Incheon National University

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. For example, a key point that needs to be emphasized is thatthere is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process versus those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the completeprocess including the amount and rate of cargo sequestered and degraded). In particular, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation must be differentiated from stimuli that increase autophagic activity, defined as increasedautophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (inmost higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in manycases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. It is worth emphasizing here that lysosomal digestion is a stage of autophagy and evaluating its competence is a crucial part of the evaluation of autophagic flux, or complete autophagy. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as forreviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multipleassays to monitor autophagy. Along these lines, because of the potential for pleiotropic effects due to blocking autophagy through genetic manipulation, it is imperative to target by gene knockout or RNA interference more than one autophagyrelated protein. In addition, some individual Atg proteins, or groups of proteins, are involved in other cellular pathways implying that not all Atg proteins can be used as a specific marker for an autophagic process. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.

autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field.

Phototransistors based on multilayer MoS2 crystals are demonstrated with a wider spectral response and higher photoresponsivity than single-layer MoS2 phototransistors. Multilayer MoS2 phototransistors further exhibit high room temperature mobilities (>70 cm2V−1s−1), near-ideal subthreshold swings (∼70 mV decade−1), low operating gate biases (<5 V), and negligible shifts in the threshold voltages during illumination. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

Recent advances in image super-resolution (SR) explored the power of deep learning to achieve a better reconstruction performance. However, the feedback mechanism, which commonly exists in human visual system, has not been fully exploited in existing deep learning based image SR methods. In this paper, we propose an image super-resolution feedback network (SRFBN) to refine low-level representations with high-level information. Specifically, we use hidden states in a recurrent neural network (RNN) with constraints to achieve such feedback manner. A feedback block is designed to handle the feedback connections and to generate powerful high-level representations. The proposed SRFBN comes with a strong early reconstruction ability and can create the final high-resolution image step by step. In addition, we introduce a curriculum learning strategy to make the network well suitable for more complicated tasks, where the low-resolution images are corrupted by multiple types of degradation. Extensive experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed SRFBN in comparison with the state-of-the-art methods. Code is avaliable at https://github.com/Paper99/SRFBN_CVPR19.

Nowadays, Industry 4.0 can be considered a reality, a paradigm integrating modern technologies and innovations. Artificial intelligence (AI) can be considered the leading component of the industrial transformation enabling intelligent machines to execute tasks autonomously such as self-monitoring, interpretation, diagnosis, and analysis. AI-based methodologies (especially machine learning and deep learning support manufacturers and industries in predicting their maintenance needs and reducing downtime. Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) studies and designs approaches, algorithms and tools producing human-understandable explanations of AI-based systems information and decisions. This article presents a comprehensive survey of AI and XAI-based methods adopted in the Industry 4.0 scenario. First, we briefly discuss different technologies enabling Industry 4.0. Then, we present an in-depth investigation of the main methods used in the literature: we also provide the details of what, how, why, and where these methods have been applied for Industry 4.0. Furthermore, we illustrate the opportunities and challenges that elicit future research directions toward responsible or human-centric AI and XAI systems, essential for adopting high-stakes industry applications.

Multitasking rust ball: The questions of where a tumor is located, whether drugs are properly delivered to the tumor, and what the therapeutic response of the tumor is, could be answered by using simple but smart, drug-loaded superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles that can accumulate in tumor with high efficiency thanks to the presence of rationally engineered polymer coating layers.

Novel carbon-based microporous nanoplates containing numerous heteroatoms (H-CMNs) are fabricated from regenerated silk fibroin by the carbonization and activation of KOH. The H-CMNs exhibit superior electrochemical performance, displaying a specific capacitance of 264 F/g in aqueous electrolytes, a specific energy of 133 Wh/kg, a specific power of 217 kW/kg, and a stable cycle life over 10000 cycles. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

Seaweed aquaculture technologies have developed dramatically over the past 70 years mostly in Asia and more recently in Americas and Europe. However, there are still many challenges to overcome with respect to the science and to social acceptability. The challenges include the development of strains with thermo-tolerance, disease resistance, fast growth, high concentration of desired molecules, the reduction of fouling organisms and the development of more robust and cost efficient farm systems that can withstand storm events in offshore environments. It is also important to note that seaweed aquaculture provides ecosystem services, which improve conditions of the coastal waters for the benefit of other living organisms and the environment. The ecosystem services role of seaweed aquaculture and its economic value will also be quantitatively estimated in this review.

This paper describes computer simulations of various SOI MOSFETs with double and triple-gate structures, as well as gate-all-around devices. The concept of a triple-gate device with sidewalls extending into the buried oxide (hereby called a "/spl Pi/-gate" or "Pi-gate" MOSFET) is introduced. The Pi-gate device is simple to manufacture and offers electrical characteristics similar to the much harder to fabricate gate-all-around MOSFET. To explore the optimum design space for four different gate structures, simulations were performed with four variable device parameters: gate length, channel width, doping concentration, and silicon film thickness. The efficiency of the different gate structures is shown to be dependent of these parameters. The simulation results indicate that the the Pi-gate device is a very promising candidate for future nanometer MOSFET applications.

Planar CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells with constant 17.2% average power conversion efficiency irrespective of the scan rate are described. These properties are attributed to the formation of a pure CH3 NH3 PbI3 thin film by the introduction of a HI solution. Thereby, charge-injection/separation efficiency, charge-collection efficiency, diffusion coefficient, carrier lifetime, and traps are improved. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

In this paper, the cooperative control strategy of microsources and the energy storage system (ESS) during islanded operation is presented and evaluated by a simulation and experiment. The ESS handles the frequency and the voltage as a primary control. And then, the secondary control in microgrid management system returns the current power output of the ESS into zero. The test results show that the proposed cooperative control strategy can regulate the frequency and the voltage, and the secondary control action can contribute to improve the control capability.

Porous organic cages (POCs) are a relatively new class of low-density crystalline materials that have emerged as a versatile platform for investigating molecular recognition, gas storage and separation, and proton conduction, with potential applications in the fields of porous liquids, highly permeable membranes, heterogeneous catalysis, and microreactors. In common with highly extended porous structures, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and porous organic polymers (POPs), POCs possess all of the advantages of highly specific surface areas, porosities, open pore channels, and tunable structures. In addition, they have discrete molecular structures and exhibit good to excellent solubilities in common solvents, enabling their solution dispersibility and processability─properties that are not readily available in the case of the well-established, insoluble, extended porous frameworks. Here, we present a critical review summarizing in detail recent progress and breakthroughs─especially during the past five years─of all the POCs while taking a close look at their strategic design, precise synthesis, including both irreversible bond-forming chemistry and dynamic covalent chemistry, advanced characterization, and diverse applications. We highlight representative POC examples in an attempt to gain some understanding of their structure-function relationships. We also discuss future challenges and opportunities in the design, synthesis, characterization, and application of POCs. We anticipate that this review will be useful to researchers working in this field when it comes to designing and developing new POCs with desired functions.

A very short processing time for making well-organized multilayer films can be achieved employing the novel spin self-assembly method described in this paper. The authors elaborate on the advantages of this method versus conventional self-assembly methods for the fabrication of multilayer polyelectrolyte films. The Figure illustrates that the spinning process (bottom) yields far better organized layers than for instance the direct dipping method (top).

We describe a new electrophotocatalytic strategy that harnesses the power of light and electricity to generate an excited radical anion with a reducing potential of −3.2 V vs SCE, which can be used to activate substrates with very high reduction potentials (Ered ≈ −1.9 to −2.9 V). The resultant aryl radicals can be engaged in various synthetically useful transformations to furnish arylboronate, arylstannane, and biaryl products.

Previous studies have identified microplastics (MPs) in commercial table salts but could not exactly address the origin of the MPs because of several limitations. The present study is based on the hypothesis that commercial sea salts can act as an indicator of MP pollution in the surrounding environment unless the MPs are filtered out during the manufacturing process. A total of 39 different salt brands produced at geospatially different sites, including 28 sea salt brands from 16 countries/regions on six continents, were investigated. A wide range of MP content (in number of MPs per kg of salt; n/kg) was found: 0–1674 n/kg (excluding one outlier of 13 629 n/kg) in sea salts, 0–148 n/kg in rock salt, and 28–462 n/kg in lake salt. Relatively high MP content was identified in sea salts produced in Asian countries/regions. The abundance of MPs in unrefined sea salts (n = 25) exhibited significant linear correlations with plastic emissions from worldwide rivers (r2= 0.33; p = 0.003) and with the MP pollution levels in surrounding seawater (r2= 0.46; p = 0.021) in the published literature. The results indicate that not only is Asia a hot spot of global plastic pollution, as previous studies have suggested, but also that sea salt can be a good indicator of the magnitude of MP pollution in the surrounding marine environment.

This edition contains articles that were presented at the annual International Conference on Advanced Engineering and Technology (ICAET 2023) which was held in Incheon, South Korea, May 19-21, 2023. The articles cover engineering research and design results in the area of equipment and technological machines, building materials and analysing and designing an optimisation system for in-plant complex production based on Industry 4.0. This ICAET edition will be interesting and useful to many engineers and researchers whose activity is related to machinery, construction and industrial engineering.

Stimuli-responsive release: The high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in prostate cancer cells can be exploited to trigger cancer-targeted gene delivery. A ROS-responsive thioketal-based cationic polymer was synthesized and functionalization with a cancer-targeting peptide led to selective and enhanced gene transfection in prostate cancer cells (see scheme).

The cement industry is facing numerous challenges in the 21st century due to depleting natural fuel resources, shortage of raw materials, exponentially increasing cement demand and climate linked environmental concerns. Every tonne of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) produced releases an equivalent amount of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. In this regard, cement manufactured from locally available minerals and industrial wastes that can be blended with OPC as substitute, or full replacement with novel clinkers to reduce the energy requirements is strongly desirable. Reduction in energy consumption and carbon emissions during cement manufacturing can be achieved by introducing alternative cements. The potential of alternative cements as a replacement of conventional OPC can only be fully realized through detailed investigation of binder properties with modern technologies. Seven prominent alternative cement types are considered in this study and their current position compared to OPC has been discussed. The study provides a comprehensive analysis of options for future cements, and an up-to-date summary of the different alternative fuels and binders that can be used in cement production to mitigate carbon dioxide emissions. In addition, the practicalities and benefits of producing the low-cost materials to meet the increasing cement demand are discussed.

Conventionally, community energy management system (CEMS) is provided with the information of surplus and shortage amounts only at each time interval. This limited information may lead to an increase in the operational cost of the multimicrogrid (MMG) systems. This paper suggests informing the CEMS about the adjustable power also, in addition to the surplus and shortage information. This additional information will result in a variety of options for the CEMS to fulfill the load demands of its network. CEMS will choose among various available options, which include trading with the power grid, buying from a controllable distributed generation plant, buying from a community battery energy storage system (CBESS), or controlling the adjustable power: increasing or decreasing the generation of controllable units. CBESS can either be controlled by CEMS or can act as an autonomous entity. The effects of both the operational options have been analyzed and economically efficient mode is suggested for MMG systems. Demand response (DR) is also considered in the proposed model. The incorporation of DR will ensure the supply reliability of the MMG system in addition to the reduction in operational cost. In contrast to the conventional single or two-step multimicrogrid optimization algorithms, a multistep hierarchical optimization algorithm based on a multiagent system is proposed in this paper. Easy to implement and computationally inexpensive mixed integer linear programming models are developed for each step.

An improved hydrothermal process is developed to fabricate macroporous graphene monoliths (MGMs) using a soft template of organic droplets. The MGMs are constructed from closed-cell distorted spherical pores. This unique microstructure makes MGMs that have low weight densities, good electrical conductivities, and excellent elasticity with rapid recovery rates. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.