Kimyo International University in Tashkent

The energy spectra of ground-state, ionized and excited multielectron atoms and ions of the 3d and 4d periods of the periodic table centred in impenetrable spherical confinement are detailed using Hartree-Fock configuration average calculations. It is shown explicitly for the first time that, owing to modifications in 3d and 4d orbital collapse, the filling of shells for the confined transition sequences becomes more regular than for free atoms with increasing confinement pressure, that s-d competition disappears, and that, for d-excited states, the crossings between inner-shell excited states and the double-ionization thresholds are altered. In general, the periodic table for confined (compressed) atoms can differ from that for free atoms. The importance of these findings for different branches of basic and applied physics and chemistry is indicated.

The properties of hydrogen confined endohedrally at the geometrical centre of a spherical, attractive short-range potential shell are explored. The evolution of the energy spectrum, as a function of the depth of the shell, is found to exhibit unusual level crossings and degeneracies resulting in avoided crossings and a new phenomenon of `mirror collapse' where the localized states switch places. In addition, a new level ordering, principally by the number of nodes in the radial wavefunction, develops. The results apply generally to endohedrally confined atoms. Further, they suggest a new tool for controlling the properties of atoms.

This letter demonstrates for the first time that an endohedral environment, such as the bucky-ball C60, can produce a significant redistribution of oscillator strengths in endohedrally trapped atoms, making the dominant transitions no longer superior but inferior, and also making electron correlations in such atoms act in an opposite way to free atoms. This is exemplified by calculations of the oscillator strengths and photoionization cross sections of the Ca atom trapped inside C60. Also, while photoionization cross sections can undergo dramatic changes on confinement, the photoelectron angular asymmetry parameter n can, in contrast to natural expectation, remain largely unchanged. The random-phase approximation with exchange was employed. We believe these are the first calculations of electron correlations for confined atomic species.

Electronic structure and optical spectra of ZnX 2 O 4 (X=Al, Ga, and In) have been studied by density functional calculations. It is shown that ZnX 2 O 4 posses a large fundamental band gap and a second gap defined as the energy difference between the two lowest conduction band (CB) energies. The second gap is found to be ∼2 eV for ZnAl 2 O 4 and >2.8 for ZnGa 2 O 4 and ZnIn 2 O 4 . The bottommost CB for ZnX 2 O 4 is well dispersive, which means that these materials possess the feature to conduct electrical current by CB electrons. Effective masses of electrons and holes are of the same order as those of the well‐known ZnO and In 2 O 3 . Optimized equilibrium structural parameters and bulk modulus for ZnAl 2 O 4 and ZnGa 2 O 4 are found to be in good agreement with the available experimental values and these values for ZnIn 2 O 4 are predicted. Chemical bonding is found to be mixed ionic–covalent with predominant ionic character.

We continue our study of the full set of translation-invariant splitting Gibbs measures (TISGMs, translation-invariant tree-indexed Markov chains) for the q-state Potts model on a Cayley tree. In our previous work (Külske et al., J Stat Phys 156 (2014), 189–200) we gave a full description of the TISGMs, and showed in particular that at sufficiently low temperatures their number is . In this paper we find some regions for the temperature parameter ensuring that a given TISGM is (non-)extreme in the set of all Gibbs measures. In particular we show the existence of a temperature interval for which there are at least extremal TISGMs. For the Cayley tree of order two we give explicit formulae and some numerical values. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 50, 636–678, 2017

In this work we investigate the derivations of n−dimensional complex\n\t\t\t\t evolution algebras, depending on the rank of the appropriate matrices. For evolution\n\t\t\t\t algebra with non-singular matrices we prove that the space of derivations is zero. The\n\t\t\t\t spaces of derivations for evolution algebras with matrices of rank n−1 are described.

In this paper, we consider the conditions for the existence of autosolitons, in trapped Bose-Einstein condensates with attractive atomic interactions. First, the variational approach is employed to estimate the stationary solutions for the three-dimensional Gross-Pitaevskii equation with trap potential, linear atomic feeding from the thermal cloud, and two- and three-body inelastic processes. Next, by using exact numerical calculations, we show that the variational approach gives reliable analytical results. We also discuss the possible observation of autosolitons in experiments with ${}^{7}\mathrm{Li}.$

We report a study of bimodal behaviour of atomic wavefunctions for a transition element (Cr) and how this behaviour can be controlled and even turned into single-mode character either by (i) varying the effective nuclear charge for nonintegral values, or (ii) placing the atom in a spherical cavity of adjustable radius. Our conclusions have relevance to the emergence of valence instabilities for transition metals in the solid state. Also it is shown that the very existence of the bimodal wavefunctions provides an explanation for the frequently experienced instability of self-consistent field algorithms when a double-valley potential occurs, and suggestions are made on how to improve the numerical procedure for such calculations.

The interaction of 800-GeV protons in nuclear emulsion has been investigated. The multiplicities and angular distributions of charged particles emitted by both the projectile and the target nucleus have been measured for 1718 inelastic events and are compared with the data obtained in proton-emulsion collisions at 67, 200, and 400 GeV. The target excitation is found to be independent of energy while the production of secondary particles continues to increase with incident proton energy.

The belief that we have a lot to learn from our learners, and that our learners have a lot to learn from each other, led me to consider alternative ways of involving learners in our exploratory practice, and inspired the creation of a new developmental tool: learner observations of teaching and learning. This is similar to peer observation in nature, but instead of having a peer teacher observing the lesson, it involves a learner observing the lesson by carrying out structured observation tasks. This article discusses the rationale, the procedures and techniques, and the findings of an exploratory study carried out at Bilkent University School of English Language (BUSEL), and proposes an exploratory framework through which learner observations of teaching and learning can be effectively used to achieve collaborative exploration of teaching and learning.

Abstract In this paper, we aim to investigate the dynamics of magnetized particles around magnetically and electrically charged static black holes (BHs) in Einstein–Maxwell-scalar theory. First, we explore the possible values of EMS parameters for which the spacetime geometry represents a BH spacetime. Since there is no interaction between the electric field of the electrically charged BH and the proper magnetic field of the magnetized test particle. Therefore, we consider BH immersed in an external asymptotically uniform magnetic field. We explore the properties of an external magnetic field around a charged EMS BH. Moreover, we also explored the effects of BH charge and EMS theory parameters on particle’s energy and angular momentum in the circular stable orbits, together with the radius of innermost stable circular orbits. All the obtained results are compared with the acquired results of the Reissner–Nordström BH. Finally, we investigate the behaviour of the center of mass energy of colliding magnetized and electrically charged particles around the EMS BH.

<em>Effective and efficient communication is direly required to compete in this everchanging modern world. The importance of English as a key foreign language is unquestionable which emphasizes learning it so well as to be its competent user. Teaching English as a second language (SL) is a very challenging task but a language teacher (LT) can make it a success and enjoyable with the help of introducing different activities in the class and by the integration of the four Language Learning Skills (LLSs), i.e. Listening skill, Reading Skill, Writing Skill and Speaking Skill. Ironically the teachers of English language have been concentrating on just one language skill, i.e. “Writing Skill”. The paper argues that any language can’t be taught in isolation; we must integrate the four LLSs to produce proficient users of that language. </em>

Photoelectron spectra and partial cross sections of ground-state and laser-excited Cr atoms in the range of the excitations are presented. The experimental spectra are compared with results obtained by calculations within the spin-polarized random-phase approximation with exchange (SP RPAE), in which the dynamic relaxation upon core hole creation is taken into account.

Data acquisition problem in large-scale distributed Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is one of the main issues that hinder the evolution of Internet of Things (IoT) technology. Recently, combination of Compressive Sensing (CS) and routing protocols has attracted much attention. An open question in this approach is how to integrate these techniques effectively for specific tasks. In this paper, we introduce an effective deterministic clustering based CS scheme (DCCS) for fog-supported heterogeneous WSNs to handle the data acquisition problem. DCCS employs the concept of fog computing, reduces total overhead and computational cost needed to self-organize sensor network by using a simple approach, and then uses CS at each sensor node to minimize the overall energy expenditure and prolong the IoT network lifetime. Additionally, the proposed scheme includes an effective algorithm for CS reconstruction called Random Selection Matching Pursuit (RSMP) to enhance the recovery process at the base station (BS) side with a complete scenario using CS. RSMP adds random selection process during the forward step to give opportunity for more columns to be selected as an estimated solution in each iteration. The results of simulation prove that the proposed technique succeeds to minimize the overall network power expenditure, prolong the network lifetime and provide better performance in CS data reconstruction.

Digital transformation is not a visitor in the education sector as it has introduced a variety of changes from digitizing curriculums to enabling students to learn from a distance. Unfortunately, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to dramatic educational changes that position online instruction as the primary mode of teaching and learning worldwide. With nationwide lockdowns and movement restrictions, compulsory distance education became the means to ensure continuity of educational services. This chapter investigated this forced transition from face-to-face to online education with a particular emphasis on public and senior secondary vocational education systems in Uzbekistan. In addition to the consequences of the sudden shift to distance education, this chapter likewise examined the exacerbation of issues concerning inclusive education. The findings of this chapter underscored the detrimental effects of emergency remote education in Uzbekistan as well as the responses made to adapt to the digital learning environments.

Current study sheds the light on the financial development-energy nexus in 32 Belt and Road economies during 2000-2015. Financial development is proxied by domestic credit to private sector. We first examine the order of integration by employing five different panel unit-root tests. Further, we confirm long-term relationship between the variables by running Pedroni and Kao panel cointegration tests. Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) regression reveal positive long-term relationship between financial development and energy use. Results of Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality test fail to reveal causal relationship between financial development and energy in our sample.Keywords: energy consumption, financial development, Belt and Road countriesJEL Classifications: G2, O4DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.10862

We developed revolutionary novel and low cost and nonvacuum chemical molecular beam deposition method for fabrication of thin film II-VI solar cells in the atmospheric pressure gas (He, Ar, H2) flow. High quality polycrystalline CdTe films with different compositions (stoichiometric and Cd/Te ≤1.0 and Cd/Te ≥ 1.0) and thickness of 2–3 μm were fabricated on ceramic (SiO2:Al2O3) substrates at temperature of 600 °C. Separate sources of Cd and Te with respective purities of 99.999% were used as precursors. The growth rate was varied in the range of 9–30 Å/s. The effect of the composition and CdCl2 treatment on the structure, intrinsic point defects, and electrical properties of CdTe films was investigated by XRD, AFM, Raman spectra, photoluminescence, and Hall methods.

Two bright solitons in a dipolar Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) can form stable bound states, known as soliton molecules. In this paper we study the scattering of a two-soliton molecule by external potential, using the simplest and analytically tractable Gaussian potential barriers and wells, in one spatial dimension. Collisions of soliton molecules with single solitons are investigated, the latter playing the role of a localized defect. Due to the long-range character of dipolar forces solitons interact with each other even though their waveforms do not appreciably overlap. This is an essentially different feature of dipolar solitons compared to their counterparts in BECs with contact atomic interactions. The result of scattering significantly depends on the potential’s strength and velocity of collision. For weak potentials and/or low velocity the molecule preserves its coherence, meantime the internal modes are excited. Scattering by strong potentials at moderately high velocity ends up with dissociation of the molecule. The theoretical model is based on the variational approximation for the nonlocal Gross–Pitaevskii equation (GPE). Predictions of the mathematical model are compared with numerical simulations of the nonlocal GPE, and good qualitative agreement between them is demonstrated.

Strong correlation in quadrupole photoionization amplitudes, along with strong correlation in dipole photoionization amplitudes, is found at keV photon energies. As a result, correlation is shown to profoundly influence the $E1\ensuremath{-}E2$ nondipole photoelectron angular distribution parameters, which themselves are found to be large. An approximate cancellation of correlation effects for measurements made using a certain geometry is demonstrated. Suggestions for future measurements to spotlight correlation in nondipole effects are indicated.

Photoelectron angular distributions and total photoionization cross sections of near-threshold $1s$ photoionization of Li from the oriented-in-space endohedral $\mathrm{Li}@{\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ fullerene are investigated within the framework of our recently developed photoionization theory of multicenter formations. Both at-the-center and off-the-center endohedral Li are considered, and off-the-center effects are shown to be of extreme importance, in contrast to the conventional wisdom. Multiple-scattering effects on the outgoing photoelectron are included and found to influence the photoionization spectra strongly, e.g., decreasing the cross section by more than an order of magnitude in certain cases, as compared to the situation when such effects are neglected. Diffraction resonances in the photoionization cross section of the endohedral Li atom are found as a result of the multicenter nature of the ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ surrounding cage, and these are compared with the results of other empirical and ab initio theories. Since there is nothing particularly special about Li $1s$ with respect to photoionization, the trends uncovered in this paper should qualitatively apply to near-threshold inner-shell $\mathrm{ns}$ photoionization spectra of virtually any endohedral atom A from any $A@{\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ endohedral fullerene formation.