Institut des langues et cultures d'Europe, Amérique, Afrique, Asie et Australie

We present the results from three gravitational-wave searches for coalescing compact binaries with component masses above 1 M ⊙ during the first and second observing runs of the advanced gravitational-wave detector network. During the first observing run ( O 1 ), from September 12, 2015 to January 19, 2016, gravitational waves from three binary black hole mergers were detected. The second observing run ( O 2 ), which ran from November 30, 2016 to August 25, 2017, saw the first detection of gravitational waves from a binary neutron star inspiral, in addition to the observation of gravitational waves from a total of seven binary black hole mergers, four of which we report here for the first time: GW170729, GW170809, GW170818, and GW170823. For all significant gravitational-wave events, we provide estimates of the source properties. The detected binary black holes have total masses between 18.6 − 0.7 + 3.2 M ⊙ and 84.4 − 11.1 + 15.8 M ⊙ and range in distance between 320 − 110 + 120 and 2840 − 1360 + 1400 Mpc . No neutron star–black hole mergers were detected. In addition to highly significant gravitational-wave events, we also provide a list of marginal event candidates with an estimated false-alarm rate less than 1 per 30 days. From these results over the first two observing runs, which include approximately one gravitational-wave detection per 15 days of data searched, we infer merger rates at the 90% confidence intervals of 110 − 3840 Gpc − 3 y − 1 for binary neutron stars and 9.7 − 101 Gpc − 3 y − 1 for binary black holes assuming fixed population distributions and determine a neutron star–black hole merger rate 90% upper limit of 610 Gpc − 3 y − 1 . Published by the American Physical Society 2019

We report on gravitational-wave discoveries from compact binary coalescences detected by Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo in the first half of the third observing run (O3a) between 1 April 2019 15 ∶ 00 UTC and 1 October 2019 15 ∶ 00 UTC. By imposing a false-alarm-rate threshold of two per year in each of the four search pipelines that constitute our search, we present 39 candidate gravitational-wave events. At this threshold, we expect a contamination fraction of less than 10%. Of these, 26 candidate events were reported previously in near-real time through gamma-ray coordinates network notices and circulars; 13 are reported here for the first time. The catalog contains events whose sources are black hole binary mergers up to a redshift of approximately 0.8, as well as events whose components cannot be unambiguously identified as black holes or neutron stars. For the latter group, we are unable to determine the nature based on estimates of the component masses and spins from gravitational-wave data alone. The range of candidate event masses which are unambiguously identified as binary black holes (both objects ≥ 3 M ⊙ ) is increased compared to GWTC-1, with total masses from approximately 14 M ⊙ for GW190924_021846 to approximately 150 M ⊙ for GW190521. For the first time, this catalog includes binary systems with significantly asymmetric mass ratios, which had not been observed in data taken before April 2019. We also find that 11 of the 39 events detected since April 2019 have positive effective inspiral spins under our default prior (at 90% credibility), while none exhibit negative effective inspiral spin. Given the increased sensitivity of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo, the detection of 39 candidate events in approximately 26 weeks of data (approximately 1.5 per week) is consistent with GWTC-1. Published by the American Physical Society 2021

On May 21, 2019 at 03:02:29 UTC Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo observed a short duration gravitational-wave signal, GW190521, with a three-detector network signal-to-noise ratio of 14.7, and an estimated false-alarm rate of 1 in 4900 yr using a search sensitive to generic transients. If GW190521 is from a quasicircular binary inspiral, then the detected signal is consistent with the merger of two black holes with masses of 85_{-14}^{+21} M_{⊙} and 66_{-18}^{+17} M_{⊙} (90% credible intervals). We infer that the primary black hole mass lies within the gap produced by (pulsational) pair-instability supernova processes, with only a 0.32% probability of being below 65 M_{⊙}. We calculate the mass of the remnant to be 142_{-16}^{+28} M_{⊙}, which can be considered an intermediate mass black hole (IMBH). The luminosity distance of the source is 5.3_{-2.6}^{+2.4} Gpc, corresponding to a redshift of 0.82_{-0.34}^{+0.28}. The inferred rate of mergers similar to GW190521 is 0.13_{-0.11}^{+0.30} Gpc^{-3} yr^{-1}.

A new family of materials comprised of cellulose, cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs), having properties and functionalities distinct from molecular cellulose and wood pulp, is being developed for applications that were once thought impossible for cellulosic materials. Commercialization, paralleled by research in this field, is fueled by the unique combination of characteristics, such as high on-axis stiffness, sustainability, scalability, and mechanical reinforcement of a wide variety of materials, leading to their utility across a broad spectrum of high-performance material applications. However, with this exponential growth in interest/activity, the development of measurement protocols necessary for consistent, reliable and accurate materials characterization has been outpaced. These protocols, developed in the broader research community, are critical for the advancement in understanding, process optimization, and utilization of CNMs in materials development. This review establishes detailed best practices, methods and techniques for characterizing CNM particle morphology, surface chemistry, surface charge, purity, crystallinity, rheological properties, mechanical properties, and toxicity for two distinct forms of CNMs: cellulose nanocrystals and cellulose nanofibrils.

INTRODUCTION: The American Thoracic Society is a cosponsor of a newly published lung adenocarcinoma classification. METHODS: An international multidisciplinary panel of experts was formed. A systematic review was performed and recommendations were graded by strength and quality of the evidence using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. RESULTS: The classification addresses both resection specimens and small biopsies/cytology. The terms bronchioloalveolar carcinoma and mixed subtype adenocarcinoma are no longer used. For resection specimens, new concepts are introduced such as adenocarcinoma in situ and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma for small solitary adenocarcinomas with pure lepidic growth and predominant lepidic growth with ≤ 5 mm invasion, respectively. Invasive adenocarcinomas are classified by predominant pattern after using comprehensive histologic subtyping with lepidic, acinar, papillary, and solid patterns; micropapillary is added. In the new aspect of this classification that provides guidance for small biopsies and cytology specimens, non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC), in patients with advanced stage disease, are to be classified into more specific types, such as adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma, whenever possible, for several reasons: (1) adenocarcinoma or NSCLC not otherwise specified should be tested for EGFR mutations, because the presence of these mutations is predictive of responsiveness to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, (2) adenocarcinoma histology is a strong predictor for improved outcome with pemetrexed therapy, and (3) squamous histology is a risk factor for life-threatening hemorrhage with bevacizumab therapy. NSCLC- not otherwise specified by light microscopy alone should be studied with immunohistochemistry and/or mucin stains. CONCLUSIONS: This classification is intended to support clinical practice as well as research investigation and clinical trials.

In this paper, we introduce nonlinear regularized wavelet estimators for estimating nonparametric regression functions when sampling points are not uniformly spaced. The approach can apply readily to many other statistical contexts. Various new penalty functions are proposed. The hard-thresholding and soft-thresholding estimators of Donoho and Johnstone are specific members of nonlinear regularized wavelet estimators. They correspond to the lower and upper envelopes of a class of the penalized least squares estimators. Necessary conditions for penalty functions are given for regularized estimators to possess thresholding properties. Oracle inequalities and universal thresholding parameters are obtained for a large class of penalty functions. The sampling properties of nonlinear regularized wavelet estimators are established and are shown to be adaptively minimax. To efficiently solve penalized least squares problems, nonlinear regularized Sobolev interpolators (NRSI) are proposed as initial estimators, which are shown to have good sampling properties. The NRSI is further ameliorated by regularized one-step estimators, which are the one-step estimators of the penalized least squares problems using the NRSI as initial estimators. The graduated nonconvexity algorithm is also introduced to handle penalized least squares problems. The newly introduced approaches are illustrated by a few numerical examples.

Molecules are promising building blocks for Quantum information processing. Herein we describe how a molecular multilevel nuclear spin qubit (or qudit, where d = 4), known as TbPc 2 , showing all necessary requirements to perform as a molecular hardware platform with a first generation of molecular devices enabling even quantum algorithm operations.

A theory of control in interdependence and power relations is supported by a program of laboratory research. Control needs are basic and predict information-seeking in social relationships. Those without social power typically seek the most diagnostic information, making individuation more likely. Those who do have social power seek less diagnostic information about others and are vulnerable to stereotyping them. Moreover, feelings of control not only reflect individual power positions but also group power positions. Remaining challenges include the impact of outcome expectations on information-seeking and continuing to remedy the power lacuna in social psychology.

Several application fields can benefit from solar-hydrogen technologies via specific short-term and long-term pathways.

At equilibrium, Bloch walls are chiral interfaces between domains with different magnetization. Far from equilibrium, a set of forced oscillators can exhibit walls between states with different phases. In this Letter, we show that when these walls become chiral, they move with a velocity simply related to their chirality. This surprising behavior is a straightforward consequence of nonvariational effects, which are typical of nonequilibrium systems.

High-frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the thalamus or basal ganglia represents an effective clinical technique for the treatment of several medically refractory movement disorders (e.g., Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, and dystonia). In addition, new clinical applications of DBS for other neurologic and psychiatric disorders (e.g., epilepsy and obsessive-compulsive disorder) have been vaulted forward. Although DBS has been effective in the treatment of movement disorders and is rapidly being explored for the treatment of other neurologic disorders, the scientific understanding of its mechanisms of action remains unclear and continues to be debated in the scientific community. Optimization of DBS technology for present and future therapeutic applications will depend on identification of the therapeutic mechanism(s) of action. The goal of this review is to address the present knowledge of the effects of high frequency stimulation within the central nervous system and comment on the functional implications of this knowledge for uncovering the mechanism(s) of DBS. Four general hypotheses have been developed to explain the mechanism(s) of DBS: depolarization blockade, synaptic inhibition, synaptic depression, and stimulation-induced modulation of pathologic network activity. Using the results from microdialysis, neural recording, functional imaging, and neural modeling experiments, the authors address the main hypotheses and attempt to reconcile what have been considered conflicting results from different research modalities.

The air occluded in ice sheets and glaciers has, in general, a younger age (defined as the time after its isolation from the atmosphere) than the surrounding ice matrix because snow is first transformed into open porous firn, in which the air can exchange with the atmosphere. Only at a certain depth (firn‐ice transition) the pores are pinched off and the air is definitely isolated from the atmosphere. The firn‐ice transition depth is at around 70 m under present climatic conditions at Summit, central Greenland. The air at this depth is roughly 10 years old due to diffusive mixing, whereas the ice is about 220 years old. This results in an age difference between the air and the ice of 210 years. This difference depends on temperature and accumulation rate and did thus not remain constant during the past. We used a dynamic firn densification model to calculate the firn‐ice transition depth and the age of the ice at this depth and an air diffusion model to determine the age of the air at the transition. Past temperatures and accumulation rates have been deduced from the δ18O record using time independent functions. We present the results of model calculations of two paleotemperature scenarios yielding a record of the age difference between the air and the ice for the Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) and the Greenland Ice Sheet Project Two (GISP2) ice cores for the last 100,000 years. During the Holocene, the age difference stayed rather stable around 200 years, while it reached values up to 1400 years during the last glaciation for the colder scenario. The model results are compared with age differences obtained independently by matching corresponding climate events in the methane and δ18O records assuming a very small phase lag between variations in the Greenland surface temperature and the atmospheric methane. The past firn‐ice transition depths are compared with diffusive column heights obtained from δ15N of N2 measurements. The results of this study corroborate the large temperature change of 20 to 25 K from the coldest glacial to Holocene climate found by evaluating borehole temperature profiles.

Aberrant methylation of CpG islands in promoter regions of tumor cells is one of the major mechanisms for silencing of tumor suppressor genes. We determined the frequency of aberrant promoter methylation of the p16, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), H-cadherin (CDH13), glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1), O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT), retinoic acid receptor beta-2 (RAR beta), E-cadherin (CDH1), and RAS association domain family 1A (RASSF1A) genes in 198 tumors consisting of small cell lung cancers [SCLCs (n = 43)], non-small cell lung cancers [NSCLCs (n = 115)], and bronchial carcinoids (n = 40). The profile of methylated genes in the two neuroendocrine tumors (SCLC and carcinoids) were very different from that of NSCLC. However, whereas the overall pattern of aberrant methylation of carcinoids was similar to that of SCLC, carcinoids had lower frequencies of methylation for some of the genes tested. There were also significant differences in the methylation profiles between the two major types of NSCLC, adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. We performed cluster analysis and found that SCLCs clustered with other SCLCs and carcinoids but not with NSCLCs, whereas the NSCLCs tended to cluster together. Within NSCLCs, adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas clustered with their respective histological types. Finally, we compared the methylation profiles of SCLC and NSCLC tumors and their respective cell lines (n = 44). In general, methylation frequencies were higher in tumor cell lines, but these differences were seldom significant. Thus, tumor cell lines appear to be suitable models to study aberrant DNA methylation. We conclude that SCLC, carcinoids, squamous cell carcinomas, and adenocarcinomas of the lung have unique profiles of aberrant methylation. Our findings should help us understand differences in the pathogenetic mechanisms of lung cancers.

Density functional theory calculations are computationally extremely expensive for systems containing many atoms due to their intrinsic cubic scaling. This fact has led to the development of so-called linear scaling algorithms during the last few decades. In this way it becomes possible to perform ab initio calculations for several tens of thousands of atoms within reasonable walltimes. However, even though the use of linear scaling algorithms is physically well justified, their implementation often introduces some small errors. Consequently most implementations offering such a linear complexity either yield only a limited accuracy or, if one wants to go beyond this restriction, require a tedious fine tuning of many parameters. In our linear scaling approach within the BigDFT package, we were able to overcome this restriction. Using an ansatz based on localized support functions expressed in an underlying Daubechies wavelet basis - which offers ideal properties for accurate linear scaling calculations - we obtain an amazingly high accuracy and a universal applicability while still keeping the possibility of simulating large system with linear scaling walltimes requiring only a moderate demand of computing resources. We prove the effectiveness of our method on a wide variety of systems with different boundary conditions, for single-point calculations as well as for geometry optimizations and molecular dynamics.

Homoleptic terpyridine complexes of first row transition metals are evaluated as catalysts for the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2. Ni and Co-based catalytic systems are shown to reduce CO2 to CO under the conditions tested. The Ni complex was found to exhibit selectivity for CO2 over proton reduction while the Co-based system generates mixtures of CO and H2 with CO : H2 ratios being tuneable through variation of the applied potential.

A task force of experts in the field of diagnostic DNA image cytometry, invited by the ESACP, and further scientists or physicians revealing experience in that diagnostic procedure (names are given in Addendum A), agreed upon the following 4th updated Consensus Report on Standardised Diagnostic DNA Image Cytometry during the 7th International Congress of that society in Caen, 2001. This report is based on the three preceding ones [6,14,17]. It deals with the following items:- Critical review and update of the definitions given in the 1997 Consensus Update;- Review and detailed description of basic terms, principles and algorithms for diagnostic interpretation;- Recommendations concerning diagnostic or prognostic applications in specific fields of tumour pathology. This update is not aimed to substitute the 1997 consensus, but to make necessary addenda and give more detailed descriptions of those items not unequivocally to interpret by potential users of the methodology.

ID21 beamline (ESRF) offers combination of μXRF, μXANES (2.0–9.1 keV), μXRD and μFTIR, increasingly used to analyse artistic and ancient materials.

Evolution provides a creative fount of complex and subtle adaptations that often surprise the scientists who discover them. However, the creativity of evolution is not limited to the natural world: Artificial organisms evolving in computational environments have also elicited surprise and wonder from the researchers studying them. The process of evolution is an algorithmic process that transcends the substrate in which it occurs. Indeed, many researchers in the field of digital evolution can provide examples of how their evolving algorithms and organisms have creatively subverted their expectations or intentions, exposed unrecognized bugs in their code, produced unexpectedly adaptations, or engaged in behaviors and outcomes, uncannily convergent with ones found in nature. Such stories routinely reveal surprise and creativity by evolution in these digital worlds, but they rarely fit into the standard scientific narrative. Instead they are often treated as mere obstacles to be overcome, rather than results that warrant study in their own right. Bugs are fixed, experiments are refocused, and one-off surprises are collapsed into a single data point. The stories themselves are traded among researchers through oral tradition, but that mode of information transmission is inefficient and prone to error and outright loss. Moreover, the fact that these stories tend to be shared only among practitioners means that many natural scientists do not realize how interesting and lifelike digital organisms are and how natural their evolution can be. To our knowledge, no collection of such anecdotes has been published before. This article is the crowd-sourced product of researchers in the fields of artificial life and evolutionary computation who have provided first-hand accounts of such cases. It thus serves as a written, fact-checked collection of scientifically important and even entertaining stories. In doing so we also present here substantial evidence that the existence and importance of evolutionary surprises extends beyond the natural world, and may indeed be a universal property of all complex evolving systems.

into formic acid, a product with a variety of uses. These results provide new directions for the further improvement of Cu electrodes.

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries and regions (n = 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vesus both control conditions) consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing interventions had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: The stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on 12 May 2020. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4878591.v1.