IEEE Standards Association

Widespread adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies is substantially affecting the human condition in ways that are not yet well understood. Negative unintended consequences abound including the perpetuation and exacerbation of societal inequalities and divisions via algorithmic decision making. We present six grand challenges for the scientific community to create AI technologies that are human-centered, that is, ethical, fair, and enhance the human condition. These grand challenges are the result of an international collaboration across academia, industry and government and represent the consensus views of a group of 26 experts in the field of human-centered artificial intelligence (HCAI). In essence, these challenges advocate for a human-centered approach to AI that (1) is centered in human well-being, (2) is designed responsibly, (3) respects privacy, (4) follows human-centered design principles, (5) is subject to appropriate governance and oversight, and (6) interacts with individuals while respecting human’s cognitive capacities. We hope that these challenges and their associated research directions serve as a call for action to conduct research and development in AI that serves as a force multiplier towards more fair, equitable and sustainable societies.

Blockchain is a shared distributed digital ledger technology that can better facilitate data management, provenance and security, and has the potential to transform healthcare. Importantly, blockchain represents a data architecture, whose application goes far beyond Bitcoin - the cryptocurrency that relies on blockchain and has popularized the technology. In the health sector, blockchain is being aggressively explored by various stakeholders to optimize business processes, lower costs, improve patient outcomes, enhance compliance, and enable better use of healthcare-related data. However, critical in assessing whether blockchain can fulfill the hype of a technology characterized as 'revolutionary' and 'disruptive', is the need to ensure that blockchain design elements consider actual healthcare needs from the diverse perspectives of consumers, patients, providers, and regulators. In addition, answering the real needs of healthcare stakeholders, blockchain approaches must also be responsive to the unique challenges faced in healthcare compared to other sectors of the economy. In this sense, ensuring that a health blockchain is 'fit-for-purpose' is pivotal. This concept forms the basis for this article, where we share views from a multidisciplinary group of practitioners at the forefront of blockchain conceptualization, development, and deployment.

To get from today's electricity grid to tomorrow's smart grid with interconnection and full two way communications connection to distributed energy sources such as wind, solar, and plug - in electric vehicles requires an interoperability framework of protocols and standards.

Codes of ethics provide a critical foundation for an organization to define the tenets that best reflect their values. These codes provide a touchstone for employees to follow that establishes trust between an organization and their customers and key stakeholders. The rapid acceleration of autonomous and intelligent systems (A/IS) has created an imperative for technologists to complement these codes with new methodologies focused on the widespread implementation of ethical considerations in all levels of design and manufacture. This paper describes IEEE's work in this arena, including the IEEE Global Initiative on Ethics of Autonomous and Intelligent Systems, the IEEE TechEthics program, the IEEE P7000 Standards Series focused on A/IS issues, Digital Inclusion through Trust and Agency, and the ongoing work of the IEEE Society on Social Implications of Technology. This paper also includes a table of approximately 50 activities within the IEEE related to ethics.

Abstract The increasing availability of brain data within and outside the biomedical field, combined with the application of artificial intelligence (AI) to brain data analysis, poses a challenge for ethics and governance. We identify distinctive ethical implications of brain data acquisition and processing, and outline a multi-level governance framework. This framework is aimed at maximizing the benefits of facilitated brain data collection and further processing for science and medicine whilst minimizing risks and preventing harmful use. The framework consists of four primary areas of regulatory intervention: binding regulation, ethics and soft law, responsible innovation, and human rights.

The Eighth International Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) Meeting was held June 7-9th, 2021 in a virtual format. The conference continued the BCI Meeting series' interactive nature with 21 workshops covering topics in BCI (also called brain-machine interface) research. As in the past, workshops covered the breadth of topics in BCI. Some workshops provided detailed examinations of specific methods, hardware, or processes. Others focused on specific BCI applications or user groups. Several workshops continued consensus building efforts designed to create BCI standards and increase the ease of comparisons between studies and the potential for meta-analysis and large multi-site clinical trials. Ethical and translational considerations were both the primary topic for some workshops or an important secondary consideration for others. The range of BCI applications continues to expand, with more workshops focusing on approaches that can extend beyond the needs of those with physical impairments. This paper summarizes each workshop, provides background information and references for further study, presents an overview of the discussion topics, and describes the conclusion, challenges, or initiatives that resulted from the interactions and discussion at the workshop.

With over 20 years of continuous monitoring of batteries, archival of a trillion points of data, timelines, and trends of over 1.2 million battery units, we are finding some common aging history. As batteries age to the point of replacement, individually, and collectively in single and multiple string systems, we are finding individual and combined characteristics, collective and distinctive fingerprints indicating aging and end of life conditions. In this paper, this is shown and described both in descriptive and graphical presentation. These individual and collective traits cannot be simulated and seen conclusively in the laboratory setting. Accelerated life testing, due to the artificially shorter time required, reduced quantity of data, plus other restraints of simulation do not reflect real world data. These studied traits can only be reliably observed in real life usage conditions over months and years. This is achieved through continuous and frequent monitoring of key signature measurement parameters. Archival of data, trends, and events plus detailed analysis are essential to observe actual battery behavior over real lifetime periods. As a battery ages, there are changes over time in the internal ohmic value. As researched and stated in various IEEE standards, rises in Ohmic Value greater than 30 - 50% are significant and warrant investigation. While not definitive, this level of rise from a baseline of a 100% capacity battery is an indication that the battery has decreased below full capacity of when the battery was new and performing to manufacturer's specifications. Further evidence showing correlation of ohmic values vs. capacity has been shown in extensive studies performed several years ago (2002) by EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute.) A great deal of controversy exists regarding the correlation of ohmic value vs. capacity shown and calculated during a battery discharge test. This controversy continues to exist regardless whether the battery user performs ongoing discharge tests after initial acceptance discharge tests or not. Most users elect to rely on ohmic values and trends plus other measurement parameters to determine RUL (Remaining Useful Life.) and replacement criteria. This is done without periodic discharge testing which can cause risk and additional costs. These aging changes are caused by time, temperature, electrical and chemical variances, mechanical and other anomalies, plus usage patterns, interfaced equipment, charge/discharge cycles, harmonics, and load levels. All aging factors will cause ohmic values to rise or change as the battery decreases in capacity. Some common aging factors causing Ohmic rise or change are listed in this paper. Continuous frequent monitoring and record keeping of battery ohmic values, plus other battery measurement parameters are essential to predicting end of life conditions. This is true for individual battery units, as well as the complete battery system. Measuring, trending, and archiving ohmic values over time, in addition to other measurement parameters that affect ohmic values allow for extensive predictive analysis. In addition, continuous monitoring, data analysis and archived trend analysis help maintain battery unit and system state of health (SOH), state of charge (SOC), and allow for the prediction of remaining useful life (RUL). Observation, collection of this data and the use of proven mathematical prognostic techniques and models can be combined for lifetime prediction and forecasts. This will be part 2 of this paper. Prognostic methods are varied and diverse. They include many modeling techniques. Examples include: Bayesian theories, Neural Networks, Moving Averages, Kalman Filters, and many other high level mathematical models. These methods allow for the prediction of future points in calculated curve series utilizing data from battery Ohmic values which are affected by other measurement parameters including temperatures, AC float and ripple voltages and currents, etc. In addition, these prognostic techniques can also be used to prove or disprove various charging techniques (i.e.: Intermittent charging, individual cell or unit boosting or equalization charging), and other methods being used to potentially improve and extend VRLA life. The purpose of this paper is an introduction to battery aging fingerprints using ohmic trends, familiarization of definitive prognostic analysis techniques, and the using of historical models to develop future analysis methods. Continuous monitoring and analysis builds up an archived database that can be analyzed during the life of the battery asset. Actions can be taken in real time to maintain health as the battery system ages by identifying individual batteries in need of maintenance or replacement. In addition, actions can be taken to predict not only individual battery replacements, but also when the battery system/string(s) have fallen below safe capacity to perform. (<;80%). An example of five single battery string lifetimes supporting a single UPS through time is shown. These strings and individual battery units within the strings are shown through 4 lifetime string replacements, their respective life fingerprint profiles, which include individual battery unit failures. Fourteen years of battery unit and string(s) history supporting a UPS are shown in graphical format.

Editorial template does not require an abstract and thus one is not included herein. I would like to thank Kara for her valuable assistance in the preparation of this Editorial and accompanying articles.

This article presents information on the metaverse as a digital space, highlighting areas for further inquiry by international business researchers. The metaverse is an overarching virtual platform, much like the Internet, but with a few key differences. The metaverse is expected to be a massively-scaled, hyper-connected network with seamless real time 2D and 3D connection to the physical world via virtual, augmented, neural, and traditional interfaces. Early examples of the metaverse exist like digital twins, gaming, education, and social networking spaces. If the metaverse comes to maturity over the next 10-15 years, it can be a US$ 8-13 trillion economy.

Reports on the history and development of the IEEE 802 family of standards.

This paper provides a framework for the planning and implementation stages involved in developing curriculum content programs based on IEEE Standards, and perhaps codes and standards from other organizations as well; and how this content adds value to undergraduate, graduate, and continuing educational programs. This paper will include detailed information regarding the standards development processes, how to read standards, and how value-added content can boost the career development of those in many engineering and technical fields. It is important to highlight that standards and the content in this paper could be useful to STEM and other innovation fields such as patents, intellectual property, legal, and more. Therefore, not only engineers, but other professionals could benefit from this proposal.

As technologists, the readers of IEEE Communications Standards Magazine already understand the importance of standardization in conceiving, designing, developing and shipping products based on IEEE standards. For many years, standardization has lived under the covers of many, many products, but end-users often remained blissfully unaware of these standards. As communicating and computing products became ubiquitous, living in everyone's pocket, global commerce has increasingly been affected by these standards. In September 1999, the G20, or Group of 20, was formed and consisted of the world's 19 largest economies plus the European Union.The IEEE Standards Association has been cooperating with the OECD on matters of standards for several years. As a result, the SA had the opportunity to develop parts of this briefing document that touched on standardization.

A key aspect of sustainable development focuses on the need to define and communicate what actions are needed to increase environmental flourishing. However, biases often exist where one set of experts representing a certain type of knowledge relevant to their community do not engage with actors representing other types of knowledge. In terms of environmental concerns, this means policy makers may not interact directly with academics, or engineers may not interact directly with lawyers when discussing key areas of sustainability or potential solutions to address climate adaptation or mitigation. This lack of knowledge sharing requires innovation and systems thinking to best address planetary and human needs.

Objective: With the explosion in the use of telehealth technologies, it is essential to address the challenges in global telehealth inequity in order to create a path to healthcare equality. To this end, this research paper focuses on investigating telehealth as it relates to the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on healthcare inequality, telehealth inequity, and the continued vulnerabilities with increased demand in implementation. Study Design: A set of voluntary questions were e-mailed to active members of the IEEE-SA (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Standards Association) Transforming the Telehealth Paradigm: Sustainable Connectivity, Accessibility, Privacy, and Security for all. The interview answers were analyzed via deductive thematic analysis organized into higher themes and theme-specific codes. Setting: The country of residence varied among individuals who are the IEEE-SA Telehealth program members. These continents included: North America, South America, Africa, Asia, and Europe. Participants: Global healthcare leaders who are active members of the IEEE-SA Transforming the Telehealth Paradigm: Sustainable Connectivity, Accessibility, Privacy, and Security for all participated. The occupations of these individuals ranged from a variety of areas within the healthcare domain, such as physicians, scientists, and public health experts. Main outcome measure: Qualitative data obtained voluntarily from global healthcare leaders participating in the IEEE-SA Transforming the Telehealth Paradigm: Sustainable Connectivity, Accessibility, Privacy, and Security for all. Results: The major themes that emerged from the participants' responses included: telehealth infrastructure and access, digital literacy and user interface, government regulations, and telehealth legislation. Conclusions: Telehealth has the power to decrease healthcare disparities, thus getting closer to achieving health equity. However, there are three significant common global barriers to the implementation of telehealth: infrastructure, digital literacy, and government regulations. Because the results were based on interviewer responses, the conclusions acknowledged how the background of respondents, including career and education, influenced their experiences and, thus, the responses. Suggestions for change in reducing barriers to telehealth accessibility are detailed in this research. These suggestions were derived from respondents and focused on the global barriers to implementation. To reduce these barriers, changes in political health policy, patient health education, health provider telemedicine support, and in regulation for telemedicine are suggested. Limitations in our research project included a small sample size and the ensuing lack of representation from more geographical regions.

Summary form only given, as follows. A complete record of the panel discussion was not made available for publication as part of the conference proceedings. Children need space to grow up, learn, evolve in a manner that allows them to develop through their stages of evolving capacities in a trustworthy environment. The exposure of children in cyberspace opens a wide spectrum of opportunities and risks. Educational apps, social networks, and connected toys open up possibilities to enhance inclusion, learning opportunities, and new experiences for children, but they also create serious risks relating to privacy, safety, security, and ultimately the mental and physical wellbeing of children. How can we design an online/offline environment that is made for children and keeps their best interests in mind?

Universal Service” has a long history as a goal for telecommunications networks. The meaning is simple: everyone who wants to be connected to the network will have the opportunity to be. A century ago, when the phrase was first coined, this meant connection to the voice communication network. Today the goal has shifted, and universal service is interpreted to refer to a broadband connection to the Internet, affording access to voice, audio, video, and data. In fact, the Future Networks Initiative (FNI) of the IEEE has, as one of its goals, “Connecting the Unconnected." So even in contemplating networks of the future, the goal of “universal service” remains in the foreground. Universal broadband service is a global aspiration. Estimates vary, but it appears that, at most, about half of the world’s population can be said to have this service available to them, and that is with a very generous interpretation of what constitutes broadband [3]. How to get to universal broadband remains a topic for debate, a debate that revolves around at least three axes of discussion. They are physical infrastructure, economics, and necessity.

This paper discusses the advanced mathematic skills and numerical systems developed by three main Native American tribes: the Incas, the Aztecs, and the Maya; and explores how these communities applied those systems and how they are still valid today. In addition, potential uses of these numerical systems with the dual intentions of improving both current technologies and current educational programs, such as STEM initiatives within K-12 curriculums in underserved Latin American communities are evaluated.

Traditionally automobiles have relied on a significant amount of copper wiring to connect components within a car or truck. For several years a large contingent of automobile manufacturers and their suppliers and the semiconductor industry have been investigating the possibility of replacing traditional cabling with Ethernet. Key motivations have been meeting the goals of significant weight reduction and complexity. Presents a look at the role of Ethernet in future electrical/electronic architectures for the automotive industry.

The IEEE Standards Association is primarily known for its extensive set of published standards, for example 802.3 Ethernet, and the process used to bring together experts from around the world to contribute to standards development. But there are occasions where industry wants to discuss technology trends and options without an immediate plan to produce a standard.

This experimental study aims to develop an approach to quantify dimensional changes in the lower body of female football players, with the intention of demonstrating how the results can be used to inform the development of lower body sports compression garments. A framework was established in order to analyse 3D body scans in functional postures using Rhinoceros 3D® and Grasshopper as a response to the limitations of current scanner software. The outcome provides an alternative methodology to locate landmarks on the body and extract dimensions in various sporting postures. Suggestions have been made as to how this information can aid pattern making, sizing, and grading of sports compression leggings, that can provide the wearer with optimal clothing fit, pressure delivery and comfort.