China XD Group (China)

It is of essential importance to design an electrocatalyst with excellent performance for both hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in water splitting.

Despite being one of the oldest materials described in the chemical literature, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has just recently experienced a renaissance as a highly active photocatalyst, and the metal-free polymer was shown to be able to generate hydrogen under visible light. The semiconductor nature of g-C3N4 has triggered tremendous endeavors on its structural manipulation for enhanced photo(electro)chemical performance, aiming at an affordable clean energy future. While pursuing the stem of g-C3N4 related catalysis (photocatalysis, electrocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis), a number of emerging intrinsic properties of g-C3N4 are certainly interesting, but less well covered, and we believe that these novel applications outside of conventional catalysis can be favorably exploited as well. Thanks to the general efforts devoted to the exploration and enrichment of g-C3N4 based chemistry, the boundaries of this area have been possibly pushed far beyond what people could imagine in the beginning. This review strives to cover the achievements of g-C3N4 related materials in these unconventional application fields for depicting the broader future of these metal-free and fully stable semiconductors. This review starts with the general protocols to engineer g-C3N4 micro/nanostructures for practical use, and then discusses the newly disclosed applications in sensing, bioimaging, novel solar energy exploitation including photocatalytic coenzyme regeneration, templating, and carbon nitride based devices. Finally, we attempt an outlook on possible further developments in g-C3N4 based research.

Abstract T cells are crucial for immune functions to maintain health and prevent disease. T cell development occurs in a stepwise process in the thymus and mainly generates CD4 + and CD8 + T cell subsets. Upon antigen stimulation, naïve T cells differentiate into CD4 + helper and CD8 + cytotoxic effector and memory cells, mediating direct killing, diverse immune regulatory function, and long-term protection. In response to acute and chronic infections and tumors, T cells adopt distinct differentiation trajectories and develop into a range of heterogeneous populations with various phenotype, differentiation potential, and functionality under precise and elaborate regulations of transcriptional and epigenetic programs. Abnormal T-cell immunity can initiate and promote the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of T cell development, CD4 + and CD8 + T cell classification, and differentiation in physiological settings. We further elaborate the heterogeneity, differentiation, functionality, and regulation network of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in infectious disease, chronic infection and tumor, and autoimmune disease, highlighting the exhausted CD8 + T cell differentiation trajectory, CD4 + T cell helper function, T cell contributions to immunotherapy and autoimmune pathogenesis. We also discuss the development and function of γδ T cells in tissue surveillance, infection, and tumor immunity. Finally, we summarized current T-cell-based immunotherapies in both cancer and autoimmune diseases, with an emphasis on their clinical applications. A better understanding of T cell immunity provides insight into developing novel prophylactic and therapeutic strategies in human diseases.

Due to the emerging bacterial resistance and the protection of tenacious biofilms, it is hard for the single antibacterial modality to achieve satisfactory therapeutic effects nowadays. In recent years, photothermal therapy (PTT)-derived multimodal synergistic treatments have received wide attention and exhibited cooperatively enhanced bactericidal activity. PTT features spatiotemporally controllable generation of hyperthermia that could eradicate bacteria without inducing resistance. The synergy of it with other treatments, such as chemotherapy, photo-dynamic/catalytic therapy (PDT/PCT), immunotherapy, and sonodynamic therapy (SDT), could lower the introduced laser density in PTT and avoid undesired overheating injury of normal tissues. Simultaneously, by heat-induced improvement of the bacterial membrane permeability, PTT is conducive for accelerated intracellular permeation of chemotherapeutic drugs as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by photosensitizers/sonosensitizers, and could promote infiltration of immune cells. Thereby, it could solve the currently existing sterilization deficiencies of other combined therapeutic modes, for example, bacterial resistance for chemotherapy, low drug permeability for PDT/PCT/SDT, adverse immunoreactions for immunotherapy, etc. Admittedly, PTT-derived synergistic treatments are becoming essential in fighting bacterial infection, especially those caused by antibiotic-resistant strains. This review firstly presents the classical and newly reported photothermal agents (PTAs) in brief. Profoundly, through the introduction of delicately designed nanocomposite platforms, we systematically discuss the versatile photothermal-derived multimodal synergistic therapy with the purpose of sterilization application. At the end, challenges to PTT-derived combinational therapy are presented and promising synergistic bactericidal prospects are anticipated.

The emergence of carbon dots (CDs) has opened up an exciting new field in the science and technology of carbon nanomaterials and has attracted increasing interest in recent years. Due to their diverse physicochemical properties and favourable attributes, such as quantum confinement effects and abundant surface defects, CDs and their derived hybrids have shown exciting and indispensable prospects in the energy conversion and storage fields. Considering the latest developments, in this review, we comprehensively summarize the classification and structure of CDs. Three strategies for structural engineering of CDs are presented and analyzed, in terms of the tuning of size and crystallinity, and the methodologies for surface modification and heteroatom doping, with a focus on the relationship among the synthesis methods, structure and properties of the concerned CDs. More importantly, the recent advances in energy-oriented applications of CDs, including photo- and electro-catalysis, light-emitting diodes, photovoltaic cells, lithium/sodium ion batteries and supercapacitors, will be systematically highlighted. Finally, we discuss and outline the remaining major challenges and opportunities for CDs in the future.

Beyond the inaugural synthesis of multi-layered Ti₃C₂T_xby etching Ti₃AlC₂with hydrofluoric acid (HF), novel routes with a myriad of reducing agents, etchants and intercalants have since been explored and have added many new members to the two-dimensional (2D) material constellation.

Abstract In order to ensure the operational reliability and information security of sophisticated electronic components and to protect human health, efficient electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials are required to attenuate electromagnetic wave energy. In this work, the cellulose solution is obtained by dissolving cotton through hydrogen bond driving self-assembly using sodium hydroxide (NaOH)/urea solution, and cellulose aerogels (CA) are prepared by gelation and freeze-drying. Then, the cellulose carbon aerogel@reduced graphene oxide aerogels (CCA@rGO) are prepared by vacuum impregnation, freeze-drying followed by thermal annealing, and finally, the CCA@rGO/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) EMI shielding composites are prepared by backfilling with PDMS. Owing to skin-core structure of CCA@rGO, the complete three-dimensional (3D) double-layer conductive network can be successfully constructed. When the loading of CCA@rGO is 3.05 wt%, CCA@rGO/PDMS EMI shielding composites have an excellent EMI shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) of 51 dB, which is 3.9 times higher than that of the co-blended CCA/rGO/PDMS EMI shielding composites (13 dB) with the same loading of fillers. At this time, the CCA@rGO/PDMS EMI shielding composites have excellent thermal stability ( T HRI of 178.3 °C) and good thermal conductivity coefficient ( λ of 0.65 W m -1 K -1 ). Excellent comprehensive performance makes CCA@rGO/PDMS EMI shielding composites great prospect for applications in lightweight, flexible EMI shielding composites. Graphic abstract

Sulfur-doped carbon dots were synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal method and exhibited high fluorescence quantum yield (67%) and exceptional emission behavior.

The rapid development of solar cells (SCs) based on organic-inorganic hybrid metal triiodide perovskite (MTP) materials holds great promise for next-generation photovoltaic devices. The demonstrated power conversion efficiency of the SCs based on MTP (PSCs for short) has reached over 20%. An MTP material is a kind of soft ionic solid semiconductor. The intrinsic optoelectronic properties of MTP are greatly determined by several factors, such as the crystalline phase, doping type, impurities, elemental composition, and defects in its crystal structure. In the development of PSCs, a good understanding and smart engineering of the defects in MTP have been demonstrated to be a key factor for the fabrication of high-efficiency PSCs. In this review, we start with a brief introduction to the types of defects and the mechanisms for their formation in MTP. Then, the positive and negative impacts of defects on the important optoelectronic features of MTP are presented. The optoelectronic properties mainly include charge recombination, charge transport, ion migration, and structural stability. Moreover, commonly used techniques for the characterization of the defects in MTP are systematically summarized. Recent progress on the state-of-the-art defect engineering approaches for the optimization of PSC devices is also summarized, and we also provide some perspectives on the development of high-efficiency PSCs with long-term stability through the optimization of the defects in MTP.

Stimuli-responsive bio-based polymeric systems are gaining considerable attention as intelligent versatile tools that show great potential in various fields. In this review, an overview is given of recent developments of stimuli-responsive bio-based polymeric systems. The characteristics of bio-based polymers in different applications are discussed and the superiority of these advanced stimuli-responsive bio-based polymeric systems is highlighted. Furthermore, several emerging applications of these systems including intelligent drug delivery, responsive food packaging and smart water treatment are discussed and the section of intelligent drug delivery is emphasized in detail. Finally, the respective prospects and limitations inherent to these systems are addressed.

A design methodology for developing lead-free bulk ceramics with large recoverable energy storage density was proposed in this study.

Recent advances in deep-blue emitters furnishing high performance OLEDs and associated critical issues are discussed and reviewed.

Introducing controlled electrical homogeneity can be an effective way to obtain ultrahigh energy storage density in lead-free multilayers.

CoFe₂O₄/graphene oxide hybrids have been successfully fabricated <italic>via</italic> a facile one-pot polyol route, followed by chemical conversion into FeCo/graphene hybrids under H₂/NH₃ atomosphere.

A Janus MoSSe monolayer is theoretically predicted to be a wide solar-spectrum water-splitting photocatalyst with a low carrier recombination rate.

Full-cell cycling of a high density silicon-majority anode with 2× volumetric capacity of graphite and a stabilized coulombic efficiency exceeding 99.9%.

The findings in this study could broaden the applications of KNN materials in a new field.

Nitrogen self-doped graphitic carbon nitride was successfully synthesized by the co-thermal condensation of the precursor with a nitrogen-rich additive.

The state-of-art multifunctions of epoxy nanocomposites including magnetization, electrical and thermal conductivity and flame retardancy are critically reviewed.

2D conjugated COF based on olefin (CC) linkages has been readily synthesized using the Knoevenagel condensation reaction.