Claremont Graduate University

A science of positive subjective experience, positive individual traits, and positive institutions promises to improve quality of life and prevent the pathologies that arise when life is barren and meaningless. The exclusive focus on pathology that has dominated so much of our discipline results in a model of the human being lacking the positive features that make life worth living. Hope, wisdom, creativity, future mindedness, courage, spirituality, responsibility, and perseverance are ignored or explained as transformations of more authentic negative impulses. The 15 articles in this millennial issue of the American Psychologist discuss such issues as what enables happiness, the effects of autonomy and self-regulation, how optimism and hope affect health, what constitutes wisdom, and how talent and creativity come to fruition. The authors outline a framework for a science of positive psychology, point to gaps in our knowledge, and predict that the next century will see a science and profession that will come to understand and build the factors that allow individuals, communities, and societies to flourish.

The paper motivates, presents, demonstrates in use, and evaluates a methodology for conducting design science (DS) research in information systems (IS). DS is of importance in a discipline oriented to the creation of successful artifacts. Several researchers have pioneered DS research in IS, yet over the past 15 years, little DS research has been done within the discipline. The lack of a methodology to serve as a commonly accepted framework for DS research and of a template for its presentation may have contributed to its slow adoption. The design science research methodology (DSRM) presented here incorporates principles, practices, and procedures required to carry out such research and meets three objectives: it is consistent with prior literature, it provides a nominal process model for doing DS research, and it provides a mental model for presenting and evaluating DS research in IS. The DS process includes six steps: problem identification and motivation, definition of the objectives for a solution, design and development, demonstration, evaluation, and communication. We demonstrate and evaluate the methodology by presenting four case studies in terms of the DSRM, including cases that present the design of a database to support health assessment methods, a software reuse measure, an Internet video telephony application, and an IS planning method. The designed methodology effectively satisfies the three objectives and has the potential to help aid the acceptance of DS research in the IS discipline.

Preface to the 25th Anniversary Edition. Acknowledgements to the First Edition. Enjoyment and Intrinsic Motivation. Rewards of Autotelic Activities. Structure of Autotelic Activities. A Theoretical Model for Enjoyment. Enjoying Games: Chess. Deep Play and the Flow Experience in Rock Climbing. Measuring the Flow Experience in Rock Dancing. Enjoying Work: Surgery. Flow Patterns in Everyday Life. Effects of Flow Deprivation. Politics of Enjoyment. Tests and Procedures Used in Microflow. Experiments. References. Index.

Abstract For various reasons individuals in a sample survey may prefer not to confide to the interviewer the correct answers to certain questions. In such cases the individuals may elect not to reply at all or to reply with incorrect answers. The resulting evasive answer bias is ordinarily difficult to assess. In this paper it is argued that such bias is potentially removable through allowing the interviewee to maintain privacy through the device of randomizing his response. A randomized response method for estimating a population proportion is presented as an example. Unbiased maximum likelihood estimates are obtained and their mean square errors are compared with the mean square errors of conventional estimates under various assumptions about the underlying population.

ResumenEl efecto de la ideología política en el poder sobre el crecimiento económico , la distribución de la renta factorial y la desigualdad: evidencia para 20 países de América Latina, 1975-2017 Este trabajo de grado de maestría tiene como objetivo estimar el efecto de la ideología política en el poder sobre el nivel de ingreso, sus variaciones en el corto plazo, la distribución en la renta factorial y la desigualdad para 20 países de América Latina en el periodo de 1975-2017.Se realiza la revisión bibliográfica sobre la interacción de estas variables y se presentan los principales resultados de los artículos.La metodología econométrica usada es datos paneles dinámicos y se desarrollan tres modelos con múltiples variaciones que en términos generales son: El modelo sobre el nivel de ingreso del PIB per cápita real deflactado a precios del año 2010 usando como denominador la población en edad de trabajar, un modelo de la participación del trabajo en la renta factorial y, otro modelo para la desigualdad medida por el índice de Gini de los ingresos; cada modelo tiene tres grupos de variables: teoría económica, políticas y exógenas.Las fuentes de los datos utilizadas en el trabajo de grado son: Banco Mundial, Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID), Reserva Federal de los Estados Unidos y Transparencia Internacional.Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, las variables teóricas en el modelo de nivel de ingreso del PIB per cápita real son: la educación, la inversión y el crecimiento demográfico (Mankiw, Romer & Weil;1992); para el modelo de desigualdad las variables teóricas son: los impuestos a las ganancias y el capital, los impuestos a los bienes y servicios, el PIB per cápita, el nivel de desempleo, el gasto en educación, el gasto público en inversión y el índice de percepción de la democracia (Munduch, 2018).Las variables políticas son tomadas de la base de Cruz, Keefer & X significativas en los modelos de desigualdad.Finalmente, los términos de intercambio y los precios de los commodities son favorables para incrementar el nivel de ingreso y reducir la desigualdad, salvo en el modelo de participación del trabajo en la renta factorial donde el aumento de los precios de los commodities reduce la participación del trabajo en la renta.Todas estas conclusiones están basadas en las estimaciones de los modelos

To understand the dynamics of mental health, it is essential to develop measures for the frequency and the patterning of mental processes in every-day-life situations. The Experience-Sampling Method (ESM) is an attempt to provide a valid instrument to describe variations in self-reports of mental processes. It can be used to obtain empirical data on the following types of variables: a) frequency and patterning of daily activity, social interaction, and changes in location; b) frequency, intensity, and patterning of psychological states, i.e., emotional, cognitive, and conative dimensions of experience; c) frequency and patterning of thoughts, including quality and intensity of thought disturbance. The article reviews practical and methodological issues of the ESM and presents evidence for its short- and long-term reliability when used as an instrument for assessing the variables outlined above. It also presents evidence for validity by showing correlation between ESM measures on the one hand and physiological measures, one-time psychological tests, and behavioral indices on the other. A number of studies with normal and clinical populations that have used the ESM are reviewed to demonstrate the range of issues to which the technique can be usefully applied.

Changes in educational leadership and administration over the past decade and a half represent a shift from traditional, social science-based approaches to more cognitively based views of the field. In addition, a heightened interest in the connections between the way educational leaders think and their actions has led to expanded emphasis on practice-based knowledge and in-service preparation programs for school leaders. In North America, where pre-service, formal training dominated, practice-based education, internships, and authentic evaluation received more emphasis. In the UK, where in-service professional development dominated, formal cognate learning is being enhanced. These developments suggest a broadening of approaches to educational leadership education stretching across the professional life of the practitioner.

This article presents an expanded model of acculturation among international migrants and their immediate descendants. Acculturation is proposed as a multidimensional process consisting of the confluence among heritage-cultural and receiving-cultural practices, values, and identifications. The implications of this reconceptualization for the acculturation construct, as well as for its relationship to psychosocial and health outcomes, are discussed. In particular, an expanded operationalization of acculturation is needed to address the "immigrant paradox," whereby international migrants with more exposure to the receiving cultural context report poorer mental and physical health outcomes. We discuss the role of ethnicity, cultural similarity, and discrimination in the acculturation process, offer an operational definition for context of reception, and call for studies on the role that context of reception plays in the acculturation process. The new perspective on acculturation presented in this article is intended to yield a fuller understanding of complex acculturation processes and their relationships to contextual and individual functioning.

A review of recent research (1988 to 1998) on gender differences in environmental attitudes and behaviors found that, contrary to past inconsistencies, a clearer picture has emerged: Women report stronger environmental attitudes and behaviors than men. Additional evidence of gender differences in environmental attitudes and behaviors was also supported across age (Study 1) and across 14 countries (Study 2). As a single variable, the effect of gender on proenvironmental behavior was consistently stronger than on environmental attitudes. Explanations for gender differences in environmentalism were examined in Study 3. It was found that compared to males, females had higher levels of socialization to be other oriented and socially responsible. Implications for theory, social action, and policy are discussed.

Abstract The positive core construct of psychological capital (or simply PsyCap), consisting of the psychological resources of hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism, has recently been demonstrated to be open to human resource development (HRD) and performance management. The research stream on PsyCap has now grown to the point that a quantitative summary analysis of its impact on employee attitudes, behaviors, and especially performance is needed. The present meta‐analysis included 51 independent samples (representing a total of N = 12,567 employees) that met the inclusion criteria. The results indicated the expected significant positive relationships between PsyCap and desirable employee attitudes (job satisfaction, organizational commitment, psychological well‐being), desirable employee behaviors (citizenship), and multiple measures of performance (self, supervisor evaluations, and objective). There was also a significant negative relationship between PsyCap and undesirable employee attitudes (cynicism, turnover intentions, job stress, and anxiety) and undesirable employee behaviors (deviance). A sub‐analysis found no major differences between the types of performance measures used (i.e., between self, subjective, and objective). Finally, the analysis of moderators revealed the relationship between PsyCap and employee outcomes were strongest in studies conducted in the United States and in the service sector. These results provide a strong evidence‐based recommendation for the use of PsyCap in HRD and performance programs. Theoretical contributions, future research directions, and practical guidelines for HRD conclude the article. Gallup Polls in recent years suggest that Americans are pessimistic about incremental

This study draws upon the technology acceptance model as the theoretical basis and empirical findings for a pragmatic explanation of key factors affecting personal computing acceptance in small firms. The study uses results from a survey of 358 users in small firms in New Zealand to test a structural model examining the hypothesized relationships among the following constructs: intraorganizational factors, extraorganizational factors, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and personal computing acceptance (i.e., system usage). The findings indicate that perceived ease of use is a dominant factor in explaining perceived usefulness and system usage, and that perceived usefulness has a strong effect on system usage. The results also indicate that exogenous variables influence both perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness, particularly management support and external support. Inconsistent with prior research in large firms, relatively little support was found for the influence of both internal support and Internal training. Implications for the acceptance of personal computing and future research on personal computing acceptance in small firms are discussed.

List of Tables and Figures Acknowledgments Part I: The Origins of ESM Chapter 1: Epistemological Foundations for the Measurement of Experience A Systematic Phenomenology The Experience Sampling Method A Brief History How Trustworthy Are Subjective Self-Reports? What Can We Learn From ESM? Chapter 2: Theoretical Foundations of ESM Biology, Culture, and Daily Behavior Subjective Experience in Context: The Interplay of Psychological Processes and Cognitive Functions Interaction of Individuals and Environments Experience Fluctuations, Well-Being, and Development A Theoretical Compass for Exploring Experience Part II: How to Measure the Quality of Everyday Life Chapter 3: Collecting the Data Designing a Study Using ESM Equipment and Signaling Schedules Designing the Form Other Design Decisions Implementing the Study Documentation Chapter 4: Dealing With the Data: Coding, Entry, Cleaning, and Data Management Developing a Codebook Coding the External Coordinates of Experience Conding the Internal Coordinates of Experience What to Do With the Codes Once They Are Developed: Physically Coding and Entering the Data Setup, Cleaning, and Manipulation of Data Files Response-Level Data and Person-Level Data Postentry Data Manipulation Data File Management and Documentation Chapter 5: Types of Analyses Qualitative Approaches Graphic and Numeric Descriptive Information Planning for Statistical Analyses OLS Statistical Techniques Multilevel and Other Complex Statistical Techniques Chapter 6: Psychometrics of ESM Data Validity of Method Validity of ESM Measurements Reliability of ESM Measurements Part III: Uses of ESM in Social Science Research Chapter 7: Samples of Experience The Who, What, Where, When, and How of Daily Experiences Quality of Experience in Selected Activities Quality of Experience of Selected Groups of People Emotions, Well-Being, and Flow Chapter 8: The Experience of Males and Females Differences in Activities Differences in Companionship Similiarities and Differences in Emotional Experience Other Gender Differences in Adolescence Chapter 9: The Experience of Family Life Methodological Concerns and Variations The Couple Relationship The Arrival of the First Child Juggling Work and Family Roles The Adolescent's Experience of Family Transmission of Emotions Between Family Members Comparisons Between Families: Optimal Conditions for Adolescent Development Chapter 10: The Experience of Work Methodological Concerns and Variations Time and Work The Quality of Experience at Work: General Trends The Quality of Experience Across Workers The Quality of Experience Across Work Activities The Intersection of Work and Family The Experience of Unemployment Adolescent Work Chapter 11: Examining Cross-Cultural Differences Methodological Concerns and Variations Culture and Time Use Cross-Cultural Variation in General Affective Experience Culture and Subjective Experience in Various Activities Cross-Cultural Examination of Flow Studies of American Subcultures Chapter 12: Educational Applications Methodological Concerns and Variations Time Use and Structure of Classrooms The Quality of Students' Classroom Experiences Comparing Students' Classroom Experiences After-School Programs Studies of Adult Learners The Experience of Teachers Chapter 13: Clinical Applications Methodological Concerns and Variations Use of ESM for Describing and Contextualizing Experiences of Disorder Use of ESM in Therapy and in Treatment Evaluation Concluding Thoughts Ten Major Issues ESM Illuminates Appendix A: Sample ESM Data Collection Forms (ESFs) Appendix B: ESM Coding Scheme Used in the Sloan Study of Youth and Social Development References Index About the Authors

We present a conceptualization of student engagement based on the culmination of concentration, interest, and enjoyment (i.e., flow). Using a longitudinal sample of 526 high school students across the U.S., we investigated how adolescents spent their time in high school and the conditions under which they reported being engaged. Participants experienced increased engagement when the perceived challenge of the task and their own skills were high and in balance, the instruction was relevant, and the learning environment was under their control. Participants were also more engaged in individual and group work versus listening to lectures, watching videos, or taking exams. Suggestions to increase engagement, such as focusing on learning activities that support students’ autonomy and provide an appropriate level of challenge for students’ skills, conclude the article.

This study investigated vertical versus shared leadership as predictors of the effective-ness of 71 change management teams. Vertical leadership stems from an appointed or formal leader of a team, whereas shared leadership (C. L. Pearce, 1997; C. L. Pearce & J. A. Conger, in press; C. L. Pearce & H. P. Sims, 2000) is a group process in which leadership is distributed among, and stems from, team members. Team effectiveness was measured approximately 6 months after the assessment of leadership and was also measured from the viewpoints of managers, internal customers, and team members. Using multiple regression, the authors found both vertical and shared leadership to be significantly related to team effectiveness ( p .05), although shared leadership appears to be a more useful predictor of team effectiveness than vertical leadership. The increasing use of empowered teams and concomitant flattening of organizational struc-tures (Mohrman, Cohen, & Mohrman, 1995) brings into question the more traditional models of leadership. What kind of leadership is more

OBJECTIVE: Given the critical role of behavior in preventing and treating chronic diseases, it is important to accelerate the development of behavioral treatments that can improve chronic disease prevention and outcomes. Findings from basic behavioral and social sciences research hold great promise for addressing behaviorally based clinical health problems, yet there is currently no established pathway for translating fundamental behavioral science discoveries into health-related treatments ready for Phase III efficacy testing. This article provides a systematic framework for developing behavioral treatments for preventing and treating chronic diseases. METHOD: The Obesity-Related Behavioral Intervention Trials (ORBIT) model for behavioral treatment development features a flexible and progressive process, prespecified clinically significant milestones for forward movement, and return to earlier stages for refinement and optimization. RESULTS: This article presents the background and rationale for the ORBIT model, a summary of key questions for each phase, a selection of study designs and methodologies well-suited to answering these questions, and prespecified milestones for forward or backward movement across phases. CONCLUSIONS: The ORBIT model provides a progressive, clinically relevant approach to increasing the number of evidence-based behavioral treatments available to prevent and treat chronic diseases. (PsycINFO Database Record

As new technologies that support managerial communication become widely used, the question of how and why managers, especially senior managers, use them increases in importance. This paper examines how and why managers use electronic mail. Today, one of the more influential theories of media choice in organization and information science is information richness theory, which has stimulated much empirical research on media selection and has clear implications for how managers should use media. Despite numerous modifications and elaborations, information richness theory remains an individual-level rational choice explanation of behavior, and as such it differs fundamentally from theories that emphasize the social context of managers' communication and media choice behavior. While the weight of informed opinion seems to be shifting toward social theories of media selection and use, much empirical research continues to test individual-level rational choice models. A multi-method investigation was designed to assess the power of information richness theory, relative to alternative social theories, to explain and predict managers' use of email. Managers were found to perceive various media in ways that were relatively consistent with information richness theory, but to use email more and differently than the theory predicted. In particular, effective senior managers were found to use email heavily and even for equivocal communications tasks. These results cannot be explained by information richness theory or by simple modifications of the theory. Rather, they suggest that the adoption, use, and consequences of media in organizations can be powerfully shaped by social processes such as sponsorship, socialization, and social control, which require social perspectives to understand them. These processes can result in differences across organizations and other social units in the patterns of using traditional media like the telephone, but such differences are even more likely for new media, like electronic mail.

It is a common phenomenon of clinical practice that as a psychologist accumulates casestudy material about another human being, he comes to think that he knows that person pretty well. Consequently, sooner or later in the information-gathering process, the psychologist becomes confident enough to make diagnostic conclusions, describe the client's main dynamics, and perhaps even venture to predict his future behavior. Though the psychologist's conclusions may remain tentative, his increase in confidence from the time of first approaching the case to the time of writing his report is usually very marked. This study investigated whether that increase in confidence is justified by a corresponding increase in accuracy of conclusions. Though the psychologist's confidence in his conclusions has often been mentioned as an important subject of scientific inquiry (Meehl, 1957), it has only rarely been studied intensively. Furthermore, when it has been studied, rather surprising findings have often resulted. For instance, Goldberg (1959) and Oskamp (1962) have shown that the diagnostic confidence of experienced psychologists is less than that of less experienced persons. The same studies and many others have also shown that professional psychologists are no better interpersonal judges, and sometimes are worse 1 Revision of a paper presented at the Western Psychological Association annual meeting, April 18, 1964. Thanks are due to Stanley Lunde for his help in constructing the case-study test. ones, than are untrained individuals (Taft, 1955).

PART ONE: STATISTICAL POWER IN TREATMENT EFFECTIVENESS RESEARCH Treatment Effectiveness Research and Design Sensitivity The Statistical Power Framework Effect Size The Problematic Parameter How to Estimate Statistical Power PART TWO: USEFUL APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES Dependent Measures Design, Sample Size, and Alpha The Independent Variable and the Role of Theory Putting It All Together

Abstract Variables that predict "green buying" (i.e., buying products that are environmentally beneficial) were investigated. Predictor variables included awareness about environmental impacts of products, specific environmental beliefs of consumers, several general environmental attitude scales, demographic variables, and several proenvironment behaviors other than buying behavior. A written questionnaire, mailed to randomly selected residents of 8 middle-class communities in the Los Angeles area, was answered by 201 respondents. The results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses supported the hypotheses under study: Specific consumer beliefs predicted several green-buying variables as well as general environmental attitudes, whereas general environmental attitudes predicted only one aspect of green buying. Women were significantly higher than men on two aspects of green buying and on the environmental attitude scales. Home ownership was positively related to recycling behavior.

This article reports the development ofa bidimensional acculturation scaleforHispanics (BAS). The scale provides an acculturation score for two major cultural dimensions (Hispanic and non-Hispanic domains) by including 12 items (per cultural domain) that measure three language-related areas. A random sample of 254 adult Hispanics was surveyed to develop and validate the scale. The scores obtained with the BAS show high internal consistency and high validity coefficients. The scale works well with Mexican Americans and with Central Americans.