International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature

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The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, or Commission) considered amendments to Articles of its Constitution (ICZN 1999a) at a special session in Singapore, convened on June 3-7, 2019. During this meeting, Commissioners also planned revisions to the Bylaws, the current International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999b, 2003, 2012, 2017) and ZooBank user policies.

The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (the fourth edition is online at http://www.iczn.org/iczn/index.jsp ) was established to bring order to the naming of animal species. It is administered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), a body set up in 1895 to take on the task on behalf of all zoologists. In this issue of Nature, ICZN executive secretary Andrew Polaszek, together with representatives of many of the world's major natural history museums, argues the case for a major upgrade to the ‘Code’ for its next edition. ZooBank would be a web-based open-access resource, bolstered by mandatory registration for new names. ICZN has started a year-long consultation with a view to having ZooBank up and running for the 250th anniversary of Linnaeus' system of animal nomenclature in 2008.

Abstract The uninterrupted succession of the Mississippian–Pennsylvanian boundary beds in the Muradymovo section in the South Urals contains diverse fossils and has a high correlative potential. The Muradymovo section is located in the Zilair Megasynclinorium (ZM), which belongs to the West Uralian Subregion and displays carbonate-siliciclastic deep-water facies of the Bukharcha Formation, which is partly Serpukhovian (Kosogorian, Protvian and Yuldybaevian) and partly Bashkirian (Syuranian). In the southern ZM, the lower part of the formation contains argillaceous carbonates with beds of shale and siltstone, subordinate clastic limestones and limestone breccia, while the upper part is mostly limestone with cherty interbeds. In the north of the ZM, the formation mainly consists of limestone. The Muradymovo succession contains no identifiable gaps in the Mid-Carboniferous Boundary (MCB) portion and has a succession of foraminiferal, conodont, ammonoid and ostracod zones. The MCB in this section coincides with the base of the Bogdanovkian and is defined by the entry of Declinognathodus noduliferus. This level falls within the upper part of the foraminiferal Monotaxinoides transitorius Zone, is near the base of the ammonoid Homoceras–Hudsonoceras Genozone and can be correlated worldwide.

The purpose of this application is to conserve the generic name Mammuthus Brookes, 1828, and to designate Elephas primigenius Blumenbach, 1799 as the type species, in accordance with existing usage.M. primigenius, the woolly mammoth, is known from Pleistocene deposits in Europe, Asia and northern North America.A neotype for primigenius is designated.1 .Two specific names for the woolly mammoth were proposed in 1 799 : Blumenbach (p.697) proposed the name Elephas primigenius, while G. Cuvier (p.21) proposed E. mammonteus.Blumenbach's work appeared a few months earlier and primigenius was the name adopted by subsequent authors.Maglio (1973, p. 60) in his revisionary work on the elephantidae suggested that Blumenbach did not validly publish the specific name in 1 799 (presumably because primigenius was written with an interrogation mark) and that the name became available from the 1803 French translation of Blumenbach's work (p.407, where the name was cited without the interrogation mark).

Abstract. The tridentate pedicellariae in all species of Diadema and Echinothrix recognized by Mortensen, plus species described later (to include D. palmeri and two color morphs of E. calamaris ) were examined to identify diagnostic species characters, and to determine whether such characters are useful in inferring phylogenetic relationships between species. Nineteen morphological characters were measured and analyzed, and species‐specific characters were identified. The morphometric data were then transformed using gap coding and a parsimony analysis was undertaken. The resulting cladogram for the tridentate pedicellariae present in species of Diadema was compared with the mitochondrial DNA phylogeny of Lessios et al., with a good level of congruence observed. Very narrow forceps‐like tridentate pedicellariae were found to be basal among Recent species, present only in D. setosum and D. palmeri. Members of D. palmeri were found to be unique within the genus, having both the forceps‐like form and a broad form of tridentate pedicellaria. The very narrow forceps‐like form is absent in all subsequent divergent species, while the broad form of tridentate pedicellaria in D. palmeri is basal to the broad forms in D. antillarum, D. mexicanum, D. paucispinum , and both the broad and narrow forms of tridentate pedicellaria of D. savignyi. The greatest similarity was found between the broad forms of tridentate pedicellaria in D. antillarum and D. mexicanum. These species were also found to have narrow forms of tridentate pedicellaria that showed a reasonable level of association to one another and to the rostrate form in D. ascensionis. Since the work of Mortensen, D. ascensionis has been shown, using mitochondrial DNA, to be nested within D. antillarum . The results of this study show that the tridentate pedicellaria in D. ascensionis are distinctly different from all other forms within the genus, to the extent that they belong to a rostrate subclass. This indicates that, among Diadema species, the tridentate pedicellariae are one of the first morphological characters to diverge in genetically isolated populations. Unlike the tridentate pedicellariae in Diadema , the different forms of tridentate pedicellariae in E. calamaris and E. diadema showed a stronger association intraspecifically than between forms interspecifically. The small forms of tridentate pedicellaria of the white and brown color morphs in E. calamaris showed a high level of association, while the large forms showed only a moderate association, far lower than would be expected between color morphs of the same species. This suggests that they are either subspecies or recently diverged separate species. This study demonstrates the taxonomic value contained within the characters of the tridentate pedicellariae for both differentiating species (even subspecies) and inferring phylogenetic relationships between species.

Preamble1. Biology requires a precise, coherent and simple system for the naming of organisms used internationally,dealing both with the nomenclatural terms and with the scientific names that are applied to the individualtaxonomic groups of organisms (taxa, singular taxon).

Faray is a 250 ha island in Orkney, uninhabited by humans since 1946. The only small mammal is the house mouse, Mus domesticus , which between 1982 and 1986 fluctuated in numbers from a maximum of 400–500 to less than 50. Over the period when the population was at its smallest, the frequency of Hbb s increased from 29.1% to 46.6%. There was also a decrease in the frequency of a Robertsonian translocation, Rb (4.10) from 36.4% to 13.3% during the study period; two other Robertsonian chromosomes, Rb (3.14) and Rb (9.12), were always homozygous. The change at the Hbb locus is probably the result of genetic drift; this conclusion was reached only after other possibilities were excluded.

With electronic communication rapidly changing the scientific working environment, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature works on three major initiatives to adapt the current Code while, at the same time, safeguarding the stability of nomenclature. An Amendment to the Code has been proposed to allow electronic-only publications as available outlets for nomenclatural information. Such names would need to be registered in ZooBank, the proposed official registry of zoological nomenclature. For names and nomenclatural acts published through traditional, paper-based works, registration would be voluntary but encouraged. A new, more user-friendly edition of the zoological Code is in preparation. For the development of ZooBank and the new edition of the Code, the Commission encourages broad involvement of the taxonomic community.

The bethylid genus Foenobethylus Kieffer, 1913, unstudied for almost a century, is redescribed and assigned to the subfamily Pristocerinae based on a preliminary phylogenetic assessment. Four new species: F. bidentatus n. sp. (Brunei), F. elongatus n. sp. (Malaysia), F. emiliacasellae n. sp. (Thailand), and F. thomascokeri n. sp. (Malaysia) are described, based on males only, as females remain unrecognised in this genus. All specimens are deposited in the Department of Entomology, the Natural History Museum, London, U.K. The type species F. gracilis Kieffer (Philippines), although unrepresented by any traceable specimen, can be distinguished from these species based on the original description. A key to the five known species of Foenobethylus is provided.

The editors of Systematic Entomology (at that time Peter S. Cranston and Frank-Thorsten Krell) in consultation with Debbie Wright (then Journal Publishing Manager with Wiley-Blackwell) were very engaged in the discussions leading up to the ICZN amendments. On 3rd October 2012 Systematic Entomology published in Early View the first paper that conformed fully to the electronic publications amendment to the Code (Robertson et al., 2012). This paper subsequently was allocated to a printed journal issue (2013: 38.1) and paginated (pp. 209–232) but otherwise was identical to the Version of Record in Early View including the immutable DOI 10.1111/j.1365-3113.2012.00655.x. The article, which is available freely from the journal website, contains within the work the statement “[Version of Record, published online 3 October 2012]” and in the downloadable pdf this identical information is located at the end of the article as “First published online 3 October 2012”. The publication and new names are registered in ZooBank. A URL is provided from the text (although a critical hyphen in the midst of the overlong URL is missing). The ZooBank entry for the journal article includes the statement that the date of publication is 3 October 2012, and the on-line archive used is CLOCKSS, as for all Wiley journals. Since that first paper, Systematic Entomology has published many manuscripts with nomenclatural content in Early View prior to journal and page allocation and paper publication. Given the option to do so, very few authors have chosen not to allow their paper to appear in Early View. Some authors chose to state that their Early View manuscript was not the basis for date-sensitive nomenclatural matters. Although editors have sought to allocate e-papers to a journal issue in the same calendar year as the Early View year, as with the Robertson et al. paper above, this has occasionally failed. Article 9. What does not constitute published work. …none of the following constitutes published work within the meaning of the Code:Article 9.9. preliminary versions of works accessible electronically in advance of publication (see Article 21.8.3); Article 21.8. Advance distribution of separates and preprints. 21.8.3. Some works are accessible online in preliminary versions before the publication date of the final version. Such advance electronic access does not advance the date of publication of a work, as preliminary versions are not published (Article 9.9). Evidently were Early View papers to be considered to be preliminary “pre-publications”, nomenclatural acts therein would be unavailable. But this is not the case as we explain below. Wiley does not change the content of any Early View publications in systematic journals: they are immutable, include the date of e-publication and have a permanent DOI. The only difference between an Early View paper and the same paper integrated into a journal issue is the bibliographical details: the integrated paper is assigned a journal and issue number, and differently paginated. Does this make those two stages of the same article different versions, with the Early View stage to be considered preliminary? No. Version of Record Definition: A fixed version of a journal article that has been made available by any organization that acts as a publisher by formally and exclusively declaring the article “published”. This includes any “early release” article that is formally identified as being published even before the compilation of a volume issue and assignment of associated metadata, as long as it is citable via some permanent identifier(s). This does not include any “early release” article that has not yet been “fixed” by processes that are still to be applied, such as copy-editing, proof corrections, layout, and typesetting. Notes: Wiley adheres to these Recommendations, which form the ‘Code’ of the publishing industry. Any changes to content of the Version of Record are dealt with by erratum or corrigendum as they would in a print/online journal issue. Early View is neither a form of ‘pre-publication’ nor a preliminary version, but rather makes publicly available the Version of Record (fixed content) ahead of inclusion in a journal issue, as a service to authors and readers. It presents exactly the same content in a slightly different context. An alternative (or additional) concern regarding electronic publications involves accessibility and authentication of a Version of Record. All Wiley publications are archived in CLOCKKS (http://www.clockss.org) fulfilling the Code request (#6 above) that the archive preserves content and layout. The archive location is specified with each ZooBank entry. Note that CLOCKSS is an archiving service not a journal content search engine, and accessing the Version of Record is available easily via the Publisher's webpage, via the DOI, and sources such as CrossRef. Of major importance for our taxonomic works is that this archiving provides comprehensive reassurance that content will be preserved permanently including orphaned and abandoned electronic scholarly content. In addition, archiving makes open access content that is no longer available from the publisher, available again for free. In conclusion arguments made against Wiley's Early View being a valid means of publication for nomenclatural actions are spurious: such electronic publications are indeed ‘code compliant’. Whether this applies to journals of other publishers is for their authors, editors and management to determine for themselves. The opinion expressed here has been reviewed and endorsed by the following systematists and editors: John Allen, Editor Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, Southampton, UK; Andrew Austin, Editor Invertebrate Systematics, Adelaide, Australia; Jim Carpenter, Editorial Board/Advisory Council/Administrative Editor Systematic Entomology, Entomological Science, Zoologica Scripta, Cladistics, New York, USA; Stephen Cameron, Editor/Editorial Board Systematic Entomology, Austral Entomology, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution; Penelope Gullan, insect systematist, Canberra, Australia; Peter J. Hayward, Editor, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, London, UK; Demian Takumasa Kondo, Subject Editor/Editor/Editorial Board Neotropical Entomology, Journal of Insect Science, International Journal of Insect Science, Revista Colombiana de Entomología, Palmira, Colombia; Rudolph Meier, Editorial board Systematic Entomology & Invertebrate Systematics, NUS, Singapore; Kelly Miller, author of Systematic Entomology EV paper, New Mexico, USA; Andrew Polaszek, former Executive Secretary, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature and Keeper of Entomology, Natural History Museum, London, UK; Thomas Simonsen, Editor Systematic Entomology, Natural History Museum, London, UK; James Robertson, author of Systematic Entomology EV paper, Arizona, USA; Adam Ślipiński, author of Systematic Entomology EV paper, Canberra, Australia; Lars Vilhelmsen, Editor Systematic Entomology, Copenhagen, Denmark; Christiane Weirauch, Editor Systematic Entomology, California, USA; Michael Whiting, Editorial Board, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Utah, USA; Shaun Winterton, Editor Systematic Entomology, California, USA and Deborah Wright, former Journals Publishing Manager, John Wiley & Sons, Oxford, UK.

Carboniferous ammonoids purchased by the Zoology Department of the British Museum in 1841 from W. Gilbertson and presently housed in the Palaeontology Department of the Natural History Museum, London were the core material for the ammonoid descriptions in "Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire. Volume 2" (Phillips, 1836). Phillips' monograph contained a geological map, sections of outcrops, systematic descriptions and plates of fossils from the Mountain Limestone District in Yorkshire. Phillips' descriptions were much abbreviated, while his original illustrations were pencil and ink drawings. Lack of information on the type species described by Phillips made their identifications in Carboniferous faunas for over 150 years uncertain. Re-examination of ammonoids from the Gilbertson Collection revealed that the type specimens contained in the collection after being re-described and re-figured provide much additional information. There are 182 specimens representing 35 species (3 holotypes, 15 lectotypes, and 58 paralectotypes), the identity of which was confirmed as a result of this study. Examination of Phillips' original drawings and notes in the Library of Oxford University Museum of Natural History and their comparison with the material from the Gilbertson Collection revealed that some illustrations based on specimens from the Gilbertson Collection were omitted from the final publication. These specimens are here re-described and illustrated, and their status as types is confirmed.

Authorship of the genus Leucocytozoon has been variously assigned to several investigatiors, especially Danilewsky and Ziemann. Recently Hsu, Campbell & Levine (1973) have credited it to Berestneff. It is herein submitted that they erred in doing so and in relegating Akiba Bennett, Garnham & Fallis, 1965 and Saurocytozoon Lainson & Shaw, 1969 to synonymy with it. An attempt is made to clarify the confusion that has increasingly surrounded the genus Leucocytozoon, and it is recommended that the type species (by designation) should be Leucocytozoon majoris (Laveran, 1902), one of a mixture of organisms earlier lumped together under a name (Haemamoeba Grassi & Feletti, 1890) currently reserved for an avian subgenus of Plasmodium Marchiafava & Celli, 1885. We conclude that the generic name should be credited to Sambon, the 1st author to present an unequivocal description of the genus.

In 2012 the regulatory bodies on botanical and zoological nomenclature have decided that papers describing new species and other taxa can now be published in electronic-only journals or books. This decision opens up open access journals for the publication of discoveries of new animals and plants on earth. Rules and regulations for electronic publishing of papers introducing new scientific names are explained.

The purpose of this application, under Article 75.5 of the Code, is to set aside all type fixations for Nautilus pompilius Linnaeus, 1758, and to designate a neotype. The type series of N. pompilius includes specimens in the Linnean Society of London, the University Museum in Uppsala, and specimens figured by pre-Linnaean authors indicated by reference by Linnaeus (1758). The original material includes juveniles, specimens with unknown provenance, modified specimens and carved ornaments. Given the poor quality of the material and the lack of clarity as to its type status, we apply to the Commission asking to set aside all previous type fixations and designate a neotype. The neotype designation is of utmost importance for accurate identification of this species, which is necessary for its trade control and protection.

Coelopleurus exquisitus sp. nov. Coppard & Schultz, 2006 occurs at depths of 240 m to 520 m off of New Caledonia in the South Pacific. This new species is distinctive in having large naked interambulacral median regions that are purple with an undulating lavender line, in conjunction with highly curved primary spines that are banded red and pale-green on their dorsal surface for three quarters of the distal length, pointed secondary spines and aboral ophicephalous pedicellariae that have constricted valves.

Few animals are treasured by zoologists more than Nautilus, and Nautilus pompilius Linnaeus, 1758, the type species of the genus, in particular. However, the type series of this species has not been studied in great detail. According to the rules of zoological nomenclature the type series consists of all the specimens included by the author in the new nominal taxon at the time of description (whether directly or by bibliographic reference), and any evidence, published or unpublished, may be taken into account to determine what specimens are included. The type series of Nautilus pompilius includes specimens in the Linnean Society of London, the University Museum in Uppsala, and specimens figured by pre-Linnaean authors indicated by reference by Linnaeus (1758). One specimen in London and four specimens in Uppsala, which are still extant, are likely to have been known to Linnaeus at the time when he prepared the 10th Edition of Systema Naturae (Linnaeus 1758), although none of these specimens was specifically mentioned by him. Even though it is widely believed that Linnaeus (1767) designated as lectotype a specimen figured by Rumphius (1705) in his D’Amboinsche Rariteitkamer, referred to in the Systema Naturae, this presumed lectotypification is not valid because Linnaeus did not explicitly indicate that any particular specimen was considered to be the type of the species. Later lectotype designations of Rumphius’ illustrations are invalid because they show three different specimens. It seems that the best approach, given the quality of the material and the lack of clarity as to its type status, would be to apply to the ICZN asking to set aside all previous type fixations and designate a neotype, preferably a DNA sequenced specimen of known provenance.

The List of Available Names in Zoology (LAN) is an inventory of names with specific scope in time and content, presented and approved in parts, and constituted as a cumulative index of names available for use in zoological nomenclature. It was defined in Article 79 in the fourth edition of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. The LAN is likely to gain importance with the development of the online Official Registry for Zoological Nomenclature (ZooBank) as it is potentially a source of many nomenclaturally certified names. Article 79 describes the deliberative process for adding large numbers of names to the LAN simultaneously, detailing steps and chronology for submission of a candidate Part to the LAN and consideration of a candidate Part by the public and Commission, but it is largely mute about the contents of a candidate Part. It does make clear that a name within the scope of a Part but not on the LAN has no nomenclatural standing, even if it had previously been considered available, thereby preventing long-forgotten names from displacing accepted ones and the accumulation of nomina dubia. Thus, for taxa on the LAN, nomenclatural archaeology - the resurrecting of old unused names to replace by priority names in current usage - will not be worthwhile. Beyond that, it has been unclear if Article 79 is intended to document every available name known within the scope of the Part, or if its intention is to pare the inventory of available names within the scope of the Part. Consideration by the Commission and two committees to deal with the LAN have defined steps to implement Article 79 with the latter intent. Procedures for consideration of a candidate Part are defined in a manual, published as an appendix in this volume.

The purpose of this application, under Article 81.1 of the Code, is to conserve current usage of ammonoid specific names that have been widely used by palaeontologists and stratigraphers for almost a century even though these names were established in a work placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature by Direction 32. This direction followed Opinion 132, in which the genus-group names (Gattungsbezeichnungen) established by Sobolew (1914a, 1914b) were considered to be formulae and not available generic names. However, Opinion 132 included no ruling on the specific names established in the same papers and some of these names have continued to be used in publications and databases. It is requested that the Commission reinstate the availability of Sobolew's species-group names published in the rejected work for the sake of nomenclatural stability. The spelling umbilifer Sobolew, 1914a is selected in this paper as the correct original spelling over umbiliferum under Article 24.2.3 of the Code.

The purpose of this apphcation is to conserve 1 1 mammal generic names which were first pubhshed in M.J. Brisson's Regnum Animate (1762). Brisson did not always use binominal names for species and the work is therefore not available; its rejection is proposed. However, a number of generic names included in it have had established usage for over 230 years. These are Philander (four-eyed opossum of South and Central America), Pteropus (fruit bat or flying 'fox' from the tropics of the Old World), Glis (European fat or edible dormouse), Cuniculus (South and Central American lowland paca), Hydrochoerus (South and Central American capybara), Meles (European and Asian badger), Lutra (river otter with world-wide distribution except Australasia), Hyaena (striped and brown hyaenas of Asia and Africa), Tapirus (tapir of Asia, Central and South America), Tragulus (Asian chevrotain or mousedeer) and Giraffa (African giraffe). The genera include both Recent and fossil species.