Laboratoire Pacte

International audience

HyMeX strives to improve our understanding of the Mediterranean water cycle, its variability from the weather-scale events to the seasonal and interannual scales, and its characteristics over one decade , with a special focus on hydrometeorological extremes and the associated social and economic vulnerability of the Mediterranean territories.

Abstract The overall project aims to establish a dialogue between normative democratic theory and research on policy formulation and implementation. This introductory article first notes the growth of various participatory and deliberative procedures in policy making, portrays the context of this growth and justifies the cases selected. It then presents the conceptual framework used for the study of these procedures, which mainly draws on participatory and deliberative democratic theory and the literature on the shift from ‘government’ to ‘governance’. Based on this conceptual framework, the article focuses on four research questions the authors consider particularly important for the assessment of the contribution of the devices under scrutiny to democratic and effective decision making: questions of openness and access (input-legitimacy); questions regarding the quality of deliberation (throughput); questions of efficiency and effectiveness (output-legitimacy); and the issue of their insertion into the public space (questions of transparency and accountability).

International audience

BACKGROUND: Mobile phones and tablets are being increasingly integrated into the daily lives of many people worldwide. Mobile health (mHealth) apps have promising possibilities for optimizing health systems, improving care and health, and reducing health disparities. However, health care apps often seem to be underused after being downloaded. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to reach a better understanding of people's perceptions, beliefs, and experience of mHealth apps as well as to determine how highly they appreciate these tools. METHODS: A systematic review was carried out on qualitative studies published in English, on patients' perception of mHealth apps between January 2013 and June 2018. Data extracted from these articles were synthesized using a meta-ethnographic approach and an interpretative method. RESULTS: A total of 356 articles were selected for screening, and 43 of them met the inclusion criteria. Most of the articles included populations inhabiting developed countries and were published during the last 2 years, and most of the apps on which they focused were designed to help patients with chronic diseases. In this review, we present the strengths and weaknesses of using mHealth apps from the patients' point of view. The strengths can be categorized into two main aspects: engaging patients in their own health care and increasing patient empowerment. The weaknesses pointed out by the participants focus on four main topics: trustworthiness, appropriateness, personalization, and accessibility of these tools. CONCLUSIONS: Although many of the patients included in the studies reviewed considered mHealth apps as a useful complementary tool, some major problems arise in their optimal use, including the need for more closely tailored designs, the cost of these apps, the validity of the information delivered, and security and privacy issues. Many of these issues could be resolved with more support from health providers. In addition, it would be worth developing standards to ensure that these apps provide patients accurate evidence-based information.

Rééditer Pour une géographie du pouvoir près de quarante ans après sa publication initiale en 1980 constitue une forme de manifeste, tant la réception de ce livre a été contrastée : décrié par ses pairs au moment de sa sortie, reconnu aujourd’hui par Claude Raffestin lui-même comme « hétérodoxe », il s’agit d’un ouvrage qui continue de marquer durablement ses lecteurs. S’il reste d’une actualité si vive aujourd’hui, c’est parce qu’il aurait pu s’intituler Pour une géographie du territoire, notion centrale dans la géographie contemporaine. Il définit en effet la territorialité comme médiation spatiale des rapports sociaux, un apport majeur pour toutes les sciences sociales. Proposant de mettre en avant l’espace d’autonomie qui existe dans la perception et la construction d’une relation de pouvoir, l’ouvrage exprime une géographie engagée qui pose les bases de la géopolitique critique. Par la centralité de son analyse relationnelle, son examen des ressources et des flux, il ouvre des pistes vers une écologie politique alors inédite.

Core Ideas OZCAR is a network of sites studying the critical zone. OZCAR covers various disciplines. OZCAR will help disciplines to work together for a better representation and modeling of the critical zone. The French critical zone initiative, called OZCAR (Observatoires de la Zone Critique–Application et Recherche or Critical Zone Observatories–Application and Research) is a National Research Infrastructure (RI). OZCAR‐RI is a network of instrumented sites, bringing together 21 pre‐existing research observatories monitoring different compartments of the zone situated between “the rock and the sky,” the Earth's skin or critical zone (CZ), over the long term. These observatories are regionally based and have specific initial scientific questions, monitoring strategies, databases, and modeling activities. The diversity of OZCAR‐RI observatories and sites is well representative of the heterogeneity of the CZ and of the scientific communities studying it. Despite this diversity, all OZCAR‐RI sites share a main overarching mandate, which is to monitor, understand, and predict (“earthcast”) the fluxes of water and matter of the Earth's near surface and how they will change in response to the “new climatic regime.” The vision for OZCAR strategic development aims at designing an open infrastructure, building a national CZ community able to share a systemic representation of the CZ, and educating a new generation of scientists more apt to tackle the wicked problem of the Anthropocene. OZCAR articulates around: (i) a set of common scientific questions and cross‐cutting scientific activities using the wealth of OZCAR‐RI observatories, (ii) an ambitious instrumental development program, and (iii) a better interaction between data and models to integrate the different time and spatial scales. Internationally, OZCAR‐RI aims at strengthening the CZ community by providing a model of organization for pre‐existing observatories and by offering CZ instrumented sites. OZCAR is one of two French mirrors of the European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructure (eLTER‐ESFRI) project.

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Clinical practice guidelines are now ubiquitous. This article describes the emergence of such guidelines in a way that differs from the two dominant explanations, one focusing on administrative cost-cutting and the other on the need to protect collective professional autonomy. Instead, this article argues that the spread of guidelines represents a new regulation of medical care resulting from a confluence of circumstances that mobilized many different groups. Although the regulation of quality has traditionally been based on the standardization of professional credentials, since the 1960s it has intensified and been supplemented by efforts to standardize the use of medical procedures. This shift is related to the spread of standardization within medicine and especially in research, public health, and large bureaucratic health care organizations.

Les travaux sur la construction des problèmes publics et sur leur mise à l’agenda tendent à privilégier les épisodes les plus publics en insistant sur leurs aspects cognitifs. Cet article propose de renouveler ces approches en soulignant tout d’abord l’importance des définitions données aux problèmes publics. Définitions qui, de manière concomitante, correspondent à des processus cognitifs et sociaux, renvoyant à des pratiques de confrontation et/ou de négociation entre différents groupes d’acteurs. Il invite ensuite à déplacer le regard des arènes les plus publiques pour les porter vers des espaces plus discrets de production de l’action publique. Si les risques collectifs et les questions sanitaires constituent les principaux terrains de recherche à l’origine de ce texte, ce dernier ouvre des pistes pour l’étude de l’ensemble des problèmes publics.

The article revisits the original publication by Susan L. Star and James R. Griesemer (1989) which founded the notion of the boundary object to rethink the actor-network theory (ANT) from an ecological perspective of collective action and distributed knowledge, considering artefacts. It then looks at the academic career of the concept and what has been used (“interpretative flexibility”) vs. underplayed and forgotten (the incorporation of an invisible infrastructure) of its original conceptualisation. The article proposes to reinvestigate the concept by being careful to maintain the articulation of these two dimensions.

L’article revient sur la publication originale de Susan L. Star et James R. Griesemer (1989) qui fondait la notion d’objet-frontière (boundary object) afin de repenser la théorie de l’acteur-réseau (ANT) dans une perspective écologique de l’action collective et de la connaissance distribuée, prenant en compte les artefacts. Il se penche ensuite sur la carrière académique du concept et ce qui a été utilisé (« la flexibilité interprétative ») vs minoré et oublié (l’incorporation d’une infrastructure invisible) de sa conceptualisation d’origine. L’article propose de réinvestir le concept en étant attentif à maintenir l’articulation ces deux dimensions.

Everyday Engineering was written to help future engineers understand what they are going to be doing in their everyday working lives, so that they can do their work more effectively and with a broader social vision. It will also give sociologists deeper insights into the sociotechnical world of engineering. The book consists of ethnographic studies in which the authors, all trained in both engineering and sociology, go into the field as participant-observers. The sites and types of engineering explored include mechanical design in manufacturing industries, instrument design, software debugging, environmental management within companies, and the implementation of a system for separating household waste.The book is organized in three parts. The first part introduces the complexity of technical practices. The second part enters the social and cultural worlds of designers to grasp their practices and motivations. The third part examines the role of writing practices and graphical representation. The epilogue uses the case studies to raise a series of questions about how objects can be taken into account in sociological analyses of human organizations.

An increasing trend in chlorophyll concentration is observed in the European Seas in the period 1998–2016, with the exception of the Black Sea. Annual anomalies show the subregional distributions of those trends, with remarkable east–west differences over the Mediterranean Sea. Global chlorophyll trend analysis shows an increasing trend in high latitudes and a decreasing trend in tropical areas over the past 18 years.

Abstract This article is based on the assumption that there is a continuum running from non‐legal positions to legally binding and judicially controlled commitments with, in between these two opposite types of norms, commitments that can be described as soft law. It aims at defining soft law in international relations in order to provide a mapping of EU law on the basis of the soft law/hard law divide. It helps categorise EU competences and public policies, and sees how they fit with the distinction between two kinds of processes: legalisation (transformation of non‐legal norms into soft or hard law) and delegalisation (transformation of hard law norms into soft law and evolution from hard to soft law).

Despite serious criticism, the boundaryless view of careers still heavily influences research. This article aims to do more than just challenge the claim that careers are becoming more boundaryless: our goal is to make clear that careers need to be thought of in alternative terms. To this end, we build on an analysis of academic careers to explain why regarding careers as either bounded or boundaryless is too simple and why more attention should be paid to the scripts that influence career choices. We draw from an empirical study carried out in two French universities that shows that promotion scripts operate under three conditions — credibility, legibility, and legitimacy of promotion models. We conclude that scripts are potentially very useful in understanding a wide range of careers.

Il est urgent de reintegrer l'analyse des politiques dans une conception plus large des rapports Etat-societe, de facon a ce que la theorie de l'Etat beneficie enfin des acquis de l'analyse des politiques. Sans pretendre aller jusqu'au bout d'une telle demarche, cet ouvrage a l'ambition d'ouvrir quelques pistes montrant qu'une synthese est a la fois necessaire et possible.

Le patrimoine prend une place de plus en plus importante dans les politiques d’Aménagement du territoire. Nous avons donc voulu aborder cette notion avec les instruments que nous offrait la grille de lecture en termes de ressources spécifiques établie dans le cadre de recherche sur les systèmes de production localisés. Cette démarche débouche sur une réflexion croisée entre les concepts de ressource et de patrimoine qui permet de compléter notre référentiel théorique de départ. Nous proposons finalement une nouvelle forme de ressource que nous qualifions de « territoriale » pour laquelle nous avançons les premiers éléments d’une définition.

Résumé L’immersion dans une réalité sociale étrangère pour y observer des phénomènes tout en y participant soulève des difficultés liées au dédoublement de l’ethnologue, à la fois extérieur à l’objet qu’il regarde et sujet agissant sur son objet. Elle rend nécessaire une objectivation du sujet de l’objectivation qui ne se résume pas à un exposé de l’expérience vécue mais à une analyse des conditions sociales de possibilité de cette expérience. Elle tient à la posture propre à l’engagement dans la situation d’enquête et, en même temps, à la position que le chercheur occupe dans le milieu savant et qui véhicule des intérêts spécifiques mais aussi un inconscient académique lié à l’histoire de ce milieu.

OBJECTIVE: To test the a priori hypothesis that longer duration of ruptured membranes is associated with increased risk of vertical transmission of HIV. DESIGN: The relationship between duration of ruptured membranes and vertical transmission of HIV was evaluated in an individual patient data meta-analysis. METHODS: Eligible studies were prospective cohort studies including at least 100 mother-child pairs, from regions where HIV-infected women are counselled not to breastfeed. Analyses were restricted to vaginal deliveries and non-elective Cesarean sections; elective Cesarean section deliveries (those performed before onset of labour and before rupture of membranes) were excluded. RESULTS: The primary analysis included 4721 deliveries with duration of ruptured membranes < or = 24 h. After adjusting for other factors known to be associated with vertical transmission using logistic regression analysis to assess the strength of the relationship, the risk of vertical HIV transmission increased approximately 2% with an increase of 1 h in the duration of ruptured membranes [adjusted odds ratio, 1.02; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.04; for each 1 h increment]. There were no significant interactions of duration of ruptured membranes with study cohort or with any of the covariates, except maternal AIDS. Among women diagnosed with AIDS, the estimated probability of transmission increased from 8% to 31% with duration of ruptured membranes of 2 h and 24 h respectively (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These results support the importance of duration of ruptured membranes as a risk factor for vertical transmission of HIV and suggest that a diagnosis of AIDS in the mother at the time of delivery may potentiate the effect of duration of ruptured membranes.