Laboratoire d’Étude et de Recherche sur l’Économie, les Politiques et les Systèmes Sociaux

The operationalization of smart specialization policy has been rather limited because a coherent set of analytical tools to guide the policy directives remains elusive. We propose a policy framework around the concepts of relatedness and knowledge complexity. We show that diversifying into more complex technologies is attractive but difficult for European Union regions to accomplish. Regions can overcome this diversification dilemma by developing new complex technologies that build on local related capabilities. We use these findings to construct a policy framework for smart specialization that highlights the potential risks and rewards for regions of adopting competing diversification strategies.

Balland P.-A. Proximity and the evolution of collaboration networks: evidence from research and development projects within the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) industry, Regional Studies. This paper analyses the influence of proximity on the evolution of collaboration networks. It determines empirically how organizations choose their partners according to their geographical, cognitive, organizational, institutional and social proximity. Relational databases are constructed from research and development collaborative projects, funded under the European Union 6th Framework Programme within the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) industry from 2004 to 2007. The stochastic actor-based model SIENA is used to model the network dynamic as a realization of a continuous-time Markov chain and to estimate parameters for underlying mechanisms of its evolution. Empirical results show that geographical, organizational and institutional proximity favour collaborations, while cognitive and social proximity do not play a significant role. Balland P.-A. 相似性以及协作网络的演进：来自全球导航卫星系统产业研究及发展项目的相关证据，区域研究。本文分析了相似性在协作网络演进过程中的作用。这一研究从经验层面上考察了不同的组织是如何根据地理的、认知的、组织学的、制度的以及社会的相似性来选择合作伙伴的。2004－2007 年间欧盟全球导航卫星系统产业的第六次框架计划资助了一系列研究及发展项目，基于上述研究及项目我们构建了相关的数据库。我们利用随机的行为者模型 SIENA 来模型化了网络活力，以实现连续的 Markov 链同时估测了影响其演进机制的相关变量。经验结果表明，地理的、组织的以及制度的相似性会促进协作的产生，而认知与空间的相似性作用并不显著。 协作网络 相似性 经济地理学 活力网络模型 全球导航卫星系统 （GNSS） Balland P.-A. La proximité et l’évolution des réseaux de collaboration: des preuves provenant des projets de R et D au sein de l’industrie du système global de navigation par satellite (GNSS), Regional Studies. Ce papier analyse l’influence de la proximité sur l’évolution des réseaux de collaboration. Il détermine empiriquement la façon dont les organisations choisissent leurs partenaires en fonction de leur proximité géographique, cognitive, organisationnelle, institutionnelle et sociale. Les bases de données relationnelles sont construites à partir des projets collaboratifs de R&D financés par le 6ème Programme Cadre de Recherche et de Développement de l’Union Européenne, dans la navigation par satellite (GNSS) de 2004 à 2007. Le modèle stochastique orienté par l’acteur SIENA est utilisé pour modéliser la dynamique du réseau par une chaîne de Markov en temps continu et pour estimer les paramètres liés aux mécanismes de son évolution. Les résultats empiriques montrent que les dimensions de proximité géographique, organisationnelle et institutionnelle favorisent les collaborations, tandis que les formes de proximité cognitive et sociale ne jouent pas un rôle significatif. Réseaux de collaboration Proximité Économie géographique Modèles de réseaux dynamiques Système global de navigation par satellite (GNSS) Balland P.-A. Nähe und Entstehen von kooperativen Netzwerken: Belege aus Forschungs- und Entwicklungsprojekten innerhalb der Branche des globalen Navigationssatellitensystems (GNSS), Regional Studies. In diesem Beitrag wird der Einfluss der Nähe auf das Entstehen von kooperativen Netzwerken untersucht. Auf empirische Weise wird ermittelt, wie sich Firmen ihre Partner je nach ihrer geografischen, kognitiven, organisationellen, institutionellen und sozialen Nähe aussuchen. Auf der Grundlage von kooperativen Forschungs- und Entwicklungsprojekten innerhalb der Branche des globalen Navigationssatellitensystems (GNSS) im Zeitraum von 2004 bis 2007, die unter dem 6. Rahmenprogramm der Europäischen Union finanziert wurden, werden relationale Datenbanken aufgebaut. Zur Modellierung der Netzwerkdynamik als Realisierung einer zeitlich kontinuierlichen Markow-Kette und zur Schätzung der Parameter für die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen ihrer Entstehung kommt das stochastische, akteurbasierte SIENA-Modell zum Einsatz. Aus den empirischen Ergebnissen geht hervor, dass eine geografische, organisationelle und institutionelle Nähe die Zusammenarbeit fördert, während die kognitive und soziale Nähe keine signifikante Rolle spielt. Kooperative Netzwerke Nähe Wirtschaftsgeografie Dynamische Netzwerkmodelle Globales Navigationssatellitensystem (GNSS) Balland P.-A. Proximidad y la evolución de las redes de colaboración: evidencias de proyectos de investigación y desarrollo en la industria del sistema global de navegación por satélite (GNSS), Regional Studies. En este artículo se analiza la influencia de la proximidad en la evolución de las redes de colaboración. Se determina empíricamente cómo las organizaciones eligen sus socios en función de su proximidad geográfica, cognitiva, organizativa, institucional y social. Se construyen bases de datos relacionados a partir de proyectos colaboradores de investigación y desarrollo financiados bajo el sexto programa marco de la Unión Europea en la industria del sistema global de navegación por satélite (GNSS) de 2004 a 2007. Se utiliza el enfoque estocástico SIENA basado en actores para modelar la dinámica de redes como realización de una cadena Markov de tiempo continuo y calcular los parámetros de los mecanismos subyacentes de su evolución. Los resultados empíricos muestran que la proximidad geográfica, organizativa e institucional favorece las colaboraciones mientras que la proximidad cognitiva y social no desempeña un papel significativo. Redes de colaboración Proximidad Geografía económica Modelos de redes dinámicas Sistema global de navegación por satélite (GNSS)

Abstract. The Hydrologic Atmospheric Pilot EXperiment in the Sahel (HAPEX-Sahel) was carried out in Niger, West Africa, during 1991 - 1992, with an intensive observation period (IOP) in August - October 1992. It aims at improving the parameterization of land surface atmosphere interactions at the Global Circulation Model (GCM) gridbox scale. The experiment combines remote sensing and ground based measurements with hydrological and meteorological modelling to develop aggregation techniques for use in large scale estimates of the hydrological and meteorological behaviour of large areas in the Sahel. The experimental strategy consisted of a period of intensive measurements during the transition period of the rainy to the dry season, backed up by a series of long term measurements in a 1° by 1° square in Niger. Three "supersites" were instrumented with a variety of hydrological and (micro) meteorological equipment to provide detailed information on the surface energy exchange at the local scale. Boundary layer measurements and aircraft measurements were used to provide information at scales of 100 - 500 km2. All relevant remote sensing images were obtained for this period. This programme of measurements is now being analyzed and an extensive modelling programme is under way to aggregate the information at all scales up to the GCM grid box scale. The experimental strategy and some preliminary results of the IOP are described.

Plumecocq, G., T. Debril, M. Duru, M.-B. Magrini, J. Sarthou, and O. Therond. 2018. The plurality of values in sustainable agriculture models: diverse lock-in and coevolution patterns. Ecology and Society 23(1):21. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-09881-230121

The multi-faceted concept of proximity is often used nowadays in many theoretical and empirical analyses. It mainly originates in some French regional scientists' attempt, in the early 1990s, to develop new conceptual and methodological avenues with a view to the study of the industrial and spatial dynamics. The wide diffusion of the resulting research findings is explained by the fact that these scholars realized early on that it was in their interest to collectively structure their works through the setting-up of a research group. The present paper sets out to outline the scientific and institutional trajectories of the French group “Proximity Dynamics”, while underlining the progressive broadening of its scientific and institutional dimensions, as well as the main theoretical research fields these trajectories have permitted to investigate.

This article investigates the driving forces behind the life cycles and resilience of technological clusters. It concentrates, in particular, on the combination of critical parameters which allows clusters to succeed in disconnecting their cycle from the cycle of the technologies they produce, in order to maintain stability and growth in unstable economic environments. Three propositions on location decision externalities, the life cycle of composite technologies and the structural properties of knowledge networks are developed and introduced in an inclusive study of cluster trajectories. Discussions show that resilient clusters are those that combine network and external audience effects in location decision-making and evolve towards a specific core/periphery and disassortative structure of knowledge interactions along the knowledge and market phases. Understanding these pathways could be at the heart of the renewal of cluster and regional policy in a macro-economic context characterized by high instability and new growing consumer paradigms.

This study examines the relationship between ownership structures in large European companies and their innovative activity in terms of R&D spending. The analysis is performed on a sample of 324 large innovative companies over 8 years. Contrary to the view that institutional investors can have a negative influence on R&D spending, we report a positive impact of these investors. Our study also tests the impact of “impatient” institutional investors and provides evidence of their negative influence on R&D spending.

One of the most convincing explanations papers generally provide concerning clusters in knowledge-based economies refers to the geographically bounded dimension of knowledge spillovers. Here, we shall underline that location decision externalities precede local knowledge spillovers in the explanation of cluster aggregate efficiency, which thus requires us to focus on the sequential process of location and the nature of interdependences in location decision-making. To that end, we mean to associate cluster emergence with the formation of locational norms, and to study the critical parameters of their stability. These parameters relate to the type of decision externalities among more or less cognitively distant firms, which influences the weight and the resulting ambivalent role of knowledge spillovers at the aggregate level of clusters. We suggest two theoretical propositions which we test within a simple and general norm location dynamics modeling framework. We then proceed to discuss the results so obtained by comparing them with an emerging related literature based on the life cycle and viability of clusters.

The concentration and dispersion of innovative activities in space have been largely explained and evidenced by the nature of knowledge and the geographical extent of knowledge spillovers. One of the empirical challenges is to go beyond this by understanding how the geography of innovation is shaped by particular structural properties of knowledge networks. This paper contributes to this challenge, focusing on the particular case of global navigation satellite systems at the European level. We exploit a database of R&D collaborative projects based on the fifth and sixth European Union Framework Programs, and apply social network analysis in economic geography. We study the properties both of the network of organizations and the network of collaborative projects. We show that the nature of the knowledge involved in relationships influences the geographical and structural organizations of the technological field. The observed coexistence of a relational core/periphery structure with a geographical cluster/pipeline one is discussed in the light of the industrial and geographical dynamics of technological standards.

Abstract In 2000, the Global Water Partnership (GWP) as the main advocate of the concept of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), proposed a definition that is now the reference, despite the ambiguity that persists in its interpretation. At the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development, the State representatives committed themselves to launch “plans for integrated water resources management and water efficiency by 2005”. Some states immediately honoured this commitment by adopting new national water policies inspired by IWRM principles. Do these implementation plans respond to all the challenges of the IWRM? Or have these states simply reorganized their water resource policies to give an impression of conforming to the framework? In response to these questions, we present a history of IWRM and its conflicting interpretations followed by a case study of reforms enacted in Burkina Faso, to highlight some problems which are inherent to IWRM and how IWRM was transposed on a national scale.

Vicente J. and Suire R. (2007) Informational cascades versus network externalities in locational choice: evidence of ‘ICT clusters’ formation and stability. Regional Studies 41, 1–12. The paper provides new insights into the mechanisms of ‘information and communication technology (ICT) clusters’ formation. The basic assumption is that clusters can be explained as the result of a locational norm, i.e. as a convergence in locational choices resulting from both mimetic behaviours and sequential and cumulative interactions. Informational externalities (and observational learning) are distinguished from network externalities (and interactive learning) in location processes in order to compare the respective economic properties of stability (and proximity) of locational cascades and locational clusters. It is shown as a result that informational effects play a major role in the formation of ICT clusters, whereas network effects are the significant condition of their stability. Silicon Valley and Silicon Sentier (Paris) are briefly studied and compared in order to illustrate the theoretical purpose. Vicente J. et Suire R. (2007) Les flots d'information contre les effets externes de réseau dans le choix d'emplacement: des preuves de l'établissement et de la stabilité des «grappes TIC». Regional Studies 41, 1–12. Cet article cherche à fournir de nouveaux aperçus sur les mécanismes qui permettent l'établissement des «grappes TIC». La supposition fondamentale est la suivante: les grappes s'expliquent par une norme de localisation, c'est-à-dire une convergence des choix de localisation qui résulte à la fois des comportements mimétiques et des interactions séquentielles cumulées. On distingue entre les effets externes d'information (et l'apprentissage observé) et les effets externes de réseau (et de l'apprentissage interactif) dans les processus de localisation afin de comparer les propriétés économiques respectives de la stabilité (et de la proximité) des flots de localisation et des grappes de localisation. Par la suite, on cherche à montrer que les effets information jouent un rôle majeur dans l'établissement des grappes TIC, tandis que les effets de réseau sont la condition préalable de leur stabilité. On étudie et compare brièvement la Silicon Valley et le Silicon Sentier (à Paris) pour illustrer l'objectif théorique de l'étude. Grappes TIC Flots d'information Effets externes de réseau Stabilité Proximité Vicente J. und Suire R. (2007) Informationskaskaden im Vergleich zu Netwerk-Externalitäten bei der Standortwahl: Belege zur Bildung und Stabilität von ‘ICT-Clustern’. Regional Studies 41, 1–12. Dieser Beitrag bietet neue Einblicke in die Mechanismen bei der Bildung von ICT-Clustern. Die Grundannahme lautet, dass sich Cluster als Ergebnis einer Standortnorm erklären lassen, d. h. als Konvergenz von Standortwahlen, die durch mimetisches Verhalten sowie durch sequentielle und kumulative Interaktionen verursacht wird. Bei den Standortprozessen unterscheiden wir zwischen informationellen Externalitäten (und beobachtendem Lernen) und Netwerk-Externalitäten (und interaktivem Lernen), um die jeweiligen ökonomischen Eigenschaften der Stabilität (und Nähe) der Standortkaskaden und Standortcluster miteinander zu vergleichen. Wir zeigen als Ergebnis, dass die informationellen Wirkungen eine wichtige Rolle bei der Bildung von ICT-Clustern spielen, während die Netzwerk-Effekte eine wesentliche Vorbedingung für deren Stabilität darstellen. Zur Illustration unserer theoretischen Annahme werden die Beispiele von Silicon Valley und Silicon Sentier (Paris) kurz untersucht und verglichen. ICT-Cluster Informationskaskaden Netwerk-Externalitäten Stabilität Nähe Vicente J. y Suire R. (2007) Cascadas de información frente a efectos externos de la red en la opción de ubicación: Ejemplos de la formación y la estabilidad de las ‘agrupaciones de TIC’. Regional Studies 41, 1–12. En este artículo se aportan nuevas perspectivas de los mecanismos de la formación de agrupaciones de TIC (Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación). Básicamente suponemos que existen agrupaciones que se podrían considerar el resultado de una norma de ubicación, es decir una convergencia en opciones de ubicación causada por conductas miméticas e interacciones secuenciales y acumulativas. Hacemos una distinción entre los efectos externos de información (y el aprendizaje de observación) y los efectos externos de la red (y el aprendizaje interactivo) en los procesos de ubicación para poder cotejar las respectivas propiedades económicas de estabilidad (y proximidad) de las cascadas y las agrupaciones de ubicación. Como resultado, mostramos que los efectos de información desempeñan una función principal en la formación de las agrupaciones de las TIC, mientras que los efectos de las redes son la condición crítica de su estabilidad. Analizamos y comparamos brevemente Silicon Valley y Silicon Sentier (París) para ilustrar nuestra finalidad teorética. Agrupaciones de TIC Cascadas de información Efectos externos de la red Estabilidad Proximidades

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) provide a comprehensive framework for societal progress and planetary health. However, it remains unclear whether universal patterns exist in how nations pursue these goals and whether key development areas are being overlooked. Here, we apply the product space methodology, widely used in development economics, to construct an 'SDG space of nations'. The SDG space models the relative performance and specialization patterns of 166 countries across 96 SDG indicators from 2000 to 2022. Our SDG space reveals a polarized global landscape, characterized by distinct groups of nations, each specializing in specific development indicators. Furthermore, we find that as countries improve their overall SDG scores, they tend to modify their sustainable development trajectories, pursuing different development objectives. Additionally, we identify orphaned SDG indicators - areas where certain country groups remain under-specialized. These patterns, and the SDG space more broadly, provide a high-resolution tool to understand and evaluate the progress and disparities of countries towards achieving the SDGs.

The present paper investigates the location patterns and the effects co-working spaces (CWS) generate on the urban context. The focus is on Barcelona, one of the most important creative hubs in Europe in terms of knowledge-based, creative, digital, and sharing economy, and the city hosting the largest number of co-working spaces in Spain. The paper addresses three main questions: (1) Which are the location patterns of co-working spaces in Barcelona? (2) Do CWS agglomerate in the same areas? And, (3) Do CWS coagglomerate with the creative industries (CIs)? To do that, this paper uses open data on Barcelona neighbourhoods’ socioeconomic composition provided by the Statistics Department of the Council of Barcelona and micro-geographic data of private CWS and creative labs in Barcelona. By using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Kd functions of agglomeration and coagglomeration, results show that CWS are highly concentrated in central areas of Barcelona where there are greater chances to meet customers and suppliers, the proximity to urban amenities and the fact of being associated to a specific place-image. Moreover, they coagglomerate with CIs firms, especially with symbolic and synthetic knowledge-based CIs. These results are relevant when assessing the actual goal of urban policies in Barcelona.

In a recent literature, the structural properties of knowledge networks have been pointed out as a critical factor for cluster structural changes and long-run dynamics. Mixing evolutionary economic geography and network-based approach of clusters, this contribution aims at capturing and discussing the particular influence of hierarchy (degree distribution) and assortativity (degree correlation) in the innovative capabilities of clusters along the industry life cycle. We test our propositions in the field of the mobile phone industry in Europe from 1988 to 2008. We use EPO PATSTAT and OECD REGPAT to capture cluster trends, and R&D relations from European Framework Programs to capture knowledge networks and their evolving structural properties. Our findings provide new insights to understand the organization of clusters over time to perform along the industry life cycle.

Si le territoire s’est révélé un objet de recherche autonome pour l’économie contemporaine, il constitue aussi une entrée originale pour problématiser l’économie sociale et solidaire (ESS). Dans un premier temps, l’article présente une grille de lecture des différentes approches économiques, qui permet de dégager six questions pertinentes pour l’ESS. La catégorie « territoire » se prêtant ainsi à des interprétations croisées, les auteurs extraient du questionnement précédent, en lien avec les différentes contributions de ce numéro de la « Recma », deux axes essentiels de recherche : d’une part, la gouvernance territoriale des organisations de l’ESS, analysée sous l’angle de la prise de décision entre parties prenantes et des politiques publiques; d’autre part, les territoires cognitif et axiologique de l’ESS, explorés à travers la mise en oeuvre de ressources cognitives par les acteurs et leurs croyances partagées ou distribuées.

<titre>R&#233;sum&#233;</titre> La fonction traditionnelle du m&#233;decin de &#171;&#160;d&#233;cider pour&#160;&#187;, qu&#8217;on trouve d&#233;fendue dans la th&#233;orie paternaliste m&#233;dicale, est aujourd&#8217;hui battue en br&#232;che par l&#8217;obligation l&#233;gale de recueillir le consentement du patient aux actes m&#233;dicaux. Le code de d&#233;ontologie m&#233;dicale fran&#231;ais t&#233;moigne par ses &#233;volutions d&#8217;un mouvement de modernisation de la relation th&#233;rapeutique, conforme aux &#233;volutions du lib&#233;ralisme politique. Pour autant, les justifications traditionnelles du paternalisme m&#233;dical sont-elles infond&#233;es&#160;? La relation m&#233;decin-patient est ici abord&#233;e &#224; travers une analyse des rapports de confiance qui se tissent dans la relation de soin et qui permettent d&#8217;accommoder les intuitions du mod&#232;le paternaliste dans un cadre r&#233;solument lib&#233;ral.

Starting from an approach that mobilizes a plural definition of proximity – institutional, organizational and geographical – in the aim of endogenizing the space in economic analysis, this article seeks to understand the dynamics of local economic spaces through a re‐reading of the concept of local governance. Thus, it stresses the importance of institutional compromise‐building processes in explaining the trajectories and the diversity of spatialized forms of economic coordination, and it tackles these by giving an operational definition to the concept of local governance. More precisely, it considers the mechanisms that explain the dynamics of local governance through the distinction between endogenous and exogenous dynamics, a distinction that accounts for the linkages between local governance and macro‐economic regulation. Then, in the second part, these theoretical and methodological principles are tested in an analysis of the evolution of local governance in relation to the process of industrial conversion in the aerospace‐defence industrial centre located in the Bordeaux conurbation. A partir d'une approche mobilisant une définition plurielle – institutionnelle, organisationnelle et géographique – de la proximité visant à endogénéiser l'espace dans l'analyse économique, cet article cherche à appréhender la dynamique des espaces économiques locaux à travers une relecture de la notion de gouvernance locale. Les auteurs insistent ainsi sur l'importance des processus de construction des compromis institutionnels pour expliquer les trajectoires et la diversité des coordinations économiques spatialisées, abordées en donnant une définition opérationnelle à la notion de gouvernance locale. Plus précisément, ils considérent les mécanismes explicatifs de la dynamique de la gouvernance locale à travers la distinction entre dynamiques endogène et exogène qui rend compte de l'articulation entre gouvernance locale et régulation macro‐économique. Puis, dans une seconde partie, ces principes théoriques et méthodologiques sont mis à l'épreuve pour analyser l'évolution de la gouvernance locale liée au processus de reconversion industrielle du pôle armement‐spatial‐défense de l'agglomération bordelaise.

Since the adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals by the United Nations, sustainability has been a key priority for European governments. While previous studies have investigated the associations between indicators of sustainable development, few have directly considered a multidimensional approach to assess and compare the performance of regions in terms of sustainable development. As such, a comprehensive assessment of regional sustainable performance is thus still needed. In this paper, the concept of sustainability relies on the construction of six composite indices (environment and natural resources, energy transition, sustainable mobility, economic dynamism, social cohesion and solidarity, and governance and citizenship) with the aim to provide an evaluation framework for empirically comparing the performance of the 96 metropolitan French Departments. Each dimension is explored by spatial autocorrelation analysis and Hierarchical Ascending Classification (HAC) to classify French Departments providing five different regional profiles of sustainable development. The findings make it possible to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the departments in the implementation of sustainable development. This approach provides the bases for a systematic monitoring of sustainable development policies at the regional scale.

This paper presents a ‘strong hysteretic’ version of Okun’s Law, that is, a version of the law in which ‘history matters.’ In this version of the link between fluctuations in unemployment and growth, the most important past growth shock exerts an influence on the current unemployment rate. A theoretical framework is proposed in order to lay the foundations of this version of Okun’s Law. In this framework, the hysteresis property arises because a large number of heterogeneous firms discontinuously adjust their activity levels in response to fluctuations in the rate of growth. The foundations having been laid, a method for empirically testing our hysteretic Okun’s Law is presented. An algorithm permits construction of a hysteresis operator, which synthesizes, for every moment, the growth shocks that have remained in the memory bank of the unemployment rate. Empirical tests are conducted to assess the empirical relevance of this version of Okun’s Law, as compared to the more familiar linear relationship. Empirical results consistent with hysteresis are found for several of the countries in our sample.

Agroecological transition corresponds to a systemic transformation consisting in the ecologisation of agriculture and food. It concerns multiple stakeholders (farmers, supply chains, natural resource managers, etc.) and is characterised by a deliberate political intention to bring about change. This chapter highlights a set of determinants of agroecological transition at play in transforming the techniques and the values underpinning both agricultural production and food consumption choices – both of which can lead to various new agri-food systems. Based on the literature on transition studies, we focus on several considerations that could help stakeholders to better engage in such a process: (i) transition takes place over time intervals that vary, depending on the analysis scale (the farm or the agri-food system as a whole); (ii) transition is complex, systemic and requires changes of the whole sociotechnical regime; (iii) transition implies strong connections between niche-innovations and the dominant sociotechnical regime; and (iv) changes in values and individuals’ abilities are fundamental drivers. Hence, by focusing on the plurality of factors and stakeholders at work, we unpack the complexity of this transition, and in this way help the stakeholders to design and execute it. To conclude, we examine specific issues around the governance of agroecological transition.