Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), particularly acetate, propionate and butyrate, are mainly produced by anaerobic fermentation of gut microbes. SCFAs play an important role in regulating energy metabolism and energy supply, as well as maintaining the homeostasis of the intestinal environment. In recent years, many studies have shown that SCFAs demonstrate physiologically beneficial effects, and the signalling pathways related to SCFA production, absorption, metabolism, and intestinal effects have been discovered. Two major signalling pathways concerning SCFAs, G-protein-coupled receptors (GPRCs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs), are well recognized. In this review, we summarize the recent advances concerning the biological properties of SCFAs and the signalling pathways in inflammation and glucose and lipid metabolism.

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Dothideomycetes comprise a highly diverse range of fungi characterized mainly by asci with two wall layers (bitunicate asci) and often with fissitunicate dehiscence. Many species are saprobes, with many asexual states comprising important plant pathogens. They are also endophytes, epiphytes, fungicolous, lichenized, or lichenicolous fungi. They occur in terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats in almost every part of the world. We accept 105 families in Dothideomycetes with the new families Anteagloniaceae , Bambusicolaceae , Biatriosporaceae , Lichenoconiaceae , Muyocopronaceae , Paranectriellaceae , Roussoellaceae , Salsugineaceae , Seynesiopeltidaceae and Thyridariaceae introduced in this paper. Each family is provided with a description and notes, including asexual and asexual states, and if more than one genus is included, the type genus is also characterized. Each family is provided with at least one figure-plate, usually illustrating the type genus, a list of accepted genera, including asexual genera, and a key to these genera. A phylogenetic tree based on four gene combined analysis add support for 64 of the families and 22 orders, including the novel orders, Dyfrolomycetales , Lichenoconiales , Lichenotheliales, Monoblastiales, Natipusillales, Phaeotrichales and Strigulales . The paper is expected to provide a working document on Dothideomycetes which can be modified as new data comes to light. It is hoped that by illustrating types we provide stimulation and interest so that more work is carried out in this remarkable group of fungi.

Taxonomic names are key links between various databases that store information on different organisms. Several global fungal nomenclural and taxonomic databases (notably Index Fungorum, Species Fungorum and MycoBank) can be sourced to find taxonomic details about fungi, while DNA sequence data can be sourced from NCBI, EBI and UNITE databases. Although the sequence data may be linked to a name, the quality of the metadata is variable and generally there is no corresponding link to images, descriptions or herbarium material. There is generally no way to establish the accuracy of the names in these genomic databases, other than whether the submission is from a reputable source. To tackle this problem, a new database (FacesofFungi), accessible at www.facesoffungi.org (FoF) has been established. This fungal database allows deposition of taxonomic data, phenotypic details and other useful data, which will enhance our current taxonomic understanding and ultimately enable mycologists to gain better and updated insights into the current fungal classification system. In addition, the database will also allow access to comprehensive metadata including descriptions of voucher and type specimens. This database is user-friendly, providing links and easy access between taxonomic ranks, with the classification system based primarily on molecular data (from the literature and via updated web-based phylogenetic trees), and to a lesser extent on morphological data when molecular data are unavailable. In FoF species are not only linked to the closest phylogenetic representatives, but also relevant data is provided, wherever available, on various applied aspects, such as ecological, industrial, quarantine and chemical uses. The data include the three main fungal groups (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Basal fungi) and fungus-like organisms. The FoF webpage is an output funded by the Mushroom Research Foundation which is an NGO with seven directors with mycological expertise. The webpage has 76 curators, and with the help of these specialists, FoF will provide an updated natural classification of the fungi, with illustrated accounts of species linked to molecular data. The present paper introduces the FoF database to the scientific community and briefly reviews some of the problems associated with classification and identification of the main fungal groups. The structure and use of the database is then explained. We would like to invite all mycologists to contribute to these web pages.

This is a continuity of a series of taxonomic papers where materials are examined, described and novel combinations are proposed where necessary to improve our traditional species concepts and provide updates on their classification. In addition to extensive morphological descriptions and appropriate asexual and sexual connections, DNA sequence data are also analysed from concatenated datasets (rDNA, TEF-α, RBP2 and β-Tubulin) to infer phylogenetic relationships and substantiate systematic position of taxa within appropriate ranks. Wherever new species or combinations are being proposed, we apply an integrative approach (morphological and molecular data as well as ecological features wherever applicable). Notes on 125 fungal taxa are compiled in this paper, including eight new genera, 101 new species, two new combinations, one neotype, four reference specimens, new host or distribution records for eight species and one alternative morphs. The new genera introduced in this paper are Alloarthopyrenia , Arundellina , Camarosporioides , Neomassaria , Neomassarina , Neotruncatella , Paracapsulospora and Pseudophaeosphaeria . The new species are Alfaria spartii , Alloarthopyrenia italica , Anthostomella ravenna , An . thailandica , Arthrinium paraphaeospermum , Arundellina typhae , Aspergillus koreanus , Asterina cynometrae , Bertiella ellipsoidea , Blastophorum aquaticum , Cainia globosa , Camarosporioides phragmitis , Ceramothyrium menglunense , Chaetosphaeronema achilleae , Chlamydotubeufia helicospora , Ciliochorella phanericola , Clavulinopsis aurantiaca , Colletotrichum insertae , Comoclathris italica , Coronophora myricoides , Cortinarius fulvescentoideus , Co . nymphatus , Co . pseudobulliardioides , Co . tenuifulvescens , Cunninghamella gigacellularis , Cyathus pyristriatus , Cytospora cotini , Dematiopleospora alliariae , De . cirsii , Diaporthe aseana , Di . garethjonesii , Distoseptispora multiseptata , Dis . tectonae , Dis . tectonigena , Dothiora buxi , Emericellopsis persica , Gloniopsis calami , Helicoma guttulatum , Helvella floriforma , H . oblongispora , Hermatomyces subiculosa , Juncaceicola italica , Lactarius dirkii , Lentithecium unicellulare , Le . voraginesporum , Leptosphaeria cirsii , Leptosphaeria irregularis , Leptospora galii , Le . thailandica , Lindgomyces pseudomadisonensis , Lophiotrema bambusae , Lo . fallopiae , Meliola citri-maximae , Minimelanolocus submersus , Montagnula cirsii , Mortierella fluviae , Muriphaeosphaeria ambrosiae , Neodidymelliopsis ranunculi , Neomassaria fabacearum , Neomassarina thailandica , Neomicrosphaeropsis cytisi , Neo . cytisinus , Neo . minima , Neopestalotiopsis cocoës , Neopestalotiopsis musae , Neoroussoella lenispora , Neotorula submersa , Neotruncatella endophytica , Nodulosphaeria italica , Occultibambusa aquatica , Oc . chiangraiensis , Ophiocordyceps hemisphaerica , Op . lacrimoidis , Paracapsulospora metroxyli , Pestalotiopsis sequoiae , Peziza fruticosa , Pleurotrema thailandica , Poaceicola arundinis , Polyporus mangshanensis , Pseudocoleophoma typhicola , Pseudodictyosporium thailandica , Pseudophaeosphaeria rubi , Purpureocillium sodanum , Ramariopsis atlantica , Rhodocybe griseoaurantia , Rh . indica , Rh . luteobrunnea , Russula indoalba , Ru . pseudoamoenicolor , Sporidesmium aquaticivaginatum , Sp . olivaceoconidium , Sp . pyriformatum , Stagonospora forlicesenensis , Stagonosporopsis centaureae , Terriera thailandica , Tremateia arundicola , Tr . guiyangensis , Trichomerium bambusae , Tubeufia hyalospora , Tu . roseohelicospora and Wojnowicia italica . New combinations are given for Hermatomyces mirum and Pallidocercospora thailandica . A neotype is proposed for Cortinarius fulvescens . Reference specimens are given for Aquaphila albicans , Leptospora rubella , Platychora ulmi and Meliola pseudosasae , while new host or distribution records are provided for Diaporthe eres , Di. siamensis , Di . foeniculina , Dothiorella iranica , Do. sarmentorum , Do. vidmadera , Helvella tinta and Vaginatispora fuckelii , with full taxonomic details. An asexual state is also reported for the first time in Neoacanthostigma septoconstrictum . This paper contributes to a more comprehensive update and improved identification of many ascomycetes and basiodiomycetes.

BACKGROUND: The plant microbiome is an integral part of the host and increasingly recognized as playing fundamental roles in plant growth and health. Increasing evidence indicates that plant rhizosphere recruits beneficial microbes to the plant to suppress soil-borne pathogens. However, the ecological processes that govern plant microbiome assembly and functions in the below- and aboveground compartments under pathogen invasion are not fully understood. Here, we studied the bacterial and fungal communities associated with 12 compartments (e.g., soils, roots, stems, and fruits) of chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) using amplicons (16S and ITS) and metagenomics approaches at the main pepper production sites in China and investigated how Fusarium wilt disease (FWD) affects the assembly, co-occurrence patterns, and ecological functions of plant-associated microbiomes. RESULTS: The amplicon data analyses revealed that FWD affected less on the microbiome of pepper reproductive organs (fruit) than vegetative organs (root and stem), with the strongest impact on the upper stem epidermis. Fungal intra-kingdom networks were less stable and their communities were more sensitive to FWD than the bacterial communities. The analysis of microbial interkingdom network further indicated that FWD destabilized the network and induced the ecological importance of fungal taxa. Although the diseased plants were more susceptible to colonization by other pathogenic fungi, their below- and aboveground compartments can also recruit potential beneficial bacteria. Some of the beneficial bacterial taxa enriched in the diseased plants were also identified as core taxa for plant microbiomes and hub taxa in networks. On the other hand, metagenomic analysis revealed significant enrichment of several functional genes involved in detoxification, biofilm formation, and plant-microbiome signaling pathways (i.e., chemotaxis) in the diseased plants. CONCLUSIONS: Together, we demonstrate that a diseased plant could recruit beneficial bacteria and mitigate the changes in reproductive organ microbiome to facilitate host or its offspring survival. The host plants may attract the beneficial microbes through the modulation of plant-microbiome signaling pathways. These findings significantly advance our understanding on plant-microbiome interactions and could provide fundamental and important data for harnessing the plant microbiome in sustainable agriculture. Video abstract.

This paper is a compilation of notes on 110 fungal taxa, including one new family, 10 new genera, and 76 new species, representing a wide taxonomic and geographic range. The new family, Paradictyoarthriniaceae is introduced based on its distinct lineage in Dothideomycetes and its unique morphology. The family is sister to Biatriosporaceae and Roussoellaceae . The new genera are Allophaeosphaeria ( Phaeosphaeriaceae ), Amphibambusa ( Amphisphaeriaceae ), Brunneomycosphaerella ( Capnodiales genera incertae cedis ), Chaetocapnodium ( Capnodiaceae ), Flammeascoma ( Anteagloniaceae ), Multiseptospora ( Pleosporales genera incertae cedis ), Neogaeumannomyces ( Magnaporthaceae ), Palmiascoma ( Bambusicolaceae ), Paralecia ( Squamarinaceae ) and Sarimanas ( Melanommataceae ). The newly described species are the Ascomycota Aliquandostipite manochii , Allophaeosphaeria dactylidis , A. muriformia , Alternaria cesenica , Amphibambusa bambusicola , Amphisphaeria sorbi , Annulohypoxylon thailandicum , Atrotorquata spartii , Brunneomycosphaerella laburni , Byssosphaeria musae , Camarosporium aborescentis , C. aureum , C. frutexensis , Chaetocapnodium siamensis , Chaetothyrium agathis , Colletotrichum sedi , Conicomyces pseudotransvaalensis , Cytospora berberidis , C. sibiraeae , Diaporthe thunbergiicola , Diatrype palmicola , Dictyosporium aquaticum , D. meiosporum , D. thailandicum , Didymella cirsii , Dinemasporium nelloi , Flammeascoma bambusae , Kalmusia italica , K. spartii , Keissleriella sparticola , Lauriomyces synnematicus , Leptosphaeria ebuli , Lophiostoma pseudodictyosporium , L. ravennicum , Lophiotrema eburnoides , Montagnula graminicola , Multiseptospora thailandica , Myrothecium macrosporum , Natantispora unipolaris , Neogaeumannomyces bambusicola , Neosetophoma clematidis , N. italica , Oxydothis atypica , Palmiascoma gregariascomum , Paraconiothyrium nelloi , P. thysanolaenae , Paradictyoarthrinium tectonicola , Paralecia pratorum , Paraphaeosphaeria spartii , Pestalotiopsis digitalis , P. dracontomelon , P. italiana , Phaeoisaria pseudoclematidis , Phragmocapnias philippinensis , Pseudocamarosporium cotinae , Pseudocercospora tamarindi , Pseudotrichia rubriostiolata , P. thailandica , Psiloglonium multiseptatum , Saagaromyces mangrovei , Sarimanas pseudofluviatile , S. shirakamiense , Tothia spartii , Trichomerium siamensis , Wojnowicia dactylidicola , W. dactylidis and W. lonicerae . The Basidiomycota Agaricus flavicentrus , A. hanthanaensis , A. parvibicolor , A. sodalis , Cantharellus luteostipitatus , Lactarius atrobrunneus , L. politus , Phylloporia dependens and Russula cortinarioides are also introduced. Epitypifications or reference specimens are designated for Hapalocystis berkeleyi , Meliola tamarindi , Pallidocercospora acaciigena , Phaeosphaeria musae , Plenodomus agnitus , Psiloglonium colihuae , P. sasicola and Zasmidium musae while notes and/or new sequence data are provided for Annulohypoxylon leptascum , A. nitens , A. stygium , Biscogniauxia marginata , Fasciatispora nypae , Hypoxylon fendleri , H. monticulosum , Leptosphaeria doliolum , Microsphaeropsis olivacea , Neomicrothyrium , Paraleptosphaeria nitschkei , Phoma medicaginis and Saccotheciaceae . A full description of each species is provided with light micrographs (or drawings). Molecular data is provided for 90 taxa and used to generate phylogenetic trees to establish a natural classification for species.

Sordariomycetes is one of the largest classes of Ascomycota that comprises a highly diverse range of fungi characterized mainly by perithecial ascomata and inoperculate unitunicate asci. The class includes many important plant pathogens, as well as endophytes, saprobes, epiphytes, coprophilous and fungicolous, lichenized or lichenicolous taxa. They occur in terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats worldwide. This paper reviews the 107 families of the class Sordariomycetes and provides a modified backbone tree based on phylogenetic analysis of four combined loci, with a maximum five representative taxa from each family, where available. This paper brings together for the first time, since Barrs’ 1990 Prodromus, descriptions, notes on the history, and plates or illustrations of type or representative taxa of each family, a list of accepted genera, including asexual genera and a key to these taxa of Sordariomycetes. Delineation of taxa is supported where possible by molecular data. The outline is based on literature to the end of 2015 and the Sordariomycetes now comprises six subclasses, 32 orders, 105 families and 1331 genera. The family Obryzaceae and Pleurotremataceae are excluded from the class.

BACKGROUND: Hylocereus polyrhizus and Hylocereus undatus are two varieties of the commonly called pitaya fruits, and pitaya fruits have gained popularity in many countries all over the world. However, studies on chemical composition and the nutritional quality of pitaya flesh peel are limited. RESULTS: Extracts of pitaya (H. polyrhizus and H. undatus) peel were extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Their cytotoxic and antioxidant activities were investigated. The main components of H. polyrhizus extract were β-amyrin (15.87%), α-amyrin (13.90%), octacosane (12.2%), γ-sitosterol (9.35%), octadecane (6.27%), 1-tetracosanol (5.19%), stigmast-4-en-3-one (4.65%), and campesterol (4.16%), whereas H. undatus were β-amyrin (23.39%), γ-sitosterol (19.32%), and octadecane (9.25%), heptacosane (5.52%), campesterol (5.27%), nonacosane (5.02%), and trichloroacetic acid, hexadecyl ester (5.21%). Both of the two extracts possessed good cytotoxic activities against PC3, Bcap-37, and MGC-803 cells (IC50 values ranging from 0.61 to 0.73 mg/mL), and the activities of their main components were also studied. Furthermore, these extracts also presented some radical scavenging activities, with IC50 values of 0.83 and 0.91 mg/mL, respectively. CONCLUSION: This paper provides evidence for studying the chemical composition of supercritical carbon dioxide extracts of pitaya peel and their biological activity.

Sordariomycetes is one of the largest classes of Ascomycota and is characterised by perithecial ascomata and inoperculate unitunicate asci. The class includes many important plant pathogens, as well as endophytes, saprobes, epiphytes, and fungicolous, lichenized or lichenicolous taxa. The class includes freshwater, marine and terrestrial taxa and has a worldwide distribution. This paper provides an updated outline of the Sordariomycetes and a backbone tree incorporating asexual and sexual genera in the class. Based on phylogeny and morphology we introduced three subclasses; Diaporthomycetidae, Lulworthiomycetidae and Meliolomycetidae and five orders; Amplistromatales, Annulatascales, Falcocladiales, Jobellisiales and Togniniales. The outline is based on literature to the end of 2014 and the backbone tree published in this paper. Notes for 397 taxa with information, such as new family and genera novelties, novel molecular data published since the Outline of Ascomycota 2009, and new links between sexual and asexual genera and thus synonymies, are provided. The Sordariomycetes now comprises six subclasses, 28 orders, 90 families and 1344 genera. In addition a list of 829 genera with uncertain placement in Sordariomycetes is also provided.

Notes on 113 fungal taxa are compiled in this paper, including 11 new genera, 89 new species, one new subspecies, three new combinations and seven reference specimens. A wide geographic and taxonomic range of fungal taxa are detailed. In the Ascomycota the new genera Angustospora ( Testudinaceae ), Camporesia ( Xylariaceae ), Clematidis , Crassiparies ( Pleosporales genera incertae sedis ), Farasanispora , Longiostiolum ( Pleosporales genera incertae sedis ), Multilocularia ( Parabambusicolaceae ), Neophaeocryptopus ( Dothideaceae ), Parameliola ( Pleosporales genera incertae sedis ), and Towyspora ( Lentitheciaceae ) are introduced. Newly introduced species are Angustospora nilensis , Aniptodera aquibella , Annulohypoxylon albidiscum , Astrocystis thailandica , Camporesia sambuci , Clematidis italica , Colletotrichum menispermi , C. quinquefoliae , Comoclathris pimpinellae , Crassiparies quadrisporus , Cytospora salicicola , Diatrype thailandica , Dothiorella rhamni , Durotheca macrostroma , Farasanispora avicenniae , Halorosellinia rhizophorae , Humicola koreana , Hypoxylon lilloi , Kirschsteiniothelia tectonae , Lindgomyces okinawaensis , Longiostiolum tectonae , Lophiostoma pseudoarmatisporum , Moelleriella phukhiaoensis , M. pongdueatensis , Mucoharknessia anthoxanthi , Multilocularia bambusae , Multiseptospora thysanolaenae , Neophaeocryptopus cytisi , Ocellularia arachchigei , O. ratnapurensis , Ochronectria thailandica , Ophiocordyceps karstii , Parameliola acaciae , P. dimocarpi , Parastagonospora cumpignensis , Pseudodidymosphaeria phlei , Polyplosphaeria thailandica , Pseudolachnella brevifusiformis , Psiloglonium macrosporum , Rhabdodiscus albodenticulatus , Rosellinia chiangmaiensis , Saccothecium rubi , Seimatosporium pseudocornii , S. pseudorosae , Sigarispora ononidis and Towyspora aestuari . New combinations are provided for Eutiarosporella dactylidis (sexual morph described and illustrated) and Pseudocamarosporium pini. Descriptions, illustrations and / or reference specimens are designated for Aposphaeria corallinolutea , Cryptovalsa ampelina , Dothiorella vidmadera , Ophiocordyceps formosana, Petrakia echinata , Phragmoporthe conformis and Pseudocamarosporium pini . The new species of Basidiomycota are Agaricus coccyginus , A. luteofibrillosus , Amanita atrobrunnea , A. digitosa , A. gleocystidiosa , A. pyriformis , A. strobilipes , Bondarzewia tibetica , Cortinarius albosericeus , C. badioflavidus , C. dentigratus , C. duboisensis , C. fragrantissimus , C. roseobasilis , C. vinaceobrunneus , C. vinaceogrisescens , C. wahkiacus , Cyanoboletus hymenoglutinosus , Fomitiporia atlantica , F. subtilissima , Ganoderma wuzhishanensis , Inonotus shoreicola , Lactifluus armeniacus , L. ramipilosus , Leccinum indoaurantiacum , Musumecia alpina , M. sardoa , Russula amethystin a subp. tengii and R. wangii are introduced. Descriptions, illustrations, notes and / or reference specimens are designated for Clarkeinda trachodes , Dentocorticium ussuricum , Galzinia longibasidia , Lentinus stuppeus and Leptocorticium tenellum . The other new genera, species new combinations are Anaeromyces robustus , Neocallimastix californiae and Piromyces finnis from Neocallimastigomycota , Phytophthora estuarina , P. rhizophorae , Salispina , S. intermedia , S. lobata and S. spinosa from Oomycota , and Absidia stercoraria , Gongronella orasabula , Mortierella calciphila , Mucor caatinguensis , M. koreanus , M. merdicola and Rhizopus koreanus in Zygomycota.

Knowledge of the relationships and thus the classification of fungi, has developed rapidly with increasingly widespread use of molecular techniques, over the past 10--15 years, and continues to accelerate. Several genera have been found to be polyphyletic, and their generic concepts have subsequently been emended. New names have thus been introduced for species which are phylogenetically distinct from the type species of particular genera. The ending of the separate naming of morphs of the same species in 2011, has also caused changes in fungal generic names. In order to facilitate access to all important changes, it was desirable to compile these in a single document. The present article provides a list of generic names of Ascomycota (approximately 6500 accepted names published to the end of 2016), including those which are lichen-forming. Notes and summaries of the changes since the last edition of `Ainsworth Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi' in 2008 are provided. The notes include the number of accepted species, classification, type species (with location of the type material), culture availability, life-styles, distribution, and selected publications that have appeared since 2008. This work is intended to provide the foundation for updating the ascomycete component of the ``Without prejudice list of generic names of Fungi'' published in 2013, which will be developed into a list of protected generic names. This will be subjected to the XIXth International Botanical Congress in Shenzhen in July 2017 agreeing to a modification in the rules relating to protected lists, and scrutiny by procedures determined by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF). The previously invalidly published generic names Barriopsis, Collophora (as Collophorina), Cryomyces, Dematiopleospora, Heterospora (as Heterosporicola), Lithophila, Palmomyces (as Palmaria) and Saxomyces are validated, as are two previously invalid family names, Bartaliniaceae and Wiesneriomycetaceae. Four species of Lalaria, which were invalidly published are transferred to Taphrina and validated as new combinations. Catenomycopsis Tibell Constant. is reduced under Chaenothecopsis Vain., while Dichomera Cooke is reduced under Botryosphaeria Ces. De Not. (Art. 59).

This is a continuity of a series of taxonomic and phylogenetic papers on the fungi where materials were collected from many countries, examined and described. In addition to extensive morphological descriptions and appropriate asexual and sexual connections, DNA sequence data are also analysed from concatenated datasets to infer phylogenetic relationships and substantiate systematic positions of taxa within appropriate ranks. Wherever new species or combinations are proposed, we apply an integrative approach using morphological and molecular data as well as ecological features wherever applicable. Notes on 112 fungal taxa are compiled in this paper including Biatriosporaceae and Roussoellaceae, Didysimulans gen. nov., 81 new species, 18 new host records and new country records, five reference specimens, two new combinations, and three sexual and asexual morph reports. The new species are Amanita cornelii, A. emodotrygon, Angustimassarina alni, A. arezzoensis, A. italica, A. lonicerae, A. premilcurensis, Ascochyta italica, A. rosae, Austroboletus appendiculatus, Barriopsis thailandica, Berkleasmium ariense, Calophoma petasitis, Camarosporium laburnicola, C. moricola, C. grisea, C. ossea, C. paraincrustata, Colletotrichum sambucicola, Coprinopsis cerkezii, Cytospora gelida, Dacrymyces chiangraiensis, Didysimulans italica, D. mezzanensis, Entodesmium italica, Entoloma magnum, Evlachovaea indica, Exophiala italica, Favolus gracilisporus, Femsjonia monospora, Fomitopsis flabellata, F. roseoalba, Gongronella brasiliensis, Helvella crispoides, Hermatomyces chiangmaiensis, H. chromolaenae, Hysterium centramurum, Inflatispora caryotae, Inocybe brunneosquamulosa, I. luteobrunnea, I. rubrobrunnea, Keissleriella cirsii, Lepiota cylindrocystidia, L. flavocarpa, L. maerimensis, Lophiotrema guttulata, Marasmius luculentus, Morenoina calamicola, Moelleriella thanathonensis, Mucor stercorarius, Myrmecridium fluviae, Myrothecium septentrionale, Neosetophoma garethjonesii, Nigrograna cangshanensis, Nodulosphaeria guttulatum, N. multiseptata, N. sambuci, Panus subfasciatus, Paraleptosphaeria padi, Paraphaeosphaeria viciae, Parathyridaria robiniae, Penicillium punicae, Phaeosphaeria calamicola, Phaeosphaeriopsis yuccae, Pleurophoma italica, Polyporus brevibasidiosus, P. koreanus, P. orientivarius, P. parvovarius, P. subdictyopus, P. ulleungus, Pseudoasteromassaria spadicea, Rosellinia mearnsii, Rubroboletus demonensis, Russula yanheensis, Sigarispora muriformis, Sillia italica, Stagonosporopsis ailanthicola, Strobilomyces longistipitatus, Subplenodomus galicola and Wolfiporia pseudococos. The new combinations are Melanomma populina and Rubroboletus eastwoodiae. The reference specimens are Cookeina tricholoma, Gnomoniopsis sanguisorbae, Helvella costifera, Polythrincium trifolii and Russula virescens. The new host records and country records are Ascochyta medicaginicola, Boletellus emodensis, Cyptotrama asprata, Cytospora ceratosperma, Favolaschia auriscalpium, F. manipularis, Hysterobrevium mori, Lentinus sajor-caju, L. squarrosulus, L. velutinus, Leucocoprinus cretaceus, Lophiotrema vagabundum, Nothophoma quercina, Platystomum rosae, Pseudodidymosphaeria phlei, Tremella fuciformis, Truncatella spartii and Vaginatispora appendiculata and three sexual and asexual morphs are Aposphaeria corallinolutea, Dothiora buxi and Hypocrella calendulina.

This is the sixth in a series of papers where we bring collaborating mycologists together to produce a set of notes of several taxa of fungi. In this study we introduce a new family Fuscostagonosporaceae in Dothideomycetes. We also introduce the new ascomycete genera Acericola , Castellaniomyces , Dictyosporina and Longitudinalis and new species Acericola italica , Alternariaster trigonosporus , Amarenomyces dactylidis , Angustimassarina coryli , Astrocystis bambusicola , Castellaniomyces rosae , Chaetothyrina artocarpi , Chlamydotubeufia krabiensis , Colletotrichum lauri , Collodiscula chiangraiensis , Curvularia palmicola , Cytospora mali - sylvestris , Dictyocheirospora cheirospora , Dictyosporina ferruginea , Dothiora coronillae , Dothiora spartii , Dyfrolomyces phetchaburiensis , Epicoccum cedri , Epicoccum pruni , Fasciatispora calami , Fuscostagonospora cytisi , Grandibotrys hyalinus , Hermatomyces nabanheensis , Hongkongmyces thailandica , Hysterium rhizophorae , Jahnula guttulaspora , Kirschsteiniothelia rostrata , Koorchalomella salmonispora , Longitudinalis nabanheensis , Lophium zalerioides , Magnibotryascoma mali , Meliola clerodendri - infortunati , Microthyrium chinense , Neodidymelliopsis moricola , Neophaeocryptopus spartii , Nigrograna thymi , Ophiocordyceps cossidarum , Ophiocordyceps issidarum , Ophiosimulans plantaginis , Otidea pruinosa , Otidea stipitata , Paucispora kunmingense , Phaeoisaria microspora , Pleurothecium floriforme , Poaceascoma halophila , Periconia aquatica , Periconia submersa , Phaeosphaeria acaciae , Phaeopoacea muriformis , Pseudopithomyces kunmingnensis , Ramgea ozimecii , Sardiniella celtidis , Seimatosporium italicum , Setoseptoria scirpi , Torula gaodangensis and Vamsapriya breviconidiophora . We also provide an amended account of Rhytidhysteron to include apothecial ascomata and a J+ hymenium. The type species of Ascotrichella hawksworthii ( Xylariales genera incertae sedis ), Biciliopsis leptogiicola ( Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis ), Brooksia tropicalis ( Micropeltidaceae ), Bryochiton monascus ( Teratosphaeriaceae ), Bryomyces scapaniae ( Pseudoperisporiaceae ), Buelliella minimula ( Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis ), Carinispora nypae ( Pseudoastrosphaeriellaceae ), Cocciscia hammeri ( Verrucariaceae ), Endoxylina astroidea ( Diatrypaceae ), Exserohilum turcicum ( Pleosporaceae ), Immotthia hypoxylon ( Roussoellaceae ), Licopolia franciscana ( Vizellaceae ), Murispora rubicunda ( Amniculicolaceae ) and Doratospora guianensis (synonymized under Rizalia guianensis , Trichosphaeriaceae ) were re-examined and descriptions, illustrations and discussion on their familial placement are given based on phylogeny and morphological data. New host records or new country reports are provided for Chlamydotubeufia huaikangplaensis , Colletotrichum fioriniae , Diaporthe subclavata , Diatrypella vulgaris , Immersidiscosia eucalypti , Leptoxyphium glochidion , Stemphylium vesicarium , Tetraploa yakushimensis and Xepicula leucotricha . Diaporthe baccae is synonymized under Diaporthe rhusicola. A reference specimen is provided for Periconia minutissima. Updated phylogenetic trees are provided for most families and genera. We introduce the new basidiomycete species Agaricus purpurlesquameus , Agaricus rufusfibrillosus , Lactifluus holophyllus , Lactifluus luteolamellatus , Lactifluus pseudohygrophoroides , Russula benwooii , Russula hypofragilis , Russula obscurozelleri , Russula parapallens , Russula phoenicea , Russula pseudopelargonia , Russula pseudotsugarum , Russula rhodocephala , Russula salishensis , Steccherinum amapaense , Tephrocybella constrictospora , Tyromyces amazonicus and Tyromyces angulatus and provide updated trees to the genera. We also introduce Mortierella formicae in Mortierellales , Mucoromycota and provide an updated phylogenetic tree.

Taxonomic placement of genera have been changing rapidly as taxonomists widely use DNA sequence data in phylogenetic and evolutionary studies. It is essential to update existing databases/outlines based on recent studies, since these sources are widely used as a foundation for other research. In this outline, we merge both asexual and sexual genera into one outline. The phylum Ascomycota comprises of three subphyla viz . Pezizomycotina (including 13 classes, 124 orders and 507 families), Saccharomycotina (including one class, one order and 13 families) and Taphrinomycotina (five classes, five orders and six families). Approximately, 6600 genera have been listed under different taxonomic ranks including auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic ranks.

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The frequent use of antibiotics allows them to enter aqueous environments via wastewater, and many types of antibiotics accumulate in the environment due to difficult degradation, causing a threat to environmental health. It is crucial to adopt effective technical means to remove antibiotics in aqueous environments. The Fenton reaction, as an effective organic pollution treatment technology, is particularly suitable for the treatment of antibiotics, and at present, it is one of the most promising advanced oxidation technologies. Specifically, rapid Fenton oxidation, which features high removal efficiency, thorough reactions, negligible secondary pollution, etc., has led to many studies on using the Fenton reaction to degrade antibiotics. This paper summarizes recent progress on the removal of antibiotics in aqueous environments by Fenton and Fenton-like reactions. First, the applications of various Fenton and Fenton-like oxidation technologies to the removal of antibiotics are summarized; then, the advantages and disadvantages of these technologies are further summarized. Compared with Fenton oxidation, Fenton-like oxidations exhibit milder reaction conditions, wider application ranges, great reduction in economic costs, and great improved cycle times, in addition to simple and easy recycling of the catalyst. Finally, based on the above analysis, we discuss the potential for the removal of antibiotics under different application scenarios. This review will enable the selection of a suitable Fenton system to treat antibiotics according to practical conditions and will also aid the development of more advanced Fenton technologies for removing antibiotics and other organic pollutants.

BACKGROUND: Trichomes play a key role in the development of plants and exist in a wide variety of species. RESULTS: In this paper, it was reviewed that the structure and morphology characteristics of trichomes, alongside the biological functions and classical regulatory mechanisms of trichome development in plants. The environment factors, hormones, transcription factor, non-coding RNA, etc., play important roles in regulating the initialization, branching, growth, and development of trichomes. In addition, it was further investigated the atypical regulation mechanism in a non-model plant, found that regulating the growth and development of tea (Camellia sinensis) trichome is mainly affected by hormones and the novel regulation factors. CONCLUSIONS: This review further displayed the complex and differential regulatory networks in trichome initiation and development, provided a reference for basic and applied research on trichomes in plants.

The classification of subclass Xylariomycetidae is revisited with additional collections and phylogeny based on novel rDNA sequence data. Phylogenetic inferences are provided and are based on analysis of 115 sequence data, including new data for 27 strains. An updated outline to the subclass is presented based on the phylogenies and comprises two orders, 18 families and 222 genera. An account of each order, family and genus in the subclass is given. We accept the orders Amphisphaeriales and Xylariales based on morphological and phylogenetic evidence. Amphisphaeriales comprises Amphisphaeriaceae , Bartaliniaceae fam. nov., Clypeosphaeriaceae , Discosiaceae fam. nov., Pestalotiopsidaceae fam. nov. and Phlogicylindriaceae fam. nov. Xylariales comprises Apiosporaceae , Cainiaceae , Coniocessiaceae , Diatrypaceae , Graphostromataceae (doubtful), Hyponectriaceae , Iodosphaeriaceae , Lopadostomaceae fam. nov., Melogrammataceae , Pseudomassariaceae fam. nov., Vialaeaceae and Xylariaceae . The new genera and species introduced are Arthrinium hyphopodii , A. subglobosa , Cainia anthoxanthis , Ciferriascosea gen. nov., C. fluctamurum , C. rectamurum , Discosia neofraxinea , D. pseudopleurochaeta , Hyalotiella rubi , Seimatosporium cornii , S. ficeae , S. vitis and Truncatella spartii .

Chinese sorghums [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] are reputed to have a narrow genetic base, resulting from infrequent introduction of exotic germplasm into China. We have used several different molecular approaches to evaluate diversity and relatedness in a selection of 34 Chinese sorghums. The results indicated that different DNA marker technologies for germplasm assessment yield comparable results, but that a relatively new technique termed inter‐simple sequence repeat amplification (ISSR) was relatively rapid, reproducible, and inexpensive. Extensive diversity was observed within the Chinese sorghums, and all lines could be easily differentiated. Different lines collected from the same locality were found to exhibit particularly high levels of relatedness. Contrary to expectations, improved varieties were found to contain more diversity and to be more different from each other than were the Chinese landraces studied, suggesting recent introduction of non‐Chinese germplasm into these improved materials.