Division of Elementary, Secondary, and Informal Education

We analyze how local labor markets in Mexico adjusted in response to an increase in Chinese import competition between 1998 and 2013. We exploit the spatial variation in import exposure arising from initial differences in industry specialization. We found that the adjustment took various forms: a decline in the number of wage employees, the substitution of some wage employees by contract workers, and the substitution of formally contracted employees by informally contracted ones. The reduction in employment levels was accompanied by an increase in the population that exited the labor force. The negative employment impact was three times more severe on production workers than on nonproduction workers, indicating that workers with lower skills were more severely affected. Overall, we find significant job losses to the order of 7.6% of the working-age population.

Using the feminist lens of women economic empowerment and the concepts of resources, agency, and achievements, and the inter-related concepts of power, this article shares the experience of women beauty workers and women cab drivers working on different types of platform models in India. While beauty work is essentially a feminised sector of work in India, ride-hailing is a male-dominated form of work. The analysis is drawn from in-depth interviews with women workers, platform management, and union leaders, among others, to understand struggles and ways of ‘being and doing’ of women workers on platforms. The article presents the different types of platform models – freelance, fixed salary, and hybrid – and the differential impacts of these models on the working conditions of the women in these two sectors. The article then continues to unravel the concept of ‘flexibility and autonomy’, and the precarious nature of work for these different contractual arrangements as well as the implications of algorithmic controls and management on women workers. It eventually highlights that this ‘new’ gig economy contributes to the continuation of the informal nature of work, along with the precarity of the same, which hinders their ability to achieve empowerment.

The purpose of this causal-comparative study is to examine the effect of standards-based report cards on the growth and performance of Grade 4 students on the Massachusetts measure of accountability. This study examines the effect of the report card format on the grade level student growth percentiles (SGP) and composite performance index (CPI) on the 2010 Grade 4 Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System (MCAS) Mathematics Test. The sample population for this study is 103 elementary schools educating fourth grade students in southeastern Massachusetts. The study uses historical performance data from the Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education, a brief questionnaire collected from elementary school leaders, and an ordinal product rating scale. The study conducts a document analysis of standards-based report cards collected from schools by applying a product rating scale created for this study. A multivariate analysis of covariance is used to build the ex post facto relationship between schools using standards-based report cards and results for the Grade 4 growth percentile and performance index on the MCAS for Mathematics.

This study examines the situation of Nigerian women in America depicted by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s Americanah in terms of how they are subjugated and marginalized in their day-to-day lives. It also investigates the problems and hurdles faced by Nigerian women in their own and American society due to migration and immigration. The study, furthermore, delineates the suppression of the desires and needs of Nigerian women and lays bare how it affects them. By deploying the theoretical paradigm of impression management with an exclusive focus on gender issues, this study highlights how the socio-domestic progress of Nigerian women is impeded in the name of culture and race. Finally, the study reflects on the ability of Nigerian women to convert their miseries into opportunities. It is, therefore, a picture of both their strengths and weaknesses that reveal the potential of these women which the world needs to appreciate. The paper tries to find the true picture of the miserable life of female immigrants with some of the applicable solutions.

This study comprises a panel of nine sectors and has been analyzed for monthly data for 108 months for the period from 2006 to 2022 by using the statistical packages of STATA. In monthly analysis panel unit root tests of Fisher Dicky Fuller, Pesaran and Shin and Breitung are conducted which infer that exports, foreign direct investment, domestic investment, exchange rate, terrorism, production, scale economy and labor productivity are stationary at level ‘I(0)’ while exchange rate is stationary at order one ‘I(1)’. This reveals that the problem of non-stationarity is not very serious. So pooled regression, Least Square Dummy Variable, fixed effect and random effect models have been used. Results show that in analysis across sectors, lag exports, domestic investment, exchange rate, terrorism and labor productivity have an influential effect on exports in the many sectors. However, foreign direct investment has no significant effect on exports in the sectors of food, chemicals, textile and machinery and equipment. While in overall sector analysis, lag exports, foreign direct investment, domestic investment and exchange rate have significant positive effect on export. This shows that food, chemical, textiles and machinery sectors are favorable sectors for foreign direct investment.

Purpose Library and Information Science (LIS) as a discipline occupies a unique position in higher education institutions, incorporating both principles of knowledge management utilizing modern digital technology and serving diverse library users. However, the past few years have witnessed various challenges and issues being faced by LIS faculty members in Pakistan, yet their perspectives have not always been acknowledged. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the operational, technical and institutional challenges and the ways-forward strategies to overcome these challenges in various LIS schools in Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative research approach was used with a phenomenological research design. Data were collected from the head or senior faculty members from 15 LIS schools in Pakistan. Data were analyzed thematically with NVivo software. Findings The findings revealed five major challenges, including “issues related to funding, infrastructure and technology”, “limitations in faculty hiring, training and retention”, “challenges in administration and operations”, “challenges in curriculum development and implementation” and “LIS recognition issues”. The ways-forward strategies to overcome these challenges include “collaboration with industry and institutions”, “faculty recruitment and development”, “administration support and infrastructural development”, “curriculum revision and upgradation” and “HEC support, advocacy and funding”. Theoretical, practical and policy implications are presented to streamline LIS education in Pakistan and similar contexts. The limitations, future research directions and recommendations were also given. Originality/value This is the first study investigating LIS education challenges and ways-forward, collecting data from all LIS schools in Pakistan. A KPI-anchored roadmap of three timeframes (short-term, medium-term and long-term) covering six priority actions has been presented. This roadmap includes a timeframe, priority action, potential funding source, methods of implementation and monitoring progress.

Pakistan is facing the problem of environmental pollution. Environmental Pollution is caused by the use of coal energy consumptions, infrastructure proxy as transport, for economic growth but the concerns of environmental pollution cannot be ignored. The purpose of this study to investigate the impact of information and communication technology, gross domestic product, (GDP) with CO2 emission in Pakistan for a long-run by using annual time series data from 1990 to 2020. Using Augmented Dickey-Fuller Unit Root and Phillips Perron Test for stationary, Autocorrelation and ARDL Bound technique. The estimated results of ARDL indicate that economic growth (GDP), increase the CO2 emission in Pakistan both in short run and long run. While Information and communication technology decrease the CO2 emission Based on the estimated results it is recommended that policy maker in Pakistan should install advance technology and convert traditional energy sources such as coal energy consumption to solar energy that can reduce the CO2 emission and also ensure sustainable economic development of Pakistan.

The study examined that how teacher’s perception of fairness affects their willingness to cooperate and contribute in higher degrees awarding education institutions of Pakistan. using cross-sectional survey design. The data has been collected from 267 faculty members of higher degrees awarding institutions in Peshawar city of KPK were selected using stratified random sampling procedures and responses was recorded survey instrument. For results computation descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analysis were used to find relationship between dependent and independent variables using Ordinary Least Square (OLS) approach. A positive and significant relationship was found between teacher’s perception of fairness and OCB.

The growing demand for energy worldwide makes it increasingly important to balance grid loads and mitigate the environmental impact of energy use at the consumer level. Demand Side Management (DSM) serves as a proven alternative to building more power stations with their attendant environmental and social consequences. This work presents a new residential DSM approach for scheduling simultaneous real-time energy home uses according to user preference comfort levels. Unlike traditional DSM methods targeting on thermal-related appliances, a wide variety of household appliances is incorporated into the optimization model of the proposed approach and the user participation of DSM can be obtained to the most extent. In the envisaged model, a Centralized Controller Hub (CCH) with a Genetic Algorithm (GA) are utilized to optimize the shift able appliances scheduling in response to real-time pricing (RTP) signals. Real time user daily load profiles of Peak and Off-peak periods are considered and this system efficiently transfers peak load time to off peak time to reduce the energy cost. Simulation results show a drastic peak-hour energy saving, indicating the system's ability to minimize energy costs with very little trade-off in user comfort.

Constant-rate multi-mode systems (MMSs) are hybrid systems with finitely many modes and real-valued variables that evolve over continuous time according to mode-specific constant rates. Equivalently, they correspond to continuous vector addition systems (VASs), where counters may become negative. We introduce a variant of linear temporal logic (LTL) for MMS, and we investigate the complexity of the model-checking problem for syntactic fragments of LTL. We obtain a complexity trichotomy: Each fragment is either P-complete, NP-complete, or undecidable. Since our logic can constrain the counters to remain non-negative, it further applies to continuous VAS. Thus, our results yield a framework for MMS and continuous VAS that generalizes and unify several existing results.

The study aimed to compare quality of early childhood education in context of assessment process in public and private schools of Bannu Division. All public and private schools of Bannu Division constituted the population of the study. The sample of the study was consisted of 360 selected schools. Learning Environment Observational Checklist was used as a research tool for data collection. All ECE classroom were observed during data collection. Statistical tool such as mean standard deviation, and independent sample t test were used. Findings suggested that teachers in private schools were more consistent in meeting parents or communicating students’ progress through reports compared to teachers in public schools. It was found that both public and private schools display nearly similar practices in preparing checklists to track children’s learning progress, though private schools show a marginally better trend. The study revealed a significant difference in the overall assessment process between private and public schools. It was also observed that overall assessment process in private schools was more effective. It was recommended that public schools' assessment process needs to improve to facilitate the children Public schools should be consistent in meeting parents and communicate students’ progress with parents Implement comprehensive assessment practices to monitor children's developmental progress in a structured manner.

The integration of touchscreen gadgets into preschoolers' daily routines has raised concerns about their developmental effects, particularly on motor skills. While interactive applications may enhance visual-motor integration, excessive unregulated use could limit opportunities for physical play. This study examined the relationship between gadget usage and the eye-hand coordination of preschoolers in selected elementary schools in Dalaguete, Cebu, during the 2024–2025 school year. Using a descriptive-correlational design, 60 parents and 60 teachers assessed children's gadget use and motor skills via a structured questionnaire. Results indicated that gadget engagement was rated as "Engaged" by parents (M = 3.55, SD = 0.17) and "Moderately Engaged" by teachers (M = 3.33, SD = 0.31). Eye-hand coordination ranged from "Proficient" to "Well Developed" (aggregate means = 3.79–4.43), with strengths in pencil grip and object manipulation. Correlation analysis revealed a weak but significant positive relationship between gadget usage and eye-hand coordination for both parents (r = 0.262, p = 0.043) and teachers (r = 0.288, p = 0.026). These findings highlight the importance of considering both home and school contexts when evaluating young children's digital engagement. The study underscores the need for parent–teacher collaboration to promote balanced, developmentally supportive gadget use, and offers an intervention plan integrating structured physical activities with responsible technology use in early education.

The Corona virus (Covid-19) pandemic began in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and has spread rapidly throughout the world. So far millions of people have died all over the world while millions of people have been suffering from this disease. It is also an infectious disease like plague. In the world many Outbreaks have taken place that have taken many lives. There are many hadiths about the plague, and Covid-19 is also a kind of plague. The cure for Corona virus has not yet been discovered, but some of the protective measures suggested by “WHO”. These were devised by Islam about fourteen hundred years ago, because all of Islam's teachings guarantee the survival of human beings. Infectious disease is believed to be effective, but its effect is not definitive. According to the Prophetﷺ , honey and clone are the remedies for every disease. Each of the world's troubles is the result of certain actions of the past, so it is possible to get rid of this type of trouble by appealing to our Lord through repentance and prayers. The aim of this research paper is to present an applied study regarding the Rules, Precautions and Remedies of Corona Pandemic in the Context of Hadiths about Plague.

Pobreza y Subempleo l.Grupos Marginales o Sector Informal?Jose Miguel Candia • "EI pueblo descubre que el fen6meno inicuo de la explota ci6n puede preselttar una apariencia negra 0 blanca.Clama que existe una traici6n, pero hay que corregir ese grito.La traici6n, no es nacional, es una traici6n social, hay que ensenar alpueblo a denunciar al ladr6n ". Los Condenados de la Tierra Frantz FanonPocos temas han preocupado tanto a las ciencias sociales latinoamerica nas como el problema de la marginalidad.Las elaboraciones para con ceptualizar el termino "poblaci6n marginal" marcharon paralelas con los intentos de formular y aplicar polfticas de desarrollo que elevaron el Divel de vida de los grupos poblacionales mas desprotegidos.En ambos terrenos, el de las formulaciones te6ricas y el de las polfticas especfficas, los resultados han sido disfmiles, por 10 que el debate no esta concluido y resta aun por precisar conceptos y definiciones, a la vez que se reexaminan las estrategias de promoci6n social con las que se trat6 de •Soci6Iogo, consultor extemo de la Organizaci6n Intemacional del Trabajo.r PROBLEMAS DEL DESARROLLO POBREZA Y SUBEMpLEO I mejorar las condiciones de vida de las poblaciones olvidadas del campo y la ciudad.Estas politicas corresponden aI periodo en que la ilusi6n desarrollista de los aDos cincuenta y sesenta lIev6 a pensar en la conti nuidad de una situaci6n de estabilidad y bonanza para las economias latinoamericanas.EI tratamiento de este tipo de temas aful se presta a especulaciones y subjetivismos por 10 que es necesario precisar el universo social que motiva esta reflexi6n y saber a que se esta a1udiendo cuando se bace referencia aI fen6meno de la marginalidad.EI prop6sito de estas notas es precisamente el de presentar, de manera resumida, los aspectos meduIares de los principales enfoques te6ricos desde los cuales ba sido abordado el problema. Concepciones sobre marginalidadHay coincidencia en seiialar que el proceso de crecimiento econ6mico en los pafses latinoamericanos no fue acompaiiado por una distribuci6n equitativa de la riqueza.Esta situaci6n dio lugar a que se formara un amplio sector de poblaci6n que no participa de los beneficios econ6mi cos y sociales que implica el desarrollo de un pais.Este sector de la poblaci6n ba recibido distintos calificativos: grupos de extrema pobreza, e1ases bajas, poblaciones marginales y sector informal urbano, entre otros.En apariencia todas estas denominaciones bacen referencia a un mismo universo y en general todos los estudios coinciden en seiialar, -aunque con distinto enfasis -, la relaci6n existente entre dichos secto res y un tipo especial de desarrollo econ6mico que es propio de las sociedades capitalistas perifericas.Una mirada a la realidad que ofrecen la mayoria de las naciones del continente confirma que ni aun en los periodos en que las tasas de crecimiento ~con6mico fueron mas elevadas se logr6 atenuar el proble ma de la marginalidad.Importantes segmentos de la poblaci6n, tanto de zonas urbanas como rurales, continuan viviendo en malas condiciones materiales y sin tener acceso a ciertos beneficios minimos como salud, educaci6n 0 vivienda.

This chapter describes a model for evaluating complex organizations or systems. The design assessment model the authors propose is a response to current notions of assessment. There are assumptions we make about learning and the functioning of complex systems such as academic programs that do not match assumptions that are inherent in traditional forms of assessment. The authors use a case study of Purdue University’s strategic planning process to provide the context for describing how design assessment takes place in a higher education setting. Based on interviews and observations, we identify areas problematic for some notions of assessment and distinguish several implications based on these findings. The design assessment model may be useful when assessing complex educational organizations or programs, such as when (a) educational entities at the university level need to assess new programs or curriculum materials; or (b) curriculum developers need to assess new software or tools for instruction.

This chapter describes a model for evaluating complex organizations or systems. The design assessment model the authors propose is a response to current notions of assessment. There are assumptions we make about learning and the functioning of complex systems such as academic programs that do not match assumptions that are inherent in traditional forms of assessment. The authors use a case study of Purdue University’s strategic planning process to provide the context for describing how design assessment takes place in a higher education setting. Based on interviews and observations, we identify areas problematic for some notions of assessment and distinguish several implications based on these findings. The design assessment model may be useful when assessing complex educational organizations or programs, such as when (a) educational entities at the university level need to assess new programs or curriculum materials; or (b) curriculum developers need to assess new software or tools for instruction.Request access from your librarian to read this chapter's full text.

This chapter contains sections titled: The Psychological Impact of School Transitions Idea 2004 and School Transitions

This chapter describes a model for evaluating complex organizations or systems. The design assessment model the authors propose is a response to current notions of assessment. There are assumptions we make about learning and the functioning of complex systems such as academic programs that do not match assumptions that are inherent in traditional forms of assessment. The authors use a case study of Purdue University’s strategic planning process to provide the context for describing how design assessment takes place in a higher education setting. Based on interviews and observations, we identify areas problematic for some notions of assessment and distinguish several implications based on these findings. The design assessment model may be useful when assessing complex educational organizations or programs, such as when (a) educational entities at the university level need to assess new programs or curriculum materials; or (b) curriculum developers need to assess new software or tools for instruction.