Industrial Development Bureau

The longitudinal concentration distribution of solid particles and liquid mixing in 6.6, 12.2 and 21.4 cm i. d. bubble columns were measured and were analyzed by using diffusion model. The longitudinal dispersion coefficient of solid particles and liquid based on actual mean slurry velocity, the mean settling velocity of solid particles, and the concentration of solid particles at the top of the column, respectively, were correlated with dimensionless groups. From these correlations empirical equations were obtained. The values of concentration of solid particles calculated from the empirical equations agreed with the observed values within ±20%.

We study the daily behavior of supermarket prices and product availability following two recent natural disasters: the 2010 earthquake in C hile and the 2011 earthquake in J apan. In both cases there was an immediate and persistent effect on product availability. The number of goods available for sale fell 32 percent in C hile and 17 percent in Japan from the day of the disaster to its lowest point, which occurred 61 and 18 days after the earthquakes, respectively. Product availability recovered slowly, and a significant share of goods remained out of stock after six months. By contrast, prices were relatively stable and did not increase for months after the earthquakes, even for goods that were experiencing severe stockouts. These trends are present at all levels of aggregation, but appear strongly in non‐perishable goods and emergency products. Our findings shed light into the determinants of sticky prices in conditions where traditional adjustment costs are less important. In particular, we look at the frequency and magnitudes of price changes in both countries and find that the results in C hile are consistent with pricing models where retailers have fear of “customer anger”. In Japan, by contrast, the evidence suggests a bigger role for supply disruptions that restricted the ability of retailers to re‐stock goods after the earthquake.

Purple-leaf tea plants, as anthocyanin-rich cultivars, are valuable materials for manufacturing teas with unique colors or flavors. In this study, a new purple-leaf cultivar "Zixin" ("ZX") was examined, and its biochemical variation and mechanism of leaf color change were elucidated. The metabolomes of leaves of "ZX" at completely purple, intermediately purple, and completely green stages were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS). Metabolites in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway remained at high levels in purple leaves, whereas intermediates of porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism and carotenoid biosynthesis exhibited high levels in green leaves. In addition, fatty acid metabolism was more active in purple leaves, and steroids maintained higher levels in green leaves. Saponin, alcohol, organic acid, and terpenoid-related metabolites also changed significantly during the leaf color change process. Furthermore, the substance changes between "ZX" and "Zijuan" (a thoroughly studied purple-leaf cultivar) were also compared. The leaf color change in "Zijuan" was mainly caused by a decrease in flavonoids/anthocyanins. However, a decrease in flavonoids/anthocyanins, an enhancement of porphyrin, chlorophyll metabolism, carotenoid biosynthesis, and steroids, and a decrease in fatty acids synergistically caused the leaf color change in "ZX". These findings will facilitate comprehensive research on the regulatory mechanisms of leaf color change in purple-leaf tea cultivars.

Abstract In this study, low-temperature fired CaMg 1− x Li 2 x Si 2 O 6 microwave dielectric ceramics were prepared via the traditional solid-state reaction method. In this process, 0.4 wt% Li 2 CO 3 -B 2 O 3 -SiO 2 -CaCO 3 -Al 2 O 3 (LBSCA) glass was added as a sintering aid. The results showed that ceramics consisted of CaMgSi 2 O 6 as the main phase. The second phases were CaSiO 3 always existing and Li 2 SiO 3 occurring at substitution content x > 0.05. Li + substitution effectively lowered sintering temperature due to 0.4 wt% LBSCA and contributed to grain densification, and the most homogeneous morphology could be observed at x = 0.05. The effects of relative density, the second phase, and ionic polarizability on dielectric constant (ε r ) were investigated. The quality factor ( Q × f ) varied with packing fraction that concerned the second phase. Moreover, the temperature coefficient of the resonant frequency (τ f ) was influenced by MgO 6 octahedral distortion and bond valence. Excellent dielectric properties of the CaMg 1− x Li 2 x Si 2 O 6 ceramic was exhibited at x = 0.05 with ε r = 7.44, Q × f = 41,017 GHz ( f = 15.1638 GHz), and τ f = −59.3 ppm/°C when sintered at 900 °C. It had a good application prospect in the field of low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) substrate and devices.

Abstract Infrared absorption spectra of the systems of silica gel - H216O,D216O,H218O, and some organic vapors were measured in order to assign the bands senstive to adsorption at 870 and around 950 cm−1. Deuteration of silica gel caused the absorption decrease at 870 cm−1 and the appearance of a band at 620 cm−1. The band around 950 cm−1 appearing by adsorption not only of water but also of organic vapors showed no shift on deuteration, but shifted toward low frequency side by 25 cm−1 on the substitution of 16O of surface silanol groups with 18O. From these facts the bands at 870, 620 and 950 cm−1 were assgned to Si–OH bending, Si–OD bending and Si–O stretching vibrations of surface silanol groups, respectively. The oxygen atom of silanol groups of silca gel was found to exchange with that of adsorbed water molecules even at room temperature for a sample treated at temperature below 300°C. On the other hand, higher reaction temperature of ca. 200°C was necessary for a sample calcined at 800°C. mechanism of the oxygen atom exchange recation was discussed.

The number of fatalities and casualties caused by road accidents is mostly affected by the 3 factors of road, human, and vehicle. Nowadays, tackling with the accident prone locations including the definition, identification, and modification prioritization has attracted attention as an approach to enhance and improve the roads network safety level. A road accident analysis method is through the use of the Geographic Information System (GIS) and spatial and temporal patterns in accident prone locations. Since accidents are temporal phenomena, in this paper, GIS-based spatial statistical methods have been used to identify and model accident hot spots; in other words, we have investigated the use of localization patterns and hot spot distribution with the help of temporal information.Hot spot analysis with identification and data generation helps decision makers to take appropriate measures to decrease road accidents. To specify and analyze accidents distribution, the information regarding the accidents in the roads of Ilam Province (Iran 2013), has been investigated. Information included the accident type (fatality, injury).From the hot spot map, it is concluded that in northwest roads, despite less traffic, the number (spatial weight) of fatalities is more.This can be due to such factors as the route geometrical design, lack of appropriate relief, and so on. To identify the temporal patterns and accidents distribution, and also analyze the hot spots, Moran's method of spatial autocorrelation and Getis-OrdGi* statistic have been used.

This article presents a system under consideration by the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) for incorporating a measure of severity of illness into the Medicare diagnosis-related groups (DRGs). DRG assignment is one of the main factors in determining the payment made for hospital inpatient services furnished to Medicare beneficiaries. Specifically, the formula used to calculate payment for a single Medicare hospital inpatient case takes an average payment rate for a typical case and multiplies it by the relative weight of the DRG to which it is assigned. Thus, it is easy to see that the DRG relative weights have a large impact on the payment a hospital receives. In this article, we describe the Medicare DRG prospective payment system (PPS), evaluate the various classification elements available for assessing severity of illness, describe the analyses used in formulating this proposal, and present the proposed DRG severity system.

Summary In this work, protein structures and properties and physico‐chemical characteristics of surimi fried at different temperatures were studied. The effect of frying on surimi protein structure was characterised by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE), intrinsic fluorescence, surface hydrophobicity, intermolecular interaction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR). SDS‐PAGE analysis observed the appearance of new peptide bands and the weakening of myosin heavy‐chain and actin bands after frying. In addition, frying damaged the hydrogen bond and ionic bond but promoted formation of the disulphide bond. Moreover, β‐sheet and random coil were increased after frying, while α‐helix and β‐turn were decreased. After frying, the surface hydrophobicity of fried surimi decreased and the fluorescence maximum emission wavelength showed a red shift. The above changes indicated occurrence of protein denaturation and degradation, which were dependent on the frying temperature. Moreover, the effect of the frying temperature on physicochemical properties of fried surimi was characterised by measuring the hardness, oil absorption, porosity and water absorption capacity of fried surimi. The moisture loss, oil uptake, porosity and water absorption capacity of the fried surimi increased gradually with the frying temperature. However, the hardness of fried surimi was not positively correlated with the frying temperature but strongly dependent on the porous structure. These results showed that the physico‐chemical properties of the fried surimi were dependent on not only degree of protein denaturation but also the porous structure.

Abstract The low dielectric polymer films have drawn great attention to the application as the dielectric insulating materials in high‐frequency circuit boards, while the weak adhesion to the copper foils and the poor processability resulted from the fluorinated or rigid structures limited their high‐frequency application. In this work, the low dielectric and high adhesive polyimide/fluorinated ethylene propylene (PI/FEP) nanocomposite film for high‐frequency flexible circuit board application is developed. It is indicated that the fluorocarbon surfactants can significantly improve the dispersion of FEP in PI substrate, and thus, the PI/FEP nanocomposite film exhibits excellent mechanical properties, including the tensile strength increases to 46.6 MPa and the elongation at the break increases to 13.7%. Importantly, at the high‐frequency of 10 GHz, the 60 wt% FEP filled PI nanocomposite film displays an ultralow dielectric loss (0.006) and a reduced dielectric constant (2.69). In addition, the high‐frequency flexible circuit board with the PI/FEP film as the dielectric insulating layer has a high peel strength of 0.75 N mm −1 , indicating this PI/FEP nanocomposite film can meet the requirements of the high‐frequency flexible circuit board application.

The pathophysiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease remains incompletely understood. Its hallmark symptom is "heartburn" and, on the basis of endoscopy, those with heartburn are subdivided into nonerosive reflux disease and erosive esophagitis. Although subjects with nonerosive reflux disease have no gross damage on endoscopy, a characteristic histopathologic feature of this disease is present on endoscopic biopsy. This lesion is known as "dilated intercellular spaces," a finding present within squamous epithelium. This report details how acid in contact with a damaged esophageal epithelium leads to heartburn and to the progression of nonerosive reflux disease to erosive esophagitis. It also addresses the fact that esophageal pH monitoring may be normal in a significant number of subjects with heartburn, particularly with nonerosive reflux disease, and details how this observation suggests that in addition to defects in the antireflux barrier, for example, transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations and low lower esophageal sphincter pressure, defects in tissue resistance created by contact with ingested products may also be etiologic in some subjects with gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Dry rice hull contains 13-29wt% inorganic matter depending on the species, climate and geographic location. The inorganic matter is composed of silica (87-97wt%) with small amounts of alkali and other trace elements. Properties of ash obtained by combustion of between 400° and 1500°C were investigated. The SiO2 in the rice hull was localized in the outer and inner epidermis of rice hull. The SiO2 in rice hull ash formed by combustion below 800°C of rice hull powder with a particle size below 152μm was amorphous. Particles of the ash having an average diameter of 20μm were aggregates of small particles with a diameter of 2-5μm. At combustion temperatures above 900°C, the SiO2 in rice hull ash consisted of cristobalite and a small amount of tridymite. The surface of ash particles melted and the particles bonded to each other. The particle size was 40-60μm. It was found that potassium contained in the rice hull ash caused surface melting of SiO2 particles and accelerated the crystallization of amorphous SiO2 to cristobalite.

A novel endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase acting on complex type sugar chains of glycoproteins was found in the culture broth of a fungus isolated from soil and identified as Mucor hiemalis f. hiemalis on the basis of various characteristics. The endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, named Endo-M, was purified to almost homogeneity by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis involving ammonium sulfate fractionation, and column chromatographies on DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B, Sephadex G-200, hydroxylapatite, TSK-gel HW-65F and Con A-Sepharose 4B. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be about 95,000 by gel chromatography. The optimum pH was found to be 6.0-6.5 and the enzyme was stable in the pH range of 7 to 8. The enzyme showed high activity on dansyl ovalbumin glycopeptide, and also could act on dansyl transferrin glycopeptide, and dansyl asialotransferrin glycopeptide containing biantennary complex type sugar chains. The Km value for dansyl asialotransferrin glycopeptide as the substrate was 2.0 x 10(-3) M. The enzyme released complex type sugar chains from intact asialotransferrin without the addition of any detergent and the liberated sugar chains were identified by chromatography on a Bio-Gel P-4 column, calibrated with markers of known structure, and 1H-NMR analysis.

study. The oral anti-inflammatory activity, tested using 6% formalin to produce edema in the footpad, was manifested as a significant increase of 37% in the anti-inflammatory effect of the Zn-Al LDH/levo nanocomposite compared to levo in its normal form.

An ultra-sensitive and selective quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) combined with a high-finesse cavity sensor platform is proposed as a novel method for trace gas sensing. We call this technique Intra-cavity QEPAS (I-QEPAS). In the proposed scheme, a single-mode continuous wave quantum cascade laser (QCL) is coupled into a bow-tie optical cavity. The cavity is locked to the QCL emission frequency by means of a feedback-locking loop that acts directly on a piezoelectric actuator mounted behind one of the cavity mirrors. A power enhancement factor of ∼240 was achieved, corresponding to an intracavity power of ∼0.72 W. CO2 was selected as the target gas to validate our sensor. For the P(42) CO2 absorption line, located at 2311.105 cm(-1), a minimum detection limit of 300 parts per trillion by volume at a total gas pressure of 50 mbar was achieved with a 20 s integration time. This corresponds to a normalized noise equivalent absorption of 3.2 × 10(-10) W cm(-1) Hz(-1/2), comparable with the best results reported for the QEPAS technique on much faster relaxing gases. A comparison with standard QEPAS performed under the same experimental conditions confirms that the I-QEPAS sensitivity scales with the intracavity laser power enhancement factor.

ガス分散器に多孔板を用いた気泡塔の気泡特性を電気探針法で測定した.気相としては水素, ヘリウムまたは空気を, 液相としては水, メタノール, エタノール, アセトンまたはアルコール水溶液をそれぞれ用いた.ガスホールドアップおよび気泡頻度はガス密度, ガス流速の増加とともに増加した。また, 気泡径は圧力の増加とともに減少し, ガス流速が0.5～5.0cm・s-1の範囲では, ガス流速の影響は顕著ではなかった.気泡特性は液粘度が0.35～3.0mPa・sの範囲では, 液粘度に影響されなかった.また, これらは, 圧力が5MPaになると, 表面張力の影響はほとんど認められなくなった。また, 気液の物性と操作条件の関数としてガスホールドアップと気泡径の実験式を得た.

In conjunction with investigations on the a-l, 6-glucosidic linkage in starch, it was desirable to conduct comparative studies on other substances containing this linkage.The dextran from Leuconostoc mesenteroides, a polysaccharide having predominantly a-1 ,6-glucosidic linkages, was selected to be used directly in these comparative studies and to provide a source of simpler substances containing this linkage of rare occurrence.Experiments were designed to provide a dependable source of dextran of high purity and of reproducible high viscosity.Improvements have been made over methods previously described for the preparation of this polysaccharide (l-4), and procedures have been established for the preparation of dextrans of low as well as of high viscosities.Factors Injhencing Dextran Production-Numerous factors, only a few of which have been studied (1,4), appear to influence the properties and the amount of the dextran and of the by-products produced from sucrose by cultures of Leuconostoc mesenteroides.A factor of outstanding importance is the strain of the organism (5), which appears to determine whether the dextran is water-soluble or water-insoluble (3, 6).The structural basis for this difference in solubility is not known.Previously reported dextrans, most of which originated from different strains of Leuconostoc mesenteroides, have varied in other physical properties.Dextran has been obtained in yields of 18 (3) and 25 per cent (4), with specific rotations of +178" to +184" (2, 6,7), of +195" (8), and of +198" (9).It has been reported to have high (2,4,6) and low (1,9) contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, and ash.Some viscosity data for dextran are not on a comparable basis (7, 8) and other data present unexplained variations (5).The optimum pH range for the enzymatic synthesis of dextran has been shown by Hehre to be 4.0 to 6.0 (7, 10).When preparing dextran from cultures of Leuconostoc mesenteroides, neutralization of the acidic byproducts has been reported to increase the yield of dextran (1,4,11).The incubation time used previously for the production of dextran has

Abstract Silver nanowires (AgNWs) have gained increased interest as highly conductive and transparent nanomaterials with numerous applications across various fields. Owing to their unique properties (e.g., optical transparency, electrical conductivity, mechanical characteristics, and ease of processing), AgNWs have been extensively investigated for application in light‐emitting diodes, solar cells, electrocatalysis, liquid crystal displays, wearable electronic devices, flexible nanosensors, and supercapacitors. In this review, recent advances in the synthesis of AgNWs (including the polyol, template, wet chemical, and photoreduction methods) are discussed, with a focus on their advantages and disadvantages in terms of AgNW structural regulation. Furthermore, the advantages and applications of AgNW composites, are comprehensively reviewed and analyzed, with a focus on energy storage and optoelectronics, sensors, electromagnetic interference shielding and absorbing materials, nanogenerators, and other applications. The prospects and challenges of AgNW composites in emerging applications are also proposed.

Abstract Methylation took place only at ortho position of phenol under ah atmospheric pressure at 350°C when the reaction was carried out over an MO–Fe2O3 catalyst containing Cu, Mg, Ca, Ba, Zn, Mn, Co, or Ni each as M. The aromatic fraction in liquid products was only o-cresol and 2,6-xylenol and products substituted at para and meta positions could not be obtained. However, gasification of methanol took place simultaneously as a side reaction. From the relation between methylation and gasification, the catalytic activity was found to be effective in the order Cu>Zn>Ba>Ca>Co>Mn>Mg>Ni. Deactivation of these catalysts was observed before the reaction reaches a steady state. The thermogravimetric curve of the used catalyst was measured. From thermal analysis the reduction of the catalyst seems to be a cause of deactivation in addition to deposition of carbonaceous materials onto the catalyst surface. The used catalysts were reclaimed through the process of Scheme 1.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of specialized hospital treatment vs. outreach treatment of patients with mental retardation and serious mental illness. A total of 50 patients were randomly assigned to either the hospital treatment (n = 25) or the outreach treatment group (n = 25). The outcome measures included psychiatric symptoms, family burden, costs and hospital admissions. At most observation points (up to 28 weeks) and at all endpoints the two groups were equivalent with regard to psychiatric symptoms. The burden on carers did not increase significantly during the outreach treatment. Treatment costs were lower for the outreach treatment. Of the 25 patients who received outreach treatment, four had to be admitted to the specialized hospital. Aggressive behaviour, social competence and number of previous psychiatric hospitalizations were found to be predictors of treatment outcome. It is concluded that outreach treatment represents an effective and efficient alternative to hospital treatment for patients with mental retardation and psychiatric disorders.

Conventional homogenization theories developed for a matrix-inclusion system cannot be used for deriving the pressure-dependent elastic behaviour of a granular material. This is caused by the lack of a proper description of the high stress concentrations at the particle contacts. This paper discusses a more suitable homogenization theory, which follows from micro-structural considerations at the particle level. Accord ingly, for an assembly of isotropically distributed, equal-sized spherical particles, expressions for the pressure-dependent shear modulus and the Poisson's ratio are derived. This is done for the case of hydrostatic compression. The derivation of these equations is based on the so-called best-fit hypothesis of the actual displacement field in the granular assembly. The usefulness of the equation derived for the shear modulus is illustrated via a comparison with experiment results. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.