CNN components and their functions, including input layers, convolution layers, pooling layers, activation functions, batch normalization, dropout, fully connected layers, and output layers. On this basis, this paper gives a comprehensive overview of the past and current research status of the applications of CNN models in computer vision fields, e.g., image classification, object detection, and video prediction. In addition, we summarize the challenges and solutions of the deep CNN, and future research directions are also discussed.

With the sharp increase in population and modernization of society, environmental pollution resulting from petroleum hydrocarbons has increased, resulting in an urgent need for remediation. Petroleum hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria are ubiquitous in nature and can utilize these compounds as sources of carbon and energy. Bacteria displaying such capabilities are often exploited for the bioremediation of petroleum oil-contaminated environments. Recently, microbial remediation technology has developed rapidly and achieved major gains. However, this technology is not omnipotent. It is affected by many environmental factors that hinder its practical application, limiting the large-scale application of the technology. This paper provides an overview of the recent literature referring to the usage of bacteria as biodegraders, discusses barriers regarding the implementation of this microbial technology, and provides suggestions for further developments.

This review focuses on the research progress of the efficient iodine capture in porous POP and MOF materials.

The basement rocks in the eastern zone of the North China craton are composed predominantly of pretectonic tonalitic-trondhjemitic-granodioritic gneisses and syntectonic granitoids, with rafts of supracrustal rocks consisting of ultramafic to felsic volcanic and sedimentary rocks, metamorphosed over a range of conditions from greenschist to granulite facies. Most mafic granulites, amphibolites, and some pelitic gneisses and schists preserve the prograde, peak, and post-peak textures. The prograde metamorphic stage is indicated by mineral inclusions within minerals of the peak stage, represented by the assemblages of hornblende + plagioclase + quartz ± biotite in mafic granulites, chlorite + actinolite + epidote + plagioclase + quartz in amphibolites, and biotite + plagioclase + quartz in pelitic gneisses. The peak stage is shown by assemblages of orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene + garnet + plagioclase + quartz in the mafic granulites, hornblende + plagioclase + quartz + garnet in garnetiferous amphibolites, and garnet + sillimanite + plagioclase + quartz + biotite in pelitic gneisses. The post-peak stage is represented by garnet + quartaz symplectic coronas in mafic granulites, actinolite + garnet retrogressive rims around garnet or hornblende grains in amphibolites, and kyanite replacing sillimanite or staurolite replacing sillimanite + garnet pelitic gneisses. These textural relations and their P-T estimates define counterclockwise P-T paths. The P-T-t(ime) paths of metamorphic rocks from the eastern zone reflect an origin related to the intrusion and underplating of large amounts of mantle-derived magmas that not only provided heat for the metamorphism but also added a large volume of mostly mafic material to the base of the crust. Crustal growth therefore was dominated by vertical addition of mantle-derived magmas to the crust. Combined with lithologic, structural, metamorphic, and geochronologic considerations, these large volumes of underplated magma are considered to be related to upwelling mantle plumes (hotspots).

This article brings together the advances of multisource and multitemporal data fusion approaches with respect to the various research communities and provides a thorough and discipline-specific starting point for researchers at different levels (i.e., students, researchers, and senior researchers) willing to conduct novel investigations on this challenging topic by supplying sufficient detail and references. More specifically, this work provides a bird's-eye view of many important contributions specifically dedicated to the topics of pansharpening and resolution enhancement, point cloud data fusion, hyperspectral and lidar data fusion, multitemporal data fusion, and big data and social media. In addition, the main challenges and possible future research in each area are outlined and discussed.

Tremendous research efforts have been devoted to fabricating high quality quantum dots (QDs) for applications in biology and medicine. Much of this research was pursued with an ultimate goal of using QDs in clinical applications. However, a great deal of concern has been voiced about the potential hazards of QDs due to their heavy-metal content. Many studies have demonstrated toxicity of various QDs in cell culture studies. However, in a smaller number of studies using small animal models (mice and rats), no abnormal behaviour or tissue damage was noticed over periods of months after the systemic administration of QDs. Nevertheless, the correlation of these results with the potential for negative effects of QD on humans remains unclear. Many urgent questions must be answered before the QDs community moves into the clinical research phase. This review provides an overview of the toxicity assessment of QDs, ranging from cell culture studies to animal models and discusses their findings. Guidelines for using various nonhuman primate models for QD toxicity studies are highlighted. This review article is intended to promote the awareness of current developments of QD applications in biology, the potential toxicity of QDs, and approaches to minimizing toxicity.

Both high- and medium-pressure granulites have been found as enclaves and boudins in tonalitic-trondhjemitic-granodioritic gneisses in the Hengshan Complex. Petrological evidence from these rocks indicates four distinct metamorphic assemblages. The early prograde assemblage (M 1) is preserved only in the high-pressure granulites and represented by quartz and rutile inclusions within the cores of garnet porphyroblasts, and omphacite pseudomorphs that are indicated by clinopyroxene + sodic plagioclase symplectic intergrowths. The peak assemblage (M 2) consists of clinopyroxene + garnet + sodic plagioclase + quartz ± hornblende in the high-pressure granulites and orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene + garnel + plagioclase + quartz in the medium-pressure granulites. Peak metamorphism was followed by near-isothermal decompression (M 3), which resulted in the development of orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene + plagioclase symplectites and coronas surrounding embayed garnet grains, and decompression-cooling (M 4), represented by hornblende + plagioclase symplectiles on garnet. The THERMOCALC program yielded peak (M 2) P-T conditions of 13.4-15.5 kbar and 770-840°C for the high-pressure granulites and 9-11 kbar and 820-870°C for the medium-pressure granulites, based on the core compositions of garnet, matrix pyroxene and plagioclase. The P-T conditions of pyroxene + plagioclase symplectite and corona (M 3) were estimated at ~6-5-8.0 kbar and 750-830°C, and hornblende + plagioclase symplectile (M 4) at ~4.5-6.0 kbar and 680-790°C. The P-T conditions of the early prograde assemblage (M 1) cannot be quantitatively estimated because of the absence of modal minerals. The combination of petrographic textures, mineral compositions, metamorphic reaction history, petrogenetic grids and thermobarometric data defines a near-isothermal decompressional clockwise P-T path for the Hengshan granulites, suggesting that the Hengshan Complex underwent initial crustal thickening, subsequent exhumation, and cooling and retrogression. This tectonothermal path is considered to record a major phase of collison between two continental blocks, which resulted in the final assembly of the North China Craton at ~ 1.8 Ga.

The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has become one of the most promising approaches in the field of cancer therapy. Unlike the current therapies that target tumor cells, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or targeted therapy, ICIs directly restore the exhausted host antitumor immune responses mediated by the tumors. Among multiple immune modulators identified, the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death protein ligand 1 (PD-L1) axis leading to the exhaustion of T-cell immunity in chronic infections and tumors has been widely investigated. Therefore, blocking antibodies targeting PD-1 or PD-L1 have been developed and approved for the treatment of various advanced cancers, including non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), making them the most successful ICIs. Compared with chemotherapy or radiotherapy, PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy significantly improves the durable response rate and prolongs long-term survival with limited adverse effects in both monotherapy and combination therapy for advanced NSCLC. However, extensive challenges exist for further clinical applications, such as a small fraction of benefit population, primary and acquired resistance, the lack of predictive and prognostic biomarkers, and treatment-related adverse effects. In this article, we summarize the latest clinical applications of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy in advanced NSCLC worldwide, as well as in China, and discuss the bottlenecks related to the use of this therapy in clinical practice. An exploration of the underlying mechanism of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy and biomarker identification will maximize the application of ICIs in advanced NSCLC and facilitate bedside-to-bench studies in cancer immunotherapy as well. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death protein ligand 1 (PD-L1) display apparent benefits for the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the clinical applications of these therapies are challenged by the limited benefit population with additional high economic burden and adverse events. This review discusses the bottlenecks of ICI therapy in clinical practice and provides appropriate guidance in the development of predictive biomarkers, the establishment of the criteria for combining PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy with the existing therapies, and the management of adverse events observed both in monotherapy and combination therapy, which will help maximize the applications of ICIs in advanced NSCLC.

Polydopamine (PDA), which is biodegradable and is derived from naturally occurring products, can be employed as an electrode material, wherein controllable partial oxidization plays a key role in balancing the proportion of redox-active carbonyl groups and the structural stability and conductivity. Unexpectedly, the optimized PDA derivative endows lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) or sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) with superior electrochemical performances, including high capacities (1818 mAh g(-1) for LIBs and 500 mAh g(-1) for SIBs) and good stable cyclabilities (93 % capacity retention after 580 cycles for LIBs; 100 % capacity retention after 1024 cycles for SIBs), which are much better than those of their counterparts with conventional binders.

Abstract Conductive hydrogels as flexible electronic devices, not only have unique attractions but also meet the basic need of mechanical flexibility and intelligent sensing. How to endow anisotropy and a wide application temperature range for traditional homogeneous conductive hydrogels and flexible sensors is still a challenge. Herein, a directional freezing method is used to prepare anisotropic MXene conductive hydrogels that are inspired by ordered structures of muscles. Due to the anisotropy of MXene conductive hydrogels, the mechanical properties and electrical conductivity are enhanced in specific directions. The hydrogels have a wide temperature resistance range of −36 to 25 °C through solvent substitution. Thus, the muscle‐inspired MXene conductive hydrogels with anisotropy and low‐temperature resistance can be used as wearable flexible sensors. The sensing signals are further displayed on the mobile phone as images through wireless technology, and images will change with the collected signals to achieve motion detection. Multiple flexible sensors are also assembled into a 3D sensor array for detecting the magnitude and spatial distribution of forces or strains. The MXene conductive hydrogels with ordered orientation and anisotropy are promising for flexible sensors, which have broad application prospects in human–machine interface compatibility and medical monitoring.

This review summarizes the recent progress in electrospun electrode materials for lithium- and sodium-ion batteries.

Today, internet and device ubiquity are paramount in individual, formal and societal considerations. Next generation communication technologies, such as Blockchains (BC), Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, etc. offer limitless capabilities for different applications and scenarios including industries, cities, healthcare systems, etc. Sustainable integration of healthcare nodes (i.e. devices, users, providers, etc.) resulting in healthcare IoT (or simply IoHT) provides a platform for efficient service delivery for the benefit of care givers (doctors, nurses, etc.) and patients. Whereas confidentiality, accessibility and reliability of medical data are accorded high premium in IoHT, semantic gaps and lack of appropriate assets or properties remain impediments to reliable information exchange in federated trust management frameworks. Consequently, We propose a Blockchain Decentralised Interoperable Trust framework (DIT) for IoT zones where a smart contract guarantees authentication of budgets and Indirect Trust Inference System (ITIS) reduces semantic gaps and enhances trustworthy factor (TF) estimation via the network nodes and edges. Our DIT IoHT makes use of a private Blockchain ripple chain to establish trustworthy communication by validating nodes based on their inter-operable structure so that controlled communication required to solve fusion and integration issues are facilitated via different zones of the IoHT infrastructure. Further, C# implementation using Ethereum and ripple Blockchain are introduced as frameworks to associate and aggregate requests over trusted zones.

Abstract Reported immunoadjuvants still have many limitations, such as inferior cellular uptake capacity and biocompatibility, overly large particle sizes, single function, and unsatisfactory therapeutic efficacy. Here, large‐pore mesoporous‐silica‐coated upconversion nanoparticles (UCMSs) with a size of less than 100 nm are successfully prepared by a typical silica sol–gel reaction using mesitylene as a pore‐swelling agent and are applied as a novel immunoadjuvant. The obtained UCMSs not only show significantly higher loadings for the photosensitizers merocyanine 540 (MC540), model proteins (chicken ovalbumin (OVA)), and tumor antigens (tumor cell fragment (TF)), but also are successfully employed for highly efficient in vivo vaccine delivery. The prepared UCMSs–MC540–OVA under 980 nm near‐infrared irradiation shows the best synergistic immunopotentiation action, verified by the strongest Th1 and Th2 immune responses and the highest frequency of CD4 + , CD8 + , and effector‐memory T cells. Additionally, nanovaccines UCMSs–MC540–TF can more effectively inhibit tumor growth and increase the survival of colon cancer (CT26)‐tumor‐bearing BALB/c mice compared with either photodynamic therapy or immunological therapy alone, suggesting the enhanced immunotherapy efficacy and clinical potential of UCMSs as immunoadjuvants for cancer immunotherapy.

An ultrasmall hydrodynamic diameter is a critical factor for the renal clearance of nanoparticles from the body within a reasonable timescale. However, the integration of diagnostic and therapeutic components into a single ultrasmall nanoparticle remains challenging. In this study, pH-activated nanodots (termed Fe-CPNDs) composed of coordination polymers were synthesized via a simple and scalable method based on coordination reactions among Fe(3+), gallic acid and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) at ambient conditions. The Fe-CPNDs exhibited ultrasmall (5.3 nm) hydrodynamic diameters and electrically neutral surfaces. The Fe-CPNDs also exhibited pH-activatable magnetic resonance imaging contrast and outstanding photothermal performance. The features of Fe-CPNDs greatly increased the tumour-imaging sensitivity and facilitated renal clearance after injection in animal models in vivo. Magnetic resonance imaging-guided photothermal therapy using Fe-CPNDs completely suppressed tumour growth. These findings demonstrate that Fe-CPNDs constitute a new class of renal clearable nanomedicine for photothermal therapy and molecular imaging.

Federated learning (FL) has recently been proposed as an emerging paradigm to build machine learning models using distributed training datasets that are locally stored and maintained on different devices in 5G networks while providing privacy preservation for participants. In FL, the central aggregator accumulates local updates uploaded by participants to update a global model. However, there are two critical security threats: poisoning and membership inference attacks. These attacks may be carried out by malicious or unreliable participants, resulting in the construction failure of global models or privacy leakage of FL models. Therefore, it is crucial for FL to develop security means of defense. In this article, we propose a blockchain-based secure FL framework to create smart contracts and prevent malicious or unreliable participants from being involved in FL. In doing so, the central aggregator recognizes malicious and unreliable participants by automatically executing smart contracts to defend against poisoning attacks. Further, we use local differential privacy techniques to prevent membership inference attacks. Numerical results suggest that the proposed framework can effectively deter poisoning and membership inference attacks, thereby improving the security of FL in 5G networks.

Various polyoxometalates (POMs) were successfully immobilized to the mesoporous coordination polymer MIL-101 resulting in a series of POM-MOF composite materials POM@MIL-101 (POM = K4PW11VO40, H3PW12O40, K4SiW12O40). These materials were synthesized by a simple one-pot reaction of Keggin POMs, tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), terephthalic acid (H2bdc), and Cr(3+) ions. XRD, FTIR, thermogravimetric analyses (TG), inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometry, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) collectively confirmed the successful combination of POMs and the porous framework. Further, these composites POM@MIL-101 with different loading of POMs were achieved by variation of the POM dosage. Notably, the uptake capacity of MIL-101 towards organic pollutants in aqueous solution was significantly improved by immobilization of hydrophilic POMs into cages of MIL-101. An uptake capacity of 371 mg g(-1), comparable to that of the graphene oxide sponges, and much higher than that of the commercial activated carbon, was achieved at room temperature in 5 min when dipping 20 mg PW11V@MIL-101 in the methylene blue (MB) solution (100 mL of 100 mg L(-1) MB solution). Further study revealed that the POM@MIL-101 composite materials not only exhibited a fast adsorption rate towards dye molecules, but also possessed of selective adsorption ability of the cationic dyes in wastewater. For example, the adsorption efficiency of PW11V@MIL-101 (10 mg) towards MB (100 mL of 10 mg L(-1)) could reach 98 % in the initial 5 min, and it could capture MB dye molecules from the binary mixture of the MB and MO with similar size. Also, the POM@MIL-101 materials could be readily recycled and reused, and no POM leached in the dye adsorption process.

The polyacrylic acid@zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (PAA@ZIF-8) nanoparticles (NPs) were first fabricated using a facile and simple route. It is worthwhile noting that the as-fabricated PAA@ZIF-8 NPs possessed ultrahigh doxorubicin (DOX) loading capability (1.9 g DOX g(-1) NPs), which were employed as pH-dependent drug delivery vehicles.

Mafic granulites from the North China craton can be divided into two textural types, referred to as A- and B-types. A-type mafic granulites display garnet+quartz symplectic coronas, and outcrop in the eastern and western zones of the craton, whereas B-type mafic granulites exhibit orthopyroxene+plagioclase±clinopyroxene symplectites or coronas, and are mainly exposed in the central zone of the craton. Most A-type mafic granulites preserve the prograde (M 1 ), peak (M 2 ) and post-peak near-isobaric cooling (M 3 ) assemblages, which are represented respectively by inclusions of hornblende+plagioclase+quartz, a peak mineralogy of orthopyroxene+clinopyroxene+plagioclase+quartz+garnet, and overprinted by garnet+quartz symplectic coronas. These mineral assemblages and their P–T (pressure-temperature) estimates define anticlockwise P–T evolutionary paths. The B-type mafic granulites preserve the peak (M 1 ), post-peak near-isothermal decompression (M 2 ) and cooling (M 3 ) assemblages, which are represented by the peak assemblage of orthopyroxene+clinopyroxene+plagioclase+quartz+garnet±hornblende, post-peak orthopyroxene+plagioclase±clinopyroxene symplectites or coronas, and later hornblende+plagioclase+magnetite symplectites, respectively. These mineral assemblages and their P–T estimates define clockwise P–T paths. The anticlockwise P–T paths of the A-type mafic granulites in the eastern and western zones of the North China craton are consistent with a model of underplating and intrusion of mantle-derived magmas. In combination with lithological, structural and geochronological data, the eastern and western zones of the North China craton are considered to represent two continental blocks that developed through the interaction of mantle plumes with the lithosphere from the Palaeoarchaean to the Neoarchaean era. The B-type mafic granulites and associated rocks in the central zone represent a magmatic arc that was metamorphosed and deformed during amalgamation of the eastern and western continental blocks in the late Palaeoproterozoic era. The mineral reaction relations and clockwise P–T paths of the B-type mafic granulites from the central zone record the tectonothermal history of the collision that resulted in the final assembly of the North China craton at c . 1800 Ma.