Institut Interdisciplinaire d’Anthropologie du Contemporain

Abstract Background: Apathy is a very common behavioural and psychological symptom across brain disorders. In the last decade, there have been considerable advances in research on apathy and motivation. It is thus important to revise the apathy diagnostic criteria published in 2009. The main objectives were to: a) revise the definition of apathy; b) update the list of apathy dimensions; c) operationalise the diagnostic criteria; and d) suggest appropriate assessment tools including new technologies. Methods: The expert panel (N = 23) included researchers and health care professionals working on brain disorders and apathy, a representative of a regulatory body, and a representative of the pharmaceutical industry. The revised diagnostic criteria for apathy were developed in a two-step process. First, following the standard Delphi methodology, the experts were asked to answer questions via web-survey in two rounds. Second, all the collected information was discussed on the occasion of the 26th European Congress of Psychiatry held in Nice (France). Results: Apathy was defined as a quantitative reduction of goal-directed activity in comparison to the patient’s previous level of functioning (criterion A). Symptoms must persist for at least four weeks, and affect at least two of the three apathy dimensions (behaviour/cognition; emotion; social interaction; criterion B). Apathy should cause identifiable functional impairments (criterion C), and should not be fully explained by other factors, such as effects of a substance or major changes in the patient’s environment (Criterion D). Table 1 Apathy diagnostic criteria 2018. CRITERION A:A quantitative reduction of goal-directed activity either in behavioral, cognitive, emotional or social dimensions in comparison to the patient’s previous level of functioning in these areas. These changes may be reported by the patient himself/herself or by observation of others. CRITERION B:The presence of at least 2 of the 3 following dimensions for a period of at least four weeks and present most of the timeB1. BEHAVIOUR & COGNITIONLoss of, or diminished, goal-directed behaviour or cognitive activity as evidenced by at least one of the following:General level of activity:the patient has a reduced level of activity either at home or work, makes less effort to initiate or accomplish tasks spontaneously, or needs to be prompted to perform them.Persistence of activity:He/she is less persistent in maintaining an activity or conversation, finding solutions to problems or thinking of alternative ways to accomplish them if they become difficult.Making choices:He/she has less interest or takes longer to make choices when different alternatives exist (e.g., selecting TV programs, preparing meals, choosing from a menu, etc.)Interest in external issue:He/she has less interest in or reacts less to news, either good or bad, or has less interest in doing new thingsPersonal wellbeing:He/she is less interested in his/her own health and wellbeing or personal image (general appearance, grooming, clothes, etc.).B2. EMOTIONLoss of, or diminished, emotion as evidenced by at least one of the following:Spontaneous emotions:the patient shows less spontaneous (self-generated) emotions regarding their own affairs, or appears less interested in events that should matter to him/her or to people that he/she knows well.Emotional reactions to environment:He/she expresses less emotional reaction in response to positive or negative events in his/her environment that affect him/her or people he/she knows well (e.g., when things go well or bad, responding to jokes, or events on a TV program or a movie, or when disturbed or prompted to do things he/she would prefer not to do).Impact on others:He/she is less concerned about the impact of his/her actions or feelings on the people around him/her.Empathy:He/she shows less empathy to the emotions or feelings of others (e.g., becoming happy or sad when someone is happy or sad, or being moved when others need help).Verbal or physical expressions:He/she shows less verbal or physical reactions that reveal his/her emotional states.B3. SOCIAL INTERACTIONLoss of, or diminished engagement in social interaction as evidenced by at least one of the following:Spontaneous social initiative:the patient takes less initiative in spontaneously proposing social or leisure activities to family or others.Environmentally stimulated social interaction:He/she participates less, or is less comfortable or more indifferent to social or leisure activities suggested by people around him/her.Relationship with family members:He/she shows less interest in family members (e.g., to know what is happening to them, to meet them or make arrangements to contact them).Verbal interaction:He/she is less likely to initiate a conversation, or he/she withdraws soon from itHomebound: He /She prefer to stays at home more frequently or longer than usual and shows less interest in getting out to meet people. CRITERION CThese symptoms (A - B) cause clinically significant impairment in personal, social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. CRITERION DThe symptoms (A - B) are not exclusively explained or due to physical disabilities (e.g. blindness and loss of hearing), to motor disabilities, to a diminished level of consciousness, to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g. drug of abuse, medication), or to major changes in the patient’s environment. Conclusions: The new diagnostic criteria for apathy provide a clinical and scientific framework to increase the validity of apathy as a clinical construct. This should also help to pave the path for apathy in brain disorders to be an interventional target.

We previously reported the synthesis of gadolinium-based nanoparticles (NPs) denoted AGuIX (activation and guiding of irradiation by X-ray) NPs and demonstrated their potential as an MRI contrast agent and their efficacy as radiosensitizing particles during X-ray cancer treatment. Here we focus on the elimination kinetics of AGuIX NPs from the subcellular to whole-organ scale using original and complementary methods such as laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), intravital two-photon microscopy, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). This combination of techniques allows the exact mechanism of AGuIX NPs elimination to be elucidated, including their retention in proximal tubules and their excretion as degraded or native NPs. Finally, we demonstrated that systemic AGuIX NP administration induced moderate and transient effects on renal function. These results provide useful and promising preclinical information concerning the safety of theranostic AGuIX NPs.

Schooling Passions explores an important, yet often overlooked dimension of nationalism—its embodied and emotional components. It does so by focusing on another oft-neglected area, that of elementary education in the modern state. Through an ethnographic study of schools in western India, Véronique Benei examines the idioms through which teachers, students, and parents make meaning of their political world. She articulates how urban middle- and lower-class citizens negotiate the processes of self-making through the minutiae of daily life at school and extracurricular activities, ranging from school trips to competitions and parent gatherings. To document how processes of identity formation are embodied, Benei draws upon cultural repertoires of emotionality. This book shifts the typical focus of attention away from communal violence onto everyday "banal nationalism." Paying due attention to the formulation of "senses of belonging," this book explores the sensory production and daily manufacture of nationhood and citizenship and how nationalism is nurtured in a nation's youth.

International audience

In a growing number of countries, governments and public agencies seek to systematically assess the scientific outputs of their universities and research institutions. Bibliometrics indicators and peer review are regularly used for this purpose, and their advantages and biases are discussed in a wide range of literature. This article examines how three different national organisations produce journal ratings as an alternative assessment tool, which is particularly targeted for social sciences and humanities. After setting out the organisational context in which these journal ratings emerged, the analysis highlights the main steps of their production, the criticism they received after publication, especially from journals, and the changes made during the ensuing revision process. The particular tensions of a tool designed as both a political instrument and a scientific apparatus are also discussed.

Une lecture cursive de Quand dire c’est faire fait apparaître qu’Austin donne aux actes écrits un statut paradoxal. Il les considère comme des actes modèles et en même temps les assimile à des actes oraux. De plus, les actes écrits qu’il considère sont toujours des actes juridiques ou réglementaires. Partant de ce constat nous proposons : – tout d’abord de comprendre le statut de l’acte écrit chez Austin et de faire apparaître l’ambiguïté de son modèle d’acte de langage ; – puis d’explorer l’hypothèse d’une performativité dont le modèle serait explicitement celui d’un acte écrit ; enfin, d’esquisser les conséquences d’un tel modèle sur la théorie de l’énonciation qui sous-tend la notion de performativité.

Dans les villes, sur les routes, au supermarché : les panneaux indicateurs sont partout. Si leur présence semble évidente, leur forme, leur contenu, leur emplacement ne vont pourtant pas de soi. Ils sont le résultat d'un travail complexe qui produit des espaces hybrides, où signes et architectures sont entrelacés. Ce livre explore les coulisses d'une signalétique aujourd'hui mondialement reconnue : celle du métro parisien. De l'organisation des services, jusqu'à l'activité des ouvriers qui installent et réparent les panneaux, en passant par les discours des concepteurs, il évoque les multiples facettes d'un dispositif ambitieux qui vise à transformer aussi bien les espaces du métro que le comportement de ses usagers. Complétant leur enquête d'un détour par le métro new-yorkais, les auteurs montrent que la signalétique parisienne instaure une véritable politique de l'attention où chacun peut s'attacher à la multitude des objets graphiques qui sont mis à sa disposition.

The term ‘artification’ springs from a simple idea: art is not a given and cannot be defined once and for all as the consecrated body of works of established institutions and disciplines. Rather, it is a construct and the result of social processes that are located in time and place. Although this last statement is so fundamental to the sociological outlook as to border on truism, it entails adopting a socio-historical perspective that is less common than one would expect. This introduction recalls some of the empirical findings on culture on which the concept is based, while placing the theory of artification within the framework of process sociology. The apparent simplicity of the idea of artification is deceptive; it leads to a materialistic and socio-genetic perspective the implications of which have yet to be fully discovered.

Analysis of previous literature on the role of food in life in France and the United States suggests some fundamental differences in attitudes which may generalize outside of the food domain. Questionnaire results from French and American adults suggest that, compared to the French, Americans emphasize quantity rather than quality in making choices, Americans have a higher preference for variety, and Americans usually prefer comforts (things that make life easier) over joys (unique things that make life interesting). The American preference for quantity over quality is discussed in terms of the American focus on abundance as opposed to the French preference for moderation. The American preference for variety is reflective of Americans' more personal as opposed to communal food and other values.

Coordinated and Edited by: \nN De Genova, M Tazzioli \n \nCo-Authored by: \nClaudia Aradau, Brenna Bhandar, Manuela Bojadzijev, Josue David Cisneros, N De Genova, Julia Eckert, Elena Fontanari, Tanya Golash-Boza, Jef Huysmans, Shahram Khosravi, Clara Lecadet, Patrisia Macías-Rojas, Federica Mazzara, Anne McNevin, Peter Nyers, Stephan Scheel, Nandita Sharma, Maurice Stierl, Vicki Squire, M Tazzioli, Huub van Baar and William Walters

L’article enregistre, dans les sciences sociales, un retour à la notion de sujet, susceptible d’inspirer une nouvelle approche de la subjectivité dans le champ d’étude des représentations sociales. Après avoir parcouru les moments qui ont signifié la mort et la résurrection de la notion de sujet, il dégage les principaux thèmes marquant sa réintégration en histoire, en sociologie et en anthropologie. Ces thèmes permettent d’écarter le risque d’une vision solipsiste dans l’examen de la part subjective des représentations sociales. À cette fin, un schéma tripartite est proposé, rapportant la genèse et les fonctions des représentations sociales à trois sphères (subjective, intersubjective et transsubjective) et illustré par une analyse des débats relatifs à la célèbre affaire des caricatures de Mahomet. Les réflexions finales proposent d’orienter l’étude des représentations sociales vers les relations entre la pensée et le changement social.

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L’article repose sur une enquête ethnographique conduite en 2008-2009 à Manhattan auprès de huit entrepreneurs devenus Chef et/ou managers de restaurant après avoir immigré à New York. Aucun d’entre eux n’a été formé dans une institution culinaire et tous proposent des cuisines de régions du monde (Afrique, Afrique du Nord) encore absentes, ou peu présentes à New York. A partir de deux études de cas plus détaillées, l’auteur s’interroge sur les stratégies marchandes autour de cette altérité et les limites du cosmopolitisme propre au « globalisme ». La trajectoire du restaurateur se transforme en héritage par le biais d’un ego-récit qui s’utilise comme une ressource commerciale. Les restaurateurs intériorisent les désirs des clients. Plus que la recherche de goûts inconnus ou d’une altérité radicale imaginée comme authentique, ceux-ci veulent avant tout identifier les ingrédients ingérés, avoir une idée de leur provenance, et respecter un ensemble (instable) de normes nutritionnelles subsumé aujourd’hui à Manhattan par la catégorie indigène healthy. Les restaurateurs anticipent ces désirs en opérant sur les plats un travail de retrait, de séparation et de substitution des ingrédients. L’exotisme s’est mis au régime.

This article examines the manner in which representatives of indigenous peoples use the platform of the United Nations and an international movement in ninety countries to construct the principles upon which they may be recognized as collective, rights bearing subjects. In 2007, this movement – largely unstructured but effective in terms of strategic alliances – successfully established a legal instrument at the level of the international community : the Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. In order to be moral and because they can have political, financial and legal consequences, these measures are capable of giving rise to significant transformations in the fields of politics, governance and autonomy. The need to participate in the activities of the United Nations allowed the formation of a collective native « us », structured a space for demands that went beyond the institution and related it to the field of human rights in other areas of public policy. By contributing to the fabrication of norms, this multi-headed policy actor furnished itself with a collective voice on the international scene capable of resolving the tensions inherent to spatial dispersion, linguistic fragmentation and political atomization. As an international entity, it raises a number of questions regarding locally observed discrepancies, modes of identification, state classifications and political and economic experiences.

C’est à ouvrir le spectre conceptuel concernant les minorités urbaines issues de migrations que cet article s’intéresse. Réfléchissant sur les formations qu’elles multiplient de nos jours au sein des métropoles, il s’appuie sur la notion de « centralité minoritaire » élaborée antérieurement pour cadrer la description ethnographique du théâtre urbain qu’elles produisent, et envisage plus généralement celles d’« altérité minoritaire » et d’« aire transitionnelle » constitutives de l’économie symbolique des villes mondialisées. Il engage à reconsidérer la pertinence du concept de « coutume », classique en anthropologie mais quelque peu tombé en désuétude, pour appréhender les modes de coexistence culturelle qui se vivent de fait dans les espaces métropolitains, bien avant d’interroger les instances juridiques et politiques de la nation.

Les catastrophes semblent humainement absurdes, impossibles et impensables, mais elles surgissent, suscitant la stupeur et l’effroi. Et chaque fois, les individus touchés reconstruisent tant bien que mal un récit donnant sens à leur existence.En s’appuyant sur des cas précis (séisme d’Edo de 1855, éruption volcanique d’Ambrym en 1892, éruption de l’Etna en 1991, glissement de terrain de Vargas en 1999…), l’auteur réinvestit les milieux où survient l’événement, dans ses variations géographiques et sociales, pour mettre en lumière les processus de re-fabrication du sens qui, par des dispositifs de remédiation collective, sans étouffer la part d’absurde et d’inacceptable, permettent de « vivre avec » les catastrophes.Une magistrale étude, qui renouvelle notre compréhension des situations de crise.

In aligning its priorities around the Sustainable Development Goals, UNESCO officially acknowledges the need to reconcile the market and heritage. Yet inscriptions of commercial practices on the Intangible Cultural Heritage lists are qualified as ‘traumatic’ by actors that design normative principles for ‘good’ heritage governance. Based on ethnographic observations of the meetings of the governing bodies of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, I analyse the controversies generated by the ‘risks of over-commercialization’, shedding light on the disputed entanglements between ICH and the market. In exploring the notion of ‘commercialization without over-commercialization’ meant to resolve the tension between heritage and the market, I highlight how ‘over-commercialization’ refers to notions of ‘misappropriation’ and ‘decontextualization’ and the ways it, therefore, intersects with the logics of Intellectual Property. This allows to elucidate a constitutive ambiguity in the implementation of the Convention, torn between the rationalities of heritage and property regimes.

Résumé L’analyse sociologique des objets graphiques qui ordonnent l’environnement se concentre généralement sur les ajustements effectués pour les constituer en ressources pour l’action, faisant des usages le principal ressort de leur performativité. À partir du cas de la signalétique du métro, cet article renverse cette perspective et se focalise sur l’activité d’aménagement des lieux. Il cherche ainsi à éviter de considérer les artefacts graphiques comme des objets inertes, et de faire de l’immuabilité une propriété intrinsèque de l’écrit. Il montre au contraire l’importance cruciale du travail de maintenance qui entretient au jour le jour les qualités spatiales et matérielles des objets et leur assure une force performative sans cesse réactualisée.

Summary 1. In many European countries, private companies are in charge of livestock carcass disposal. In agro‐pastoral systems, however, scavengers such as vultures provide an alternative ecological service for disposing of carcasses. 2. By combining interviews with farmers and ecological data from the Grands Causses region (southern France), we developed an agent‐based model to assess the environmental and economic consequences of various farmers’ carcass disposal strategies, involving private companies and/or vultures. The model includes ‘offering’ vulture feeding behaviour, as an ecological service, and farmer choices of carcass disposal system, representing the ‘demand’ for this service. 3. This ecological service can provide benefits through reducing monetary costs and carbon emissions associated with carcass disposal, but also represent a sanitary risk if vultures fail to remove carrion efficiently. Benefits and risks strongly depend on carcass disposal techniques and the wider strategy. 4. The most sustainable strategy to match the ‘demand’ and ‘offer’ for carcass disposal involves the adaptive use by farmers of both the ecological and the industrial services. This strategy enables the optimization of the ecological service benefits while minimizing sanitary risks by using a private company service, when carcass disposal by vultures is uncertain. 5. Synthesis and applications. In cases where there is a mismatch between the demand and the offer, negative feedback can occur for both humans and vultures. Preserving vulture populations and enhancing benefits from the sustainable service, they provide might henceforth be explicitly accounted for in legislation and carcass management guidance, in accordance with vulture food requirements. The agent‐based modelling approach described here offers a tool that can guide management strategies and policies and support coordination among stakeholders.

Cet article présente une sociologie des classifications de revues en économie et gestion. S’appuyant sur un vaste ensemble de sources documentaires et d’entretiens complémentaires, il étudie la trajectoire du classement de revues de la section 37 du CNRS, depuis ses prémisses de 2001 jusqu’à sa version actuelle, et documente quatre principales étapes de fabrication et de transformation. Ce classement est d’abord conçu comme un outil de justice sociale pour les candidats et les laboratoires, fondé sur une expertise largement externe à la section 37. Il devient ensuite une catégorisation raisonnée, solidifiée par l’examen en comité restreint d’arguments partageables afin de résister à la comparaison avec d’autres classements. Puis, l’AERES l’érige en un instrument de comptage et d’évaluation, sur la base d’un contenu presque identique au précédent, mais dont l’usage convenable est radicalement transformé. Il est enfin une partie d’une liste de revues beaucoup plus longue servant seulement au calcul du taux de « produisants en recherche et valorisation ». Chacune des classifications produites est systématiquement accompagnée de clauses de révision ou d’actualisation : elles sont d’emblée définies comme provisoires, sujettes à certaines formes de critique, et donc ontologiquement instables. Elles sont donc soumises à un cycle publication/usages/révisions quasi-continu, proposant de nouvelles frontières et normes d’exercice professionnel.