Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales

Describes the basic techniques in the training of language translation and interpretation. Chapters in this text describe: communication and quality; comprehension; knowledge acquisition; and coping tactics.

Vascular calcifications (VCs) are actively regulated biological processes associated with crystallization of hydroxyapatite in the extracellular matrix and in cells of the media (VCm) or intima (VCi) of the arterial wall. Both patterns of VC often coincide and occur in patients with type II diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and other less frequent disorders; VCs are also typical in senile degeneration. In this article, we review the current state of knowledge about the pathology, molecular biology, and nosology of VCm, expand on potential mechanisms responsible for poor prognosis, and expose some of the directions for future research in this area.

Significance Given its size and geographical extension, Sino-Tibetan is of the highest importance for understanding the prehistory of East Asia, and of neighboring language families. Based on a dataset of 50 Sino-Tibetan languages, we infer phylogenies that date the origin of the language family to around 7200 B.P., linking the origin of the language family with the late Cishan and the early Yangshao cultures.

The human settlement of the Pacific Islands represents one of the most recent major migration events of mankind. Polynesians originated in Asia according to linguistic evidence or in Melanesia according to archaeological evidence. To shed light on the genetic origins of Polynesians, we investigated over 400 Polynesians from 8 island groups, in comparison with over 900 individuals from potential parental populations of Melanesia, Southeast and East Asia, and Australia, by means of Y chromosome (NRY) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers. Overall, we classified 94.1% of Polynesian Y chromosomes and 99.8% of Polynesian mtDNAs as of either Melanesian (NRY-DNA: 65.8%, mtDNA: 6%) or Asian (NRY-DNA: 28.3%, mtDNA: 93.8%) origin, suggesting a dual genetic origin of Polynesians in agreement with the "Slow Boat" hypothesis. Our data suggest a pronounced admixture bias in Polynesians toward more Melanesian men than women, perhaps as a result of matrilocal residence in the ancestral Polynesian society. Although dating methods are consistent with somewhat similar entries of NRY/mtDNA haplogroups into Polynesia, haplotype sharing suggests an earlier appearance of Melanesian haplogroups than those from Asia. Surprisingly, we identified gradients in the frequency distribution of some NRY/mtDNA haplogroups across Polynesia and a gradual west-to-east decrease of overall NRY/mtDNA diversity, not only providing evidence for a west-to-east direction of Polynesian settlements but also suggesting that Pacific voyaging was regular rather than haphazard. We also demonstrate that Fiji played a pivotal role in the history of Polynesia: humans probably first migrated to Fiji, and subsequent settlement of Polynesia probably came from Fiji.

Arabic is recognised as the 4th most used language of the Internet. Arabic has three main varieties: (1) classical Arabic (CA), (2) Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), (3) Arabic Dialect (AD). MSA and AD could be written either in Arabic or in Roman script (Arabizi), which corresponds to Arabic written with Latin letters, numerals and punctuation. Due to the complexity of this language and the number of corresponding challenges for NLP, many surveys have been conducted, in order to synthesise the work done on Arabic. However these surveys principally focus on two varieties of Arabic (MSA and AD, written in Arabic letters only), they are slightly old (no such survey since 2015) and therefore do not cover recent resources and tools. To bridge the gap, we propose a survey focusing on 90 recent research papers (74% of which were published after 2015). Our study presents and classifies the work done on the three varieties of Arabic, by concentrating on both Arabic and Arabizi, and associates each work to its publicly available resources whenever available.

Building upon the model of Semantic Maps (Haspelmath 2003), which typologists have designed mainly for grammatical semantics, this chapter discusses methodological issues for a model in lexical typology. By breaking up polysemous lexemes of various languages into their semantic “atoms” or senses, one defines an etic grid against which cross-linguistic comparison can be undertaken. Languages differ as to which senses they colexify , i.e., lexify identically. But while each polysemous lexeme as a whole is language-specific, individual pairings of colexified senses can be compared across languages. Our model, understood as an empirical, atomistic approach to lexical typology, is finally exemplified with the rich polysemies associated with the notion “breathe”. Intertwined together, they compose a single, universal network of potential semantic extensions.

Adhesive capsulitis presents clinically as limited, active and passive range of motion caused by the formation of adhesions of the glenohumeral joint capsule. Radiographically, it is thickening of the capsule and rotator interval. The pathology of the disease, and its classification, relates to inflammation and formation of extensive scar tissue. Risk factors include diabetes, hyperthyroidism, and previous cervical spine surgery. Nonsurgical management includes physical therapy, corticosteroid injections, extracorporeal shock wave therapy, calcitonin, ultrasonography-guided hydrodissection, and hyaluronic acid injections. Most patients will see complete resolution of symptoms with nonsurgical management, and there appears to be a role of early corticosteroid injection in shortening the overall duration of symptoms. Surgical intervention, including manipulation under anesthesia, arthroscopic capsular release both limited and circumferential, and the authors' technique are described in this article. Complications include fracture, glenoid and labral injuries, neurapraxia, and rotator cuff pathology. Postoperative care should always include early physical therapy.

The Torres and Banks Islands, two small archipelagos of northern Vanuatu, are home to 9400 inhabitants and to 17 distinct languages. With an average of 550 speakers per language, this region constitutes an extreme case of the linguistic fragmentation which is typically observed throughout Melanesia. This study presents the linguistic diversity of that area, examines its social underpinnings and outlines its historical dynamics. These islands form an integrated network where a variety of social forces interact, sometimes in conflicting ways. A long lasting bias toward cultural differentiation of local communities has led historically to the linguistic mosaic observable today. This traditional fostering of diversity was correlated with a principle of egalitarian multilingualism. But while these ancient social attitudes have survived to this day, the linguistic diversity of northern Vanuatu has already begun to erode, due to various recent social changes. These changes have reshaped the language ecology of the region and already resulted in the partial loss of earlier linguistic diversity. While northern Vanuatu is still linguistically diverse today, the increased imbalance of power among languages potentially makes the weaker varieties vulnerable in the decades to come.

The APTIMA HPV Assay (AHPV) allows detection of 14 high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) RNA types in cervical specimens. Until present, the assay has been compared to HPV DNA tests only in triage settings. Herein, we compare AHPV with a DNA assay (Hybrid Capture 2; HC2) and liquid-based cytology (LBC; using PreservCyt ThinPrep liquid Pap) in a screening setting (French APTIMA screening evaluation [FASE] study). Women (N = 5,006) aged 20-65 were screened by gynecologists in 17 private practices in Paris, France. One cervical specimen was collected and tested with LBC, AHPV and HC2 assays. Women were referred to colposcopy if they were ASC-US+ in LBC or HPV positive in either HPV assay. To control for verification bias, a random group (14%) with normal LBC and dually HPV negative tests underwent colposcopy. Data from 4,429 women were analyzed. Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values were calculated for the three tests. AHPV and HC2 were highly sensitive for CIN2+ (92.0% and 96.7%) and CIN3+ (95.7% and 95.3%) detection and much more sensitive than LBC (69.1% for CIN2+ and 73.3% for CIN3+). Specificity of AHPV was higher than that of HC2, but similar to that of LBC (p < 0.001). Combining LBC with either HPV test slightly increased sensitivity but compromised specificity. AHPV assay is both specific and sensitive for the detection of high-grade precancerous lesions and may be considered as an option for routine cervical cancer screening for women over 20 years of age.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to examine the major reasons for total hip arthroplasty (THA) failure and temporal patterns in THA revisions. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted on 535 revisions performed on 444 THAs from January 2010 to May 2019 at our institution. RESULTS: The average time to revision THA was 8.51 ± 8.38 years, with 136 cases (30.9%) occurring within 2 years after primary THA. The major mechanisms of failure that resulted in revision surgery were mechanical failure (162, 36.5%), metallosis (95, 21.4%), dislocation or instability (65, 14.6%), periprosthetic fracture (46, 10.4%), infection (44, 9.9%), hematoma or poor wound healing (15, 3.4%), and pain or other (17, 3.8%). CONCLUSION: Based on our institutional experience over the past decade, mechanical failure without dislocation, metallosis, dislocation, periprosthetic fracture, and infection are typical reasons patients present for primary THA revision. Revisions within 2 years after primary THA are more likely to be the result of infection and periprosthetic fracture. Mechanical failure is the most common reason for revision THA overall, and mechanical failure and metallosis are more likely to be the reason revision is necessary 2 or more years after primary THA.

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When evaluating patients with irreparable rotator cuff tears, orthopaedic surgeons have an increasingly wide array of surgical options, including both established techniques and emerging technologies. However, significant variability exists in the clinical evaluation and surgical indications in this subset, and definitions for pseudoparalysis and tear irreparability are inconsistent. In older patients with symptomatic rotator cuff arthropathy and relatively sedentary demands, the reverse total shoulder arthroplasty has been established as the preferred treatment option, producing reliable improvements in both pain and function. In younger patients without glenohumeral arthritis or pseudoparalysis, joint-preserving options are preferred, with recent literature highlighting alternative options including partial repair, bridging or interpositional graft placement, tendon transfers (ie, latissimus, trapezius, and pectoralis major), superior capsular reconstruction, and subacromial spacer placement. In this review article, we address the topic of irreparable rotator cuff tears, emphasizing the workup, indications for various treatment options, and clinical outcomes.

While global patterns of human genetic diversity are increasingly well characterized, the diversity of human languages remains less systematically described. Here, we outline the Grambank database. With over 400,000 data points and 2400 languages, Grambank is the largest comparative grammatical database available. The comprehensiveness of Grambank allows us to quantify the relative effects of genealogical inheritance and geographic proximity on the structural diversity of the world's languages, evaluate constraints on linguistic diversity, and identify the world's most unusual languages. An analysis of the consequences of language loss reveals that the reduction in diversity will be strikingly uneven across the major linguistic regions of the world. Without sustained efforts to document and revitalize endangered languages, our linguistic window into human history, cognition, and culture will be seriously fragmented.

The involvement of superoxide anion (O2o-) in human sperm capacitation and/or acrosome reaction was investigated. Addition of superoxide dismutase (SOD) to the medium at the beginning of the capacitation process or 15 min before induction of the acrosome reaction, decreased the level of ionophore-induced acrosome reaction. Hyperactivation was unaffected by the presence of SOD during the capacitation process. Addition of calcium ionophore to the sperm suspension increased production of O2o- by the spermatozoa by four to five-fold and induced the acrosome reaction. In the presence of SOD, superoxide anion could not be detected in the medium and the rate of induced-acrosome reaction was decreased greatly. The presence of an inhibitor of protein kinase C inhibited the production of O2o- in the medium and reduced the induced-acrosome reaction. The production of O2o- and the acrosome reaction were also increased by exposure of spermatozoa to 12-myristate 13-acetate phorbol ester, a specific activator of protein kinase C. While the level of spontaneous acrosome reaction was not increased by the direct addition of O2o- to the medium, its presence induced the release of unesterified fatty acids from membrane phospholipids. These findings suggest that the production of O2o- by spermatozoa could be involved in the ionophore-induced acrosome reaction, possibly through the de-esterification of membrane phospholipids. However, this production of superoxide anion is not sufficient on its own to induce the acrosome reaction.

Supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children are the result of trauma to the elbow, most often resulting from a fall from a height or related to sports or leisure activities.1 Supracondylar humerus fractures are widely considered the most common fracture of the elbow in children. The annual rate of children who present with supracondylar fractures has been estimated at 177.3 per 100,000.2 There are many components to consider when calculating the overall cost of treatment of pediatric supracondylar fractures of the humerus.3 The main considerations are the relative cost and effectiveness of each treatment option. However, hidden costs for pediatric patients must also be considered. These costs include the additional home care required for a patient, the costs of rehabilitation and of missed school, child care costs if both parents work, and time off work required by one or both parents to care for the pediatric patient. The potential deformity of the arm at the elbow, including varus deformity and prolonged loss of mobility, as well as absence from school, often associated with the management of pediatric supracondylar fractures of the humerus, can have adverse physical, social, and emotional consequences for the child as well as the child's family. Treatments that minimize these concerns are therefore desirable. Most management methods are associated with some known risks, especially invasive and surgical treatments. Contraindications vary widely based on the treatment administered. A particular concern when managing supracondylar humerus fractures is the potential for this fracture to cause vascular compromise of the limb, which can lead to long-term loss of nerve and/or muscle function. Additional factors may affect the choice of treatment, including but not limited to associated injuries the patient may present with as well as comorbidities, skeletal maturity, and/or specific patient characteristics, including obesity. Clinician input based on experience increases the probability of identifying patients who will benefit from specific management options. The individual patient's family dynamic will also influence treatment decisions; therefore, discussion of available treatments and procedures applicable to the individual patient rely on mutual communication between the patient's guardian and physician, weighing the potential risks and benefits for that patient. Once the patient's guardian has been informed of available therapies and has discussed these options with his or her child's physician, an informed decision can be made. History On September 20, 2011, at approximately 1:30 pm, the patient is playing on the monkey bars and falls approximately 6 feet onto his outstretched right hand. There is immediate pain and deformity to his right elbow, without any open injuries. There is no pain at the right shoulder, wrist, or neck; neither is there loss of consciousness. This is an isolated injury, and the patient has no previous injuries to his upper extremities. His last meal was before playing was at approximately 1:00 pm. He is assessed at Whistler Medical Clinic, approximately 3 hours north of Vancouver, where the supracondylar fracture is identified. He is put into a posterior slab and transported to BC Children's Hospital Emergency Department. Physical Examination and Imaging Studies On examination, the patient shows normal vital signs and is in minimal stress. The right posterior slab splint is removed to reveal a very swollen right elbow. The skin is intact. The ipsilateral shoulder and wrist are normal to screening examination. Good radial pulse is palpated. Neurologic assessment shows intact motor responses to median ulnar and radial nerve distributions. There is normal sensation of median, ulnar, and radial nerve distribution. Radial pulse is palpable in the hand, which is well perfused. Radiographs show a displaced type III extension supracondylar humerus fracture (Figure 1).Figure 1: AP (A) and lateral (B) radiographs demonstrating a displaced type III extension supracondylar fracture of the humerus in a pediatric patient.Assessment and Planning The patient is a 6-year-old boy presenting with a type III supracondylar humerus fracture. This is a severely displaced fracture and requires surgical fixation. Following the AAOS guideline and standard of care, the procedure will consist of closed reduction, possible open reduction, and Kirschner wire (K-wire) fixation. The risks and benefits are discussed with the parents, and consent is obtained. Two lateral divergent K-wires are used to stabilize the fracture (Figure 2).Figure 2: AP (A) and lateral (B) radiographs demonstrating two lateral divergent Kirschner wires transfixing the distal humerus.The AAOS guideline suggests closed reduction with pin fixation for patients with displaced (eg, Gartland types II and III, and displaced flexion) pediatric supracondylar fractures of the humerus (strength of evidence: Moderate). This was discussed with the parents, along with the possibility of open reduction. The AAOS guideline suggests the practitioner may use two or three laterally introduced pins to stabilize the reduction of displaced pediatric supracondylar fractures of the humerus. Considerations of potential harm indicate that the physician might avoid the use of a medial pin (strength of evidence: Weak). In this patient, we used two lateral divergent K-wires. The AAOS guideline is unable to recommend for or against a time threshold for reduction of displaced pediatric supracondylar fractures of the humerus without neurovascular injury (strength of evidence: Inconclusive). Because of transportation time, the patient receives reduction within 8 hours of injury. The AAOS guideline is unable to recommend an optimal time for removal of pins and mobilization in patients with displaced pediatric supracondylar fractures of the humerus (strength of evidence: Inconclusive). We typically remove pins at 3 to 4 weeks after fracture reduction. The AAOS guideline is unable to recommend for or against routine supervised physical or occupational therapy for patients with pediatric supracondylar fractures of the humerus (strength of evidence: Inconclusive). After release from the hospital, the child does not pursue therapy and is followed during clinic visits at 1 week, 3 weeks, and 6 months postinjury. At 6 months, the patient had full range of motion at the elbow. The AAOS guideline is unable to recommend an optimal time for allowing unrestricted activity after injury in patients with healed pediatric supracondylar fractures of the humerus (strength of evidence: Inconclusive). The child began unrestricted activity 3 to 4 weeks following removal of K-wires.

Spinal epidural hematoma is a rare condition that usually presents with acute, severe pain at the location of the hemorrhage, with radiation to the extremities. It can rapidly develop to include progressive and severe neurologic deficit. The pathophysiology often remains unclear. However, epidural hematoma in the lumbar spine is best described as the result of internal rupture of the Batson vertebral venous plexus. Clinical evaluation of pain control and neurologic deficit is the most important tool in early diagnosis. Currently, MRI is the diagnostic method of choice. Regardless of the setting, symptomatic spinal epidural hematoma is typically managed with urgent surgical decompression of the spinal canal.

Abstract Very little actual scientific research has been carried out in I/T to date, essentially because of the lack of scientific background among I/T investigators. Major problems are found in the sampling procedures, materials, experimental conditions and tasks, quantification procedures and conclusion-drawing logic. In order to foster I/T research, methodological research training could be given to investigators, and interdisciplinary contacts and networking should be promoted. The input of I/T practitioners to I/T research can be valuable in spite of their lack of training provided they use simple methods and are supervised appropriately. Non I/T practitioners should work with practitioners.

Thousands of single-copy internal eliminated sequences (IESs) are excised from the germ line genome of ciliates during development of the polygenomic somatic macronucleus, following sexual events. Paramecium IESs are short, noncoding elements that frequently interrupt coding sequences. No absolutely conserved sequence element, other than flanking 5'-TA-3' direct repeats, has been identified among sequenced IESs; the mechanisms of their specific recognition and precise elimination are unknown. Previous work has revealed the existence of an epigenetic control of excision. It was shown that the presence of one IES in the vegetative macronucleus results in a specific inhibition of the excision of the same element during the development of a new macronucleus, in the following sexual generation. We have assessed the generality and sequence specificity of this transnuclear maternal control by studying the effects of macronuclear transformation with 13 different IESs. We show that at least five of them can be maintained in the new macronuclear genome; sequence specificity is complete both between genes and between different IESs in the same gene. In all cases, the degree of excision inhibition correlates with the copy number of the maternal IES, but each IES shows a characteristic inhibition efficiency. Short internal IES-like segments were found to be excised from two of the IESs when excision between normal boundaries was inhibited. Available data suggest that the sequence specificity of these maternal effects is mediated by pairing interactions between homologous nucleic acids.

An inquiry into the emergence of non-canonical subjects in Hindi may be a first step in evaluating the importance of semantic alignments in the language. The modern data display a cline of subject properties depending on the case and semantic role (Section 1). A brief account of the ancient data in Sanskrit (Section 2) shows that the most innovative development was that of experiencer subjects, which emerged in early NIA along with inefficient and involuntary actors (Section 3). This rise was related to global systemic changes in the language, particularly the development of new case markers (Section 4). The last section examines the main factors responsible for this shift, particularly re-analysis, usage and speaker’s viewpoint, lexical renewal and contact.

INTRODUCTION: Direct skeletal attachment of prostheses has previously been shown to improve patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures of individuals with transfemoral amputation (TFA) at 2-year follow-up. This prospective study reports the outcomes at 5-year follow-up. METHODS: A total of 51 patients (55 legs) with TFA were included in a prospective study. Complications, success rate, and PRO measures were followed for 5 years. RESULTS: The cumulative fixture survival rate at 5 years was 92%, and the revision-free survival rate was 45%. Thirty-four patients had 70 superficial infections. Eleven patients had 14 deep infections. Fifteen patients had mechanical complications. Four fixtures were removed (ie, one deep infection and three loosening). PRO measures showed significant improvements including more use of the prosthesis, better mobility, fewer issues, and improved physical health-related quality of life (all P < 0.0001) compared with baseline. CONCLUSION: Individuals with TFA at 5-year follow-up had significant improvement in PRO measures, but increases in deep infections and mechanical complications are concerning.