Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science

In recent years, the You Only Look Once (YOLO) series of object detection algorithms have garnered significant attention for their speed and accuracy in real-time applications. This paper presents YOLOv8, a novel object detection algorithm that builds upon the advancements of previous iterations, aiming to further enhance performance and robustness. Inspired by the evolution of YOLO architectures from YOLOv1 to YOLOv7, as well as insights from comparative analyses of models like YOLOv5 and YOLOv6, YOLOv8 incorporates key innovations to achieve optimal speed and accuracy. Leveraging attention mechanisms and dynamic convolution, YOLOv8 introduces improvements specifically tailored for small object detection, addressing challenges highlighted in YOLOv7. Additionally, the integration of voice recognition techniques enhances the algorithm's capabilities for video-based object detection, as demonstrated in YOLOv7. The proposed algorithm undergoes rigorous evaluation against state-of-the-art benchmarks, showcasing superior performance in terms of both detection accuracy and computational efficiency. Experimental results on various datasets confirm the effectiveness of YOLOv8 across diverse scenarios, further validating its suitability for real-world applications. This paper contributes to the ongoing advancements in object detection research by presenting YOLOv8 as a versatile and high-performing algorithm, poised to address the evolving needs of computer vision systems.

Graphene oxide, like graphite oxide, is often described as an electrical insulator, due to the disruption of its sp 2 bonding networks. In actuality, this is not entirely true. The ability for graphene oxide

Abstract Artificial intelligence education (AIEd) is defined in the field of education as the utilization of artificial intelligence. There are currently many AIEd‐driven applications in schools and universities. This paper applies an artificial intelligence module combined with the knowledge recommendation to the system and develops an online English teaching system in comparison with the common teaching auxiliary system. The method of English teaching is useful in investigating the potential internal connections between evaluation outcomes and various factors. This article develops deep learning‐assisted online intelligent English teaching system that utilizes to create a modern tool platform to help students improve their English language teaching efficiency in line with their mastery of knowledge and personality. The decision tree algorithm and neural networks have been used and to generate an English teaching assessment implementation model based on decision tree technologies. It provides valuable data from extensive information, summarizes rules and data, and helps teachers to improve their education and the English scores of students. This system reflects the thinking of the artificial intelligence expert system. Test application demonstrates that the system can help students improve their learning efficiency and will make learning content more relevant. Besides, the system provides an example model with similar methods and has a referential definition.

Water resources are crucial in developing any area as they serve as a major source of potable, agricultural, and industrial water. Water contamination, caused by natural and anthropogenic activities, poses a significant threat to public health globally. This review synthesizes data from various studies published in national and international journals, as well as reports from governmental and non-governmental organizations. Our primary objective is to understand and review previous research on water pollution, contamination types, and the effects of water contamination on public health. Water pollution studies generally involve a scientific understanding of the biological, chemical, and physical processes that control the movement of contaminants in the underground environment. The nature and severity of health consequences vary based on several factors, including the chemical composition, duration of exposure, and concentration of pollutants. This work highlights the human health risks associated with current research topics such as anthropogenic, geogenic, microplastics, pharmaceuticals, and heavy metals. A section on remedial measures and mitigation strategies is included to emphasize sustainable approaches to water conservation, replenishment, and sustainability. However, there is a lack of comprehensive knowledge regarding the distribution, toxic effects, and human health risks associated with different sources of contamination. This review thus establishes links between multiple sources of pollution, their toxicity to human health, and approaches to health risk assessment.

Abstract This investigation is carried out to understand the effects of water absorption on the mechanical properties of hybrid phenol formaldehyde (PF) composite fabricated with Areca Fine Fibres (AFFs) and Calotropis Gigantea Fibre (CGF). Hybrid CGF/AFF/PF composites were manufactured using the hand layup technique at varying weight percentages of fibre reinforcement (25, 35 and 45%). Hybrid composite having 35 wt.% showed better mechanical properties (tensile strength ca. 59 MPa, flexural strength ca. 73 MPa and impact strength 1.43 kJ/m 2 ) under wet and dry conditions as compared to the other hybrid composites. In general, the inclusion of the fibres enhanced the mechanical properties of neat PF. Increase in the fibre content increased the water absorption, however, after 120 h of immersion, all the composites attained an equilibrium state.

Early Detection of Plant Leaf Detection is a major necessity in a growing agricultural economy like India. Not only as an agricultural economy but also with a large amount of population to feed, it is necessary that leaf diseases in plants are detected at a very early stage and predictive mechanisms to be adopted to make them safe and avoid losses to the agri-based economy. This paper proposes to identify the Tomato Plant Leaf disease using image processing techniques based on Image segmentation, clustering, and open-source algorithms, thus all contributing to a reliable, safe, and accurate system of leaf disease with the specialization to Tomato Plants.

Nanofluids are embryonic fluids that exhibit thermal properties superior than that of the conventional fluid. The application of nanofluids is to achieve the highest possible thermal properties at the smallest possible concentrations, by homogeneous dispersion and stable suspension of nanoparticles in the host fluids. Nanofluids plays vital role in various thermal applications such as automotive industries, heat exchangers, solar power generation etc. Mostly heat transfer augmentation in solar collectors is one of the key issues in energy saving, compact designs and different operational temperatures. In this paper, a comprehensive literature on thermophysical properties of nanofluids and the application of solar collector with nanofluids have been compiled and reviewed. Recent literatures indicate the conventional heat transfer using nanofluids and their specific applications in the solar collector.

Soil salinity is one of the most important problems of crop production in estuarine and coastal zones. Improvement in salt tolerance of major food crops is an important way for the economic utilization of coastal zones. This study proved that the application of salicylic acid (SA) improved the growth and yield under salt stress conditions and investigated its physiological mechanisms for salt tolerance. The investigation on the effect of SA for salt tolerance during germination showed that the decreased rates of germination and growth (in terms of shoot and root lengths) by the salt stress were significantly increased by the SA application (SA + NaCl). The treatment of SA to the high and low saline soils enhanced the growth, yield and nutrient values of rice. The effects of SA on Na+, K+ and Cl– ionic accumulation were traced under salt stress condition by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and ion chromatography. It was revealed that the increased accumulation of Na+ and Clˉ ions by the salt stress were reduced by SA application. An increased concentration of endogenous SA level was detected from the SA-treated rice varieties (ASD16 and BR26) by liquid chromatography electrospray Ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. The activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase were increased by salt stress whereas decreased by the SA application. The study proved that the application of SA could alleviate the adverse effects of salt stress by the regulation of physiological mechanism in rice plants. In spite of salt stress, it can be applied to the coastal and estuarine regions to increase the rice production.

As the application of fibre-reinforced polymer composite material continue to increase day by day, so the knowledge about the impact behaviour of fibre-reinforced polymer composite structures in the areas such as automotive and aerospace is very much needed. This article attempts a comprehensive review of recent literature in the broader area of impact damage. Testing methods and standard parameters as well as discussion of important aspects such as impactor shape, weight of impactor, velocity of impact, environment in which impact takes place are presented. Furthermore, the damage area, energy absorbed, contact time and many other considerations are discussed. Finally, an effort is made to review the research work by considering all aspects related to impact on such type of composite materials.

One major concern about foreign direct investment (FDI) is the potential negative environmental impact due to increased CO2 emissions. However, there is a possibility that FDI mitigates CO2 emissions through green innovation and creates a cleaner environment. In the existing literature, there is no significant empirical evidence on the linkage among FDI, green innovation and CO2 emissions in the context of BRICS countries. Hence, this study aims to analyze the impact of FDI and green innovation on the environmental quality of BRICS economies for 1990–2014. The study employed Augmented Mean Group (AMG) estimators for empirical data analysis. The study’s findings depict that foreign direct investment, energy use, and economic growth have a significant and positive impact on the CO2 emissions of BRICS economies. Moreover, green innovation has a significant inverse impact on CO2 emissions. The results show bidirectional causalities between CO2 emissions and green innovation, trade openness and CO2 emissions, energy use and CO2 emissions, and urbanization and CO2 emissions. Additionally, the findings reveal a one-way causality from CO2 emissions to GDP and CO2 emissions to urbanization. This study offers essential policy recommendations for the environmental sustainability of BRICS countries through green innovation.

An experimental investigation was carried out to assess the effects of using plastic oil in a DI diesel engine. Plastic oil was synthesized from plastic waste, collected from municipal landfill areas, by pyrolysis process. PO25 (25% plastic oil and 75% diesel in volume), PO 50 and PO75 blends were prepared using plastic oil and the reference diesel fuel. In this present work the combustion characteristics of a constant speed diesel engine were studied under variable loading conditions. The results indicate that the thermal efficiency of all blends and neat plastic oil is lower than diesel at all loading conditions. At full load, the peak cylinder pressure, heat release, combustion duration and ignition delay of plastic oil and its blends were higher than that of diesel. The peak pressure of the engine running on neat plastic oil was increased by about 6% but it showed poor thermal efficiency. Based on test results it can be noticed that the combustion characteristics are greatly affected by the physical properties of the fuel.

Essentially, it is significant to supply the consumer with reliable and sufficient power. Since, power quality is measured by the consistency in frequency and power flow between control areas. Thus, in a power system operation and control, automatic generation control (AGC) plays a crucial role. In this paper, multi-area (Five areas: area 1, area 2, area 3, area 4 and area 5) reheat thermal power systems are considered with proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller as a supplementary controller. Each area in the investigated power system is equipped with appropriate governor unit, turbine with reheater unit, generator and speed regulator unit. The PID controller parameters are optimized by considering nature bio-inspired firefly algorithm (FFA). The experimental results demonstrated the comparison of the proposed system performance (FFA-PID) with optimized PID controller based genetic algorithm (GA-PID) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique (PSO-PID) for the same investigated power system. The results proved the efficiency of employing the integral time absolute error (ITAE) cost function with one percent step load perturbation (1 % SLP) in area 1. The proposed system based FFA achieved the least settling time compared to using the GA or the PSO algorithms, while, it attained good results with respect to the peak overshoot/undershoot. In addition, the FFA performance is improved with the increased number of iterations which outperformed the other optimization algorithms based controller.

The present study reports an eco-friendly, biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using stem bark extract of Diospyros montana. Initially, the synthesis of AgNPs was confirmed by visual observation as color change. Further, the morphology of the biosynthesized nanoparticles, average size and presence of elemental silver were characterized by UV–Visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray and dynamic light scattering spectrometer. Qualitative phytochemical screening and FTIR spectral peaks supported the role of phytochemicals in bark extract for the metal reduction, stabilization and capping of silver nanoparticles. XRD studies demonstrated that crystalline nature and their average size of nanoparticles was 28 nm as determined by Scherrer’s formula. The antioxidant ability of AgNPs and plant extract was analyzed using DPPH and Hydrogen peroxide assay. The percentage of DPPH and H2O2 activity was increased with increasing concentration of AgNPs. In vitro antibacterial effect of various concentration of AgNPs was investigated against both Gram positive (B.subtilis and S.aureus) and Gram negative (E.coli and K.aerogenes) bacterial strains. The result shows that biosynthesized AgNPs have significant antibacterial activity.

Diesel Powered engines are predominately used in transport and power generators. Due to rapid depletion of fossils fuels like diesel, there is need to find alternate resources for as a fuel for transport and power sector. The use of third generation fuels like algae seems to be a promising solution to satisfy our energy demands in future. In these work algae is used as an alternative fuel with different blend combination with diesel and the results obtained are summarized. Algae fuel is blended with diesel on a volume basis, namely A10, A20, A30, A40 and A100 and made to run in diesel engines. The properties of the fuels were found according to American Society for Testing and Materials standards. Experimental testing was carried out in a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine. Among the various blends tested A20 shows closer estimation with diesel results in higher thermal efficiency lower HC, CO, Smoke and particulate matter emissions. However, the other emissions like Nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide were shown marginally higher. Regarding cylinder pressure and heat release rate curves, the peak value obtained is considerably lower at higher load condition while compared with diesel.

The quest for a suitable material with the potential of capturing toxic nitrogen-containing gases (NH3, NO, and NO2) has motivated us to explore the structural, electronic, and gas-sensing properties of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs); MoSe2 and MoTe2. Spin-polarized density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrate weak binding of nitrogen-containing gases (NCGs) with the pristine TMDs, which limits the use of the latter as efficient sensing materials. However, suitable elemental substitutions improve the binding mechanism enormously. Our dispersion-corrected DFT calculations revealed that Se (Te) substitution with Ge (Sb) in MoSe2 (MoTe2) not only enhances the binding energies but also causes a significant variation in the electronic properties and work functions. A charge-transfer mechanism based on Bader analysis indicates that transfer of charges from MoSe2–Ge (MoTe2–Sb) to the NCGs is responsible for the improvement in the binding characteristics. Based on our findings, it is evident that 2.08% of elemental substitutional makes both MoSe2 and MoTe2 promising materials for NH3, NO, and NO2 gas sensing.

Cloud computing is a complex system with combination of diverse networked devices that supports demanded services. The architecture of cloud computing consists of different kinds of configurable distributed systems with a wide variety of connectivity and usage. The organizations are adapting to cloud networks at a rapid pace due to the benefits like cost-effectiveness, scalability, reliability and flexibility. Though the primary merits of cloud computing are promising facts, cloud networks are vulnerable to various kinds of network attacks and privacy issues. The features like multi tenancy and the third party managed infrastructure in cloud environment necessitates the requirement of identity and access management mechanism. The problems involved in secure access to cloud resources have been addressed by many academicians and industry personnel. In this paper, the issues related to authentication, access management, security and services in cloud environment are surveyed along with the techniques proposed to overcome the same. A detailed comparative study of the existing techniques in the perspective of cloud service providers and cloud users that include identity and access management, security issues and services in the cloud environment are highlighted. Keywords: Access management, Authentication, Authorization, Cloud computing, Security, Web services

This review examines the nexus of poverty, malnutrition and diseases in Africa, the challenges, implications and their mitigation. The paper takes a critical look at available literatures on the primary causes, modes, implications and solutions to the problems of poverty, malnutrition and diseases in Africa continent. Poverty and malnutrition are outcomes of uncontrolled rapid population growth, inefficient agricultural and industrial practices, high debt profile of many African countries due to poor governance and corruption, diseases such as AIDS epidemic, malaria, Ebola virus and COVID-19 pandemic, poor and inadequate health infrastructure and armed conflicts. African poverty scenario entails non-availability of basic human needs which makes many Africans to be very poor. Despite abundance of natural resources, the gross domestic product per capita of many African countries is among the lowest of list of nations of the world. According United Nation in 2009, 22 of 24 nations among the "Low Human Development" nations of the world on the UN's Human Development Index were found in sub-Saharan Africa. Out of the 50 countries on the United Nation list of least developed countries, 34 of them were in Africa. According to FAO data over 200 million people in sub-Saharan Africa were undernourished in 2014-2016. The prevalence of undernourishment in sub-Saharan Africa rose from 181 million in 2010 to 222 million in 2016. In 2016, Africa had the highest prevalence of undernourishment in the world and estimated to be 20% of the population. While this was alarming in Eastern Africa where one-third of the population is suspected to be undernourished. In a similar data, World Bank also found that sub-Saharan Africa Poverty and Equity Data was 47% with over 500 million people in abject poverty in 2012. Poverty is the major cause of hunger and malnutrition in Africa while hunger and malnutrition escalated the problem of diseases in African continent. Poverty has continued to torment Africa as a result of poor and harmful economic policies, conflict and war, environmental factors like drought and climate change and population growth, poor leadership and greed. With the advent of COVID-19, the problem of poverty, malnutrition and diseases has been escalated and in many African countries people find it difficult to make ends meet.

This paper presents an experimental study on the development of polymer bio-composites. The powdered coconut shell, walnut shells and Rice husk are used as reinforcements with bio epoxy resin to form hybrid composite specimens. The fiber compositions in each specimen are 1:1 while the resin and hardener composition 10:1 respectively. The fabricated composites were tested as per ASTM standards to evaluate mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength, shear strength and impact strength are evaluated in both with moisture and without moisture. The result of test shows that hybrid composite has far better properties than single fibre glass reinforced composite under mechanical loads. However it is found that the incorporation of walnut shell and coconut shell fibre can improve the properties.

Cloud computing is a model of sharing computing resources over any communication network by using virtualization. Virtualization allows a server to be sliced in virtual machines. Each virtual machine has its own operating system/applications that rapidly adjust resource allocation. Cloud computing offers many benefits, one of them is elastic resource allocation. To fulfill the requirements of clients, cloud environment should be flexible in nature and can be achieve by efficient resource allocation. Resource allocation is the process of assigning available resources to clients over the internet and plays vital role in Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) model of cloud computing. Elastic resource allocation is required to optimize the allocation of resources, minimizing the response time and maximizing the throughput to improve the performance of cloud computing. Sufficient solutions have been proposed for cloud computing to improve the performance but for fog computing still efficient solution have to be found. Fog computing is the virtualized intermediate layer between clients and cloud. It is a highly virtualized technology which is similar to cloud and provide data, computation, storage, and networking services between end users and cloud servers. This paper presents an efficient architecture and algorithm for resources provisioning in fog computing environment by using virtualization technique.

Naturally occurring phytochemicals with promising biological properties are quercetin and its derivatives. Quercetin has been thoroughly studied for its antidiabetic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-Alzheimer's, anti-arthritic, antioxidant, cardiovascular, and wound-healing properties. Anticancer activity of quercetin against cancer cell lines has also recently been revealed. The majority of the Western diet contains quercetin and its derivatives, therefore consuming them as part of a meal or as a food supplement may be sufficient for people to take advantage of their preventive effects. Bioavailability-based drug-delivery systems of quercetin have been heavily studied. Fruits, seeds, vegetables, bracken fern, coffee, tea, and other plants all contain quercetin, as do natural colors. One naturally occurring antioxidant is quercetin, whose anticancer effects have been discussed in detail. It has several properties that could make it an effective anti-cancer agent. Numerous researches have shown that quercetin plays a substantial part in the suppression of cancer cells in the breast, colon, prostate, ovary, endometrial, and lung tumors. The current study includes a concise explanation of quercetin's action mechanism and potential health applications.