Kastamonu University

The physics programme and the design are described of a new collider for particle and nuclear physics, the Large Hadron Electron Collider (LHeC), in which a newly built electron beam of 60 GeV, to possibly 140 GeV, energy collides with the intense hadron beams of the LHC. Compared to the first ep collider, HERA, the kinematic range covered is extended by a factor of twenty in the negative four-momentum squared, Q 2 , and in the inverse Bjorken x , while with the design luminosity of 10 33 cm -2 s -1 the LHeC is projected to exceed the integrated HERA luminosity by two orders of magnitude. The physics programme is devoted to an exploration of the energy frontier, complementing the LHC and its discovery potential for physics beyond the Standard Model with high precision deep inelastic scattering measurements. These are designed to investigate a variety of fundamental questions in strong and electroweak interactions. The LHeC thus continues the path of deep inelastic scattering (DIS) into unknown areas of physics and kinematics. The physics programme also includes electron-deuteron and electron-ion scattering in a ( Q 2 1/ x ) range extended by four orders of magnitude as compared to previous lepton-nucleus DIS experiments for novel investigations of neutron's and nuclear structure, the initial conditions of Quark-Gluon Plasma formation and further quantum chromodynamic phenomena. The LHeC may be realised either as a ring-ring or as a linac-ring collider. Optics and beam dynamics studies are presented for both versions, along with technical design considerations on the interaction region, magnets including new dipole prototypes, cryogenics, RF, and further components. A design study is also presented of a detector suitable to perform high precision DIS measurements in a wide range of acceptance using state-of-the art detector technology, which is modular and of limited size enabling its fast installation. The detector includes tagging devices for electron, photon, proton and neutron detection near to the beam pipe. Civil engineering and installation studies are presented for the accelerator and the detector. The LHeC can be built within a decade and thus be operated while the LHC runs in its high-luminosity phase. It so represents a major opportunity for progress in particle physics exploiting the investment made in the LHC.

It should be possible, for a city, to achieve a healthy environment, an active green space, and an urban distribution of the size of a systematic planning of functional and aesthetic qualities, and it will be possible with the development of an urban design concept. The adequacy of the standard value of green space is usually specified in the relevant legislation, and the current per capita of the city is identified by comparing it to the amount of green space. In this study, the distribution and amount of green space in Kutahya is examined as well as the distribution of green areas on a neighbourhood scale. Size and per capita rates are evaluated. Even distribution of the distance and accessibility of green areas throughout the city are closely related to the provision of recreational needs. Different sizes of green area, recreational activities, and accessibility standards vary depending on the city unit they serve. According to the digitization of parks composed of polygons in the ArcGIS attribute table for calculation, parks in the study area consist of 167 different parcels, 48 of which (28%) are 1500 m2 or less in area. Most small parklands were 306 m2; the largest urban park is at the southern entrance of the city, with an area of 109.214 m2. Parks in the study area cover a total area of 614.272 m2. Functionally linked, an integrated system of green spaces will allow the city to develop this natural potential in a sustainable way.

The aims of this study were to reveal university students' self-directed learning skills and determine whether these skills vary based on university type, gender, field of study, year of study, academic success, type of university entrance score, income level, and the desire to pursue a graduate degree. Also, this study explored the relationship between university students' self-directed learning skills and their lifelong learning tendencies. The study group of the survey comprised 2,600 first and fourth-year students from same departments of Hacettepe and Başkent Universities. The study collected its data by using "Self-Directed Learning Skills Scale" designed by Aşkin (2015). Moreover, Diker-Coşkun's "Lifelong Learning Tendencies Scale" was used to explore the relationship between university students' self-directed learning skills and their lifelong learning tendencies. The results revealed that university students' self-directed learning scores were above the median score of the scale. Self-directed learning skills were found not to vary based on university, year of study, income level. However, gender, field of study, university entrance score type, academic success and the desire to pursue a graduate degree made a significant difference on university students' self-directed learning skills. Finally, a moderate positive relationship was detected between self-directed learning skills and lifelong learning tendencies. In summary it can be said that, undergraduate students have self-directed learning skills and these skills are related to lifelong learning.

Cryopreservation of semen and artificial insemination have an important, positive impact on cattle production, and product quality. Through the use of cryopreserved semen and artificial insemination, sperm from the best breeding bulls can be used to inseminate thousands of cows around the world. Although cryopreservation of bull sperm has advanced beyond that of other species, there are still major gaps in the knowledge and technology bases. Post-thaw viability of sperm is still low and differs significantly among the breeding bulls. These weaknesses are important because they are preventing advances both in fundamental science of mammalian gametes and reproductive biotechnology. Various extenders have been developed and supplemented with chemicals to reduce cryodamage or oxidative stress with varying levels of success. More detailed insights on sperm morphology and function have been uncovered through application of advanced tools in modern molecular and cell biology. This article provides a concise review of progress in the cryopreservation of bull sperm, advances in extender development, and frontiers using diverse techniques of the study of sperm viability. This scientific resource is important in animal biotechnology because with the advances in discovery of sperm fertility markers, there is an urgent need to improve post-thaw viability and fertility of sperm through enhanced cryopreservation for precision agriculture to produce food animals to ensure food security on the global scale.

The coast along an urban area, when it is healthy, can play a role in the city, affecting the urban identity, enriching the visual aspects of life there, and overall affecting the quality of life in a positive way. Management and planning recommendations for the coast of Cide are presented. Cide is feeling the effects of rapid changes in land use. Studies conducted with geographic information systems (GISs) in order to analyze this process have shown that the natural structure of the user area of a coast changes over time. In particular, change manifests itself in an increase in construction, forests, and people living there. As for coastal planning, research priorities in the Cide coastal area, including some external environmental factors such as the social and economic factors affecting coastal development, were investigated. A method based on land use classification has been developed in the GIS environment. The data were supported by surveys conducted with residents. Based on the GIS results, Cide’s valuable agricultural land in coastal sand dune fields and forests have been determined; that the dominant type of land use in the study includes 3,336 ha of forest, accounting for 74% of the total area.

Abstract The Large Hadron–Electron Collider (LHeC) is designed to move the field of deep inelastic scattering (DIS) to the energy and intensity frontier of particle physics. Exploiting energy-recovery technology, it collides a novel, intense electron beam with a proton or ion beam from the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). The accelerator and interaction region are designed for concurrent electron–proton and proton–proton operations. This report represents an update to the LHeC’s conceptual design report (CDR), published in 2012. It comprises new results on the parton structure of the proton and heavier nuclei, QCD dynamics, and electroweak and top-quark physics. It is shown how the LHeC will open a new chapter of nuclear particle physics by extending the accessible kinematic range of lepton–nucleus scattering by several orders of magnitude. Due to its enhanced luminosity and large energy and the cleanliness of the final hadronic states, the LHeC has a strong Higgs physics programme and its own discovery potential for new physics. Building on the 2012 CDR, this report contains a detailed updated design for the energy-recovery electron linac (ERL), including a new lattice, magnet and superconducting radio-frequency technology, and further components. Challenges of energy recovery are described, and the lower-energy, high-current, three-turn ERL facility, PERLE at Orsay, is presented, which uses the LHeC characteristics serving as a development facility for the design and operation of the LHeC. An updated detector design is presented corresponding to the acceptance, resolution, and calibration goals that arise from the Higgs and parton-density-function physics programmes. This paper also presents novel results for the Future Circular Collider in electron–hadron (FCC-eh) mode, which utilises the same ERL technology to further extend the reach of DIS to even higher centre-of-mass energies.

bZIP proteins are one of the largest transcriptional regulators playing crucial roles in plant development, physiological processes, and biotic/abiotic stress responses. Despite the availability of recently published draft genome sequence of Cucumis sativus, no comprehensive investigation of these family members has been presented for cucumber. We have identified 64 bZIP transcription factor-encoding genes in the cucumber genome. Based on structural features of their encoded proteins, CsbZIP genes could be classified into 6 groups. Cucumber bZIP genes were expanded mainly by segmental duplication rather than tandem duplication. Although segmental duplication rate of the CsbZIP genes was lower than that of Arabidopsis, rice and sorghum, it was observed as a common expansion mechanism. Some orthologous relationships and chromosomal rearrangements were observed according to comparative mapping analysis with other species. Genome-wide expression analysis of bZIP genes indicated that 64 CsbZIP genes were differentially expressed in at least one of the ten sampled tissues. A total of 4 CsbZIP genes displayed higher expression values in leaf, flowers and root tissues. The in silico micro-RNA (miRNA) and target transcript analyses identified that a total of 21 CsbZIP genes were targeted by 38 plant miRNAs. CsbZIP20 and CsbZIP22 are the most targeted by miR165 and miR166 family members, respectively. We also analyzed the expression of ten CsbZIP genes in the root and leaf tissues of drought-stressed cucumber using quantitative RT-PCR. All of the selected CsbZIP genes were measured as increased in root tissue at 24th h upon PEG treatment. Contrarily, the down-regulation was observed in leaf tissues of all analyzed CsbZIP genes. CsbZIP12 and CsbZIP44 genes showed gradual induction of expression in root tissues during time points. This genome-wide identification and expression profiling provides new opportunities for cloning and functional analyses, which may be used in further studies for improving stress tolerance in plants.

The use of open source software, which has been constantly evolving since the mid-2000s, has affected every research discipline. Disciplines using geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) data have been heavily affected owing to this evolution of technology. Researchers working on these data sets have begun to use open source software intensively. The analysis and visualization of spatial data with the help of open source software has caused the emergence of new different features, which are cost effective and editable by other users. In this study, eight sample points have been used for the analysis of water quality in the Mamasın dam in the 2209/A group project of “Assessment and Modeling with GIS and RS Data of the Land Use Effects on Water Quality of Mamasın Dam” supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) under its program to support graduate students. While visualizing spatial features of the points, QGIS Desktop 2.18.0 and Studio programs with open source code have been used. The RStudio program is an open source software that allows the use of the functions of the R programming language. This study is an ideal application for spatial analysis studies with the R programming language. The sample points used in the study were analyzed in the laboratories of Department of Environmental Engineering, Aksaray University. Spatial properties of the analyzed data were examined by coding in the Studio program that is free open source software. In the analysis process, first, the libraries, Leaflet(), Leaflet.extras(), rgdal(), sp(), raster(), and magrittr(), which are used in the study, have been uploaded. With the help of these libraries, the locations of the sample points are transferred to the OpenStreetMap using latitudes and longitudes of the geographic coordinate system as base map. The pH, conductivity, PO4-P, PO4, dissolved oxygen, and temperature information of each sample points are assigned to the variables. These variables are added as a feature for each point. The spatial characteristics of the sample points are visualized using the data variable packages and online maps as the base. After the visualization process is completed, the generated map is presented on the website created via Github.

From ancient civilisations to the present, the underground and aboveground sites at Pompeipolis have reflected the social, economic, and cultural characteristics of the surrounding region and been a marker of its archaeological and natural heritage. This area should be passed on to future generations of humanity; to promote the protection of this site, promotional activities should be planned that use it in the best way. In this study, I evaluate the potential for the caretakers of the ancient city of Pompeipolis within Kastamonu to establish modern conservation approaches, balance its conservation and use within the framework of cultural tourism, and determine problem areas and opportunities. This framework is intended to establish a continuity of forward-looking tourism. In the context of the Kastamonu archaeological sites and the data obtained from studies conducted in the immediate vicinity, and by evaluating research studies and the literature, I will demonstrate the problems and opportunities that may be encountered while preserving the original character of the area. This will ensure its protection, balance, and sustainability, as well as conducting landscape design and developing tourism activities in the area.

Nearly 90% of people's lives are lived indoors, and their health is affected by the concentrations of CO 2 in these spaces. Carbon dioxide concentrations can rapidly change based on human activity in indoor living spaces. Indoor plants and the concentration of CO 2 in the local environment are factors that infl uence most people. Plants, depending on the ambient light and temperature conditions, and which are necessary to perform photosynthesis or respiration, directly affect the concentration of CO 2 in the local environment. Furthermore, indoor plants infl uence the level of CO 2 in the local environment but have not been researched enough in recent years concerning their specifi c effects. This study attempts to determine the effects of indoor plants on the concentration of CO 2 in an indoor environment under certain light conditions. Five indoor plants were placed in a glass-walled compartment in order to measure the amount of CO 2 . The glass compartment used in the study was positioned in a way to prevent direct sunlight yet provide an illuminated environment. The plants were placed into this airtight compartment with a glass wall, which had a volume of approximately 0.5 m 3 (0.7 m x 0.7 m x 1 m). The measurements of CO 2 within the compartment were carried out via Extech Desktop Indoor Air Quality CO 2 Datalogger, and the CO 2 measuring device placed in the compartment was set to measure CO 2 once every fi ve minutes. The study found that all plants reduced the concentration of CO 2 to a certain extent during the day.

Otuz kısımdan oluşan eserin başlıkları şu şekildedir: 1. Beraber Yaşadığımız Kavramlar, 2. Metaforik Kavramların Sistematiği 3. Metaforik Sistematik: Vurgulamak ve Gizlemek, 4. Yönelim Metaforları 5. Metafor ve Kültürel Tutarlılık, 6. Ontolojik Metaforlar, 7. Kişileştirme, 8. Metonimi, 9. Metaforik Tutarlılığa Meydan Okumalar 10. Bazı İlave Örnekler 11. Metaforik Yapılaşmanın Kısmi Doğası 12. Kavram sistemimiz Nasıl Temelleniyor? 13.Yapı Metaforlarının Temellenmesi, 14. Nedensellik: Kısmen Yeni Ortaya Çıkan ve Kısmen Metaforik, 15. Tutarlı Tecrübe Yapılanması, 16. Metaforik Tutarlılık, 17. Metaforlar arasındaki Kompleks Tutarlılıklar 18. Kavramsal Yapı Teorilerinin Bazı Sonuçları, 19. Tanımlama ve Anlama, 20. Metafor Forma Nasıl Anlam Verebilir? 21. Yeni Anlam, 22. Benzerliğin Yaratılması, 23. Metafor, Doğru ve Eylem, 24. Doğru, 25. Objektivizm ve Sübjektivizm Miti, 26. Batı Felsefesi ve Linguistiğinde Objektivizm Miti, 27. Metafor, Objektivizm Mitinin Kusurlarını Nasıl İfşa Eder? 28. Subjektivizm Mitinin Bazı Yetersizlikleri 29. Tecrübeci Alternatif: Eski Mitlere Yeni Anlamlar Vermek, 30. Anlama.

Abstract Psychology deals with not only mental disorders but also psychological strengths within individuals. Psychological strengths will play an important role in struggling with the global novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The present study tested a model concerning the relationship between resilience, hope, and subjective happiness using structural equation modeling to identify the mediating role of fear of COVID-19. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among a convenience sample of 971 Turkish individuals (aged 18 to 74 years) from 75 of 81 cities in Turkey. The survey included the Subjective Happiness Scale, Fear of COVID-19 Scale, Brief Resilience Scale, and the Dispositional Hope Scale, and data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The SEM demonstrated an association between resilience–hope and subjective happiness was mediated by fear of COVID-19 (CMIN/ df = 2.664, CFI = 0.994, NFI = 0.984, TLI = 0.984, GFI = 0.994, RMSEA = 0.044, SRMR = 0.024, AIC = 81.334, ECVI = 0.084). Resilience had a direct effect and an indirect effect on subjective happiness via fear of COVID-19. Hope also had a direct effect and an indirect effect on subjective happiness via fear of COVID-19. Consequently, in the fight against COVID-19, individuals who are resistant to stress and have a belief that they can find a way to cope can help prevent the fear of COVID-19 and so enhance good mental health.

Abstract The present paper studies the unstable nonlinear Schrödinger equations, describing the time evolution of disturbances in marginally stable or unstable media. More precisely, the unstable nonlinear Schrödinger equation and its modified form are analytically solved using two efficient distinct techniques, known as the modified Kudraysov method and the sine-Gordon expansion approach. As a result, a wide range of new exact traveling wave solutions for the unstable nonlinear Schrödinger equation and its modified form are formally obtained.

In this study, the effect of water stress on the germination rate of the seeds of nine pieces of species used for landscaping works in Kastamonu is investigated. The seeds of these species have been subject to germination trials with water stress level between 0 and -8 bar and the germination percentages of the seeds have been identified. The water stress was constituted with the use of polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) solution and germinations were carried out at 25C in a period of 35 days. Depending on the water stress as a result of these studies, it has been stated that the percentages of all species have decreased as from -2 bar water stress; there are no germinations in -6 bar water stress for the tree of heaven, and in -8 bar water stress for Cupressus arizonica and Sophora japonica. We found that the species most resistant to water stress are Pinus nigra, Cupressus sempervirens, and Pinus brutia.

Air pollution is among the major problems stemming from modern urban life. Millions of people worldwide die from air pollution every year. Especially heavy metals have great importance among these pollutants. Because heavy metals can stay in nature for a long time without deterioration, and their concentration in the environment is constantly increasing. They also tend to bioaccumulate. Many heavy metals arise from exhaust gases, car wheels, vehicles, and vehicle corrosion in cities. Determining heavy metal concentrations in plants is important both for determining the ability of plants to remove heavy metals from the air, and thus to be used as a means of increasing air quality, as well as for monitoring air quality. The purpose of this study is to determine the variation of different heavy metal concentrations, depending on the traffic density, in some landscape plants sampled from areas with different levels of traffic density. Our results show that heavy metal accumulation differs according to both plant species and traffic density. In traffic-dense areas we measured the greatest amounts of Cu, Ni, and Fe in Prunus cerasifera; of Ca, Mg, and Mn in Ailanthus altissima; of Cr and Zn in Elaeagnus angustifolia; and of Pb and Cd in Tilia tomentosa.

Heart rate during overnight rest and while diving were recorded from five emperor penguins with a microprocessor-controlled submersible recorder. Heart rate, cardiac output and stroke volume were also measured in two resting emperor penguins using standard electrocardiography and thermodilution measurements. Swim velocities from eight birds were obtained with the submersible recorder. The resting average of the mean heart rates was 72 beats min-1. Diving heart rates were about 15% lower than resting rates. Cardiac outputs of 1.9-2.9 ml kg-1 s-1 and stroke volumes of 1.6-2.7 ml kg-1 were similar to values recorded from mammals of the same body mass. Swim velocities averaged 3 m s-1. The swim speeds and heart rates suggest that muscle O2 depletion must occur frequently: therefore, many dives require a significant energy contribution from anaerobic glycolysis.

The most of plant foods, nuts and cereals contain antinutrient compounds. They reduce to mineral bioavailability and protein absorption of foods thanks to their chelating properties. They causes to micronutrient malnutrition and mineral deficiencies. The micronutrient malnutrition is a widespread global health problem not only in developing but also in many countries. Increasing micronutrient intake in food through food processing based approaches is a sustainable method of prevention of micronutrient malnutrition which should be achieved through food diversification. There are traditional and technological methods that provide reducing of antinutrient compounds.The pretreatment and processing techniques as soaking, fermentation, germination, debranning, and autoclaving are even traditional methods which use generally in consumption of foods.Removing antinutrients, the bioavailability of some cation (Ca, Fe and Zn) and the absorption of proteins make to increase and consequently nutrition value of food increase. It is possible to reduce antinutrient factors by using domestic or industrial basic food processing techniques alone or in combination.This review focused on various methods to reduce antinutrients in food such as phytic acid, tannin, and oxalate in food grain to improve nutritional quality of foods.

This study is aimed to assess the effects of pomegranate seed oil (PSO) supplementation on growth performance, some haematological, biochemical and immunological parameters, and disease resistance against Yersinia ruckeri in cultured rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792). 240 fish in total were randomly assigned into 4 triplicate groups (20 fish/per aquarium) corresponding to four dietary treatments: control (PSO0; no addition of PSO), 0.5% (PSO5), 1.00% (PSO10), and 2.00% (PSO20) of PSO, respectively. After the 60 day-feeding trial, fish blood samples were collected and compared. Statistical analysis (one-way ANOVA) showed a significant (P< 0.05) effect of PSO on Red Blood Cell Count (RBC), Haemoglobin Concentration (Hb), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), Cholesterol (CHOL), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) parameters in PSO5 and PSO10 with regard to control. Moreover, a pronounced (P< 0.05) increased in weight gain, growth and feed conversion was found in fish fed with PSO supplemented diets. After the feeding trial, fish were challenged with Y. ruckeri and survival recorded for 20 days. Cumulative survival was 45.10% in fish fed with the control diet, whereas in fish fed with PSO5, PSO10 and PSO20 supplemented diets, survival was 58.82%, 56.86%, and 56.86%, respectively. In conclusion, dietary administration of PSO induced a reduction in mortality of rainbow trout infected with Y. ruckeri, intercalary significant differences occurred on growth performance and some blood values among treated groups. These positive effects of PSO could be considered for new applications in aquaculture.

The novel coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become a major health problem worldwide. The impact of COVID-19 has also been associated with psychological and social problems. The main objective of the present study was to examine the associations between fear of COVID-19 and mental wellbeing, through a serial mediation analysis that included loneliness and smartphone addiction. Utilising convenience sampling from 73 of 81 cities in Turkey via the web-based survey the present study comprised 773 participants (556 females and 217 males; aged between 18 and 66 years) were collected. Self-report data were collected including psychometric measures assessing fear of COVID-19, loneliness, smartphone addiction, and mental wellbeing. Fear of COVID-19 was found to have both a direct and indirect effect on mental wellbeing. In addition, results supported a serial mediation model where fear of COVID-19 was found to influence mental wellbeing via loneliness and smartphone addiction in a sequential manner. The findings suggest that higher fear of COVID-19 is associated with lower mental wellbeing by negatively affecting individuals’ emotion and behaviour.

In this study, it was aimed to examine the critical and creative thinking, multidimensional 21st century skills and the change in academic achievements as a result of technology integration of prospective teachers who have science education in pedagogy fields. Research was carried out in Turkey's western Black Sea region in a state university. 144 prospective teachers, who were educated in the faculty of education and who were in science, classroom and pre-school education departments, participated in the research. The research was carried out in 3 stages. In the first stage, technology integration is not provided. In the second stage, basic and medium level technology integration is provided. In the third stage, advanced technology integration is provided. Quantitative and qualitative approaches were used together in the research. Academic success test, critical and creative thinking test developed by the researcher as a means of quantitative data collection, and three different scales with validity and reliability were used previously. In addition, project, exam, homework, presentation and group work scores are included in the process. Semi-structured interview, observation and field notes, document review, were used as qualitative data collection tools. The quantitative data obtained were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics. While doing these operations, SPSS 23.0 and LISREL 9.2 package programs were used. Qualitative data were subjected to descriptive analysis and content analysis. The results of the research show that gradual integration of technology into the education process provides a positive change in prospective teachers' critical and creative thinking, multi-dimensional 21st century skills and academic achievements.