MES Ponnani College

Abstract Fourier transform (FT)‐Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectra of 3‐{[(4‐fluorophenyl)methylene]amino}‐2‐phenylquinazolin‐4(3H)‐one were recorded and analyzed. The vibrational wavenumbers of the title compound were computed using the B3LYP/6‐31G* basis and compared with the experimental data. The prepared compound was identified by NMR and mass spectra. The simultaneous IR and Raman activation of the CO stretching mode shows a charge transfer interaction through a π‐conjugated path. The first hyperpolarizability and infrared intensities are reported. The assignments of the normal modes are done by potential energy distribution (PED) calculations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Migratory shorebirds that move across continents along their flyways are undergoing a drastic decline globally. A greater proportion of them that regularly winter along the Indian coasts within the Central Asian Flyway (CAF) are also undergoing severe declines. However, the mechanisms underlying the population trends in these areas remain little understood. This study investigated the diversity, abundance, population dynamics and distribution patterns of shorebirds along the Indian coasts based on the available literature. The west coast of India is relatively less studied than the east coast in the CAF. Further, we observed that the diversity, abundance, population dynamics and distribution pattern of the shorebirds follow different trends on the west coast compared to the east coast. These variations are in accordance with the differences in topography and biotic and abiotic factors between the coasts. Anthropogenic activities have far-reaching effects on the survival and persistence of shorebirds along the coasts. The west coast is evidently more productive than the east coast at every trophic level and thus the west coast is expected to account for more abundance and diversity of shorebirds. Paradoxically, we found that the east coast supports a greater abundance and diversity of shorebirds than the west coast. The west coast, therefore, requires further investigations to obtain a better understanding of the causes of apparent differences in abundance and diversity as well as the observed declines in shorebirds, compared to the east coast of India.

Abstract FT‐IR and FT‐Raman spectra of 4‐chloro‐2‐(3‐chlorophenylcarbamoyl) phenyl acetate were studied. Vibrational wavenumbers and corresponding vibrational assignments were examined theoretically using the Gaussian03 set of quantum chemistry codes and the normal modes are assigned by potential energy distribution (PED) calculations. Simultaneous IR and Raman activation of the CO stretching mode shows the charge transfer interaction through a π‐conjugated path. Optimized geometrical parameters of the title compound are in agreement with the reported values. Analysis of the phenyl ring modes shows that CC stretching mode is equally active as strong bands in both IR and Raman, which can be interpreted as the evidence of intramolecular charge transfer via conjugated ring path and is responsible for hyperpolarizability enhancement leading to nonlinear optical activity. The red‐shift of the NH‐stretching wavenumber in the infrared spectrum from the computed wavenumber indicates the weakening of the NH bond resulting in proton transfer to the neighboring oxygen atom. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Abstract FT‐IR and FT‐Raman spectra of 4‐chloro‐2‐(4‐bromophenylcarbamoyl)phenyl acetate were recorded and analyzed. The vibrational wavenumbers and corresponding vibrational assignments were examined theoretically using the Gaussian03 set of quantum chemistry codes. The red shift of the NH stretching wavenumber in the infrared (IR) spectrum from the computed wavenumber indicates the weakening of the NH bond resulting in proton transfer to the neighbouring oxygen atom. The simultaneous IR and Raman activations of the CO stretching mode give the charge transfer interaction through a π‐conjugated path. Optimized geometrical parameters of the title compound are in agreement with similar reported structures. From the optimized structure, it is clear that the hydrogen bonding decreases the double bond character of CO bond and increases the double bond character of the CN bonds. The first hyperpolarizability, predicted infrared intensities and Raman activities are reported. The calculated first hyperpolarizability is comparable with the reported values of similar derivatives and is an attractive object for future studies of non‐linear optics. The assignments of the normal modes are done by potential energy distribution (PED) calculations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus has been reported from Ponnani earlier, however incidence of multidrug resistant strains have been encountered recently in clinical laboratories. The source for such strains and their presence in this major fish landing centre has been investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Antibiotic sensitivity tests on isolates of V. parahaemolyticus isolated from three different substrates were conducted following disc diffusion method. RESULTS: Populations of V. parahaemolyticus (cfu/ml) were relatively high in sediment samples (7.67 ± 2.08), compared to shrimp (5.33 ±1.53) and water samples (3.67 ± 1.15). V. parahaemolyticus isolated from water showed relatively higher antibiotic resistance pattern compared to other two groups. The highest incidence of antibiotic resistance was recorded against cephalothin and nitrofurantonine; the lowest was against tobramycin, piperacillin and amikacin. Maximum multiple drug resistant (MDR) strains were encountered from water samples followed by shrimps. CONCLUSION: Results emerging from the present study clearly showed that Ponnani has a fairly good population of antibiotic resistant strains of V. parahaemolyticus. The present study provides an insight on the microbial population of V. parahaemolyticus in Ponnani harbour and warrants the need to develop control measures to reduce incidences of post-harvest contamination of seafood.

The present study was conducted to assess the establishment and effect of probiotic bacteria such as Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus mesentericus, and Bifidobacterium infantis in the gut of freshwater ornamental fish Puntius conchonius. Postlarvae of 60 days old Puntius conchonius divided in four experimental groups each with three replicates. T1, T2 and T3 groups were fed with Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus mesentericus and Bifidobacterium infantis enriched copepod Thermocyclops decipiens respectively. T0 was the control group (without probiotic treated T. decipiens). The experiment was conducted for 45 days. The initial gut analysis of fish showed significant level of pathogenic bacteria in the gut of fish (p < 0.05). Total plate count of initial gut analysis of fish larvae were enumerated as 1.2 x 10(4)CFU ml(-1). The bacteriological study indicated thatfinal gut microflora of post-larvae have decreased level of pathogens. Total plate count of T1, T2 T3 and T0 were reported to be as 1.0 8 x 10(4), 1.06 x 10(4), 1.27 x 10(4) and 2.1 x 10(5) CFU ml(-1), respectively. Three experimental groups (T1, T2 and T3) were significantly different from control group (T0) (p < 0.05). At the end of the experiment, establishment of probiotics were examined. One week after probiotics administration, gut analysis of fish larvae showed, poor spore formation of Bacillus coagulans (2.3 x 10(3) CFU mL(-1)), when compared to B. mesentericus (3.2 +/- 0.03 x10(3) CFU ml(-1)) and Bifidobacterium infantis(3.1 x 10(3) CFU ml(-1)). The results from the study suggest that the probiotic bacteria significantly established in gut of P. conchonius and significant effects on the pathogenic gut inhabitants of the fish.

Abstract Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) and Fourier transform (FT) Raman spectra of 3‐{[(2‐hydroxyphenyl)methylene]amino}‐2‐phenylquinazolin‐4(3H)‐one were recorded and analyzed. The vibrational wavenumbers of the title compound were computed using HF/6‐31G* and 6‐311G* basis sets and compared with experimental data. The assignments of the normal modes are done by potential energy distribution (PED)calculations. The prepared compound was identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectra. Optimized geometrical parameters of the title compound are in agreement with reported structures. Shortening of CN bond lengths reveal the effect of resonance. The simultaneous IR and Raman activations of the CO stretching mode shows a charge transfer interaction through a π‐conjugated path. The first hyperpolarizability, infrared intensities and Raman activities are reported. The phenyl CC stretching modes are equally active as strong bands in both IR and Raman spectra, which are responsible for hyperpolarizability enhancement leading to nonlinear optical activity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Abstract Herein, mesoporous V 2‐x Sb 2x O 5‐δ (Sb−V−O) compounds, encompassing a compositional range of x varying between, 0.05≤x≤0.08, with orthorhombic Pmmn space group symmetry, are synthesized by high‐temperature solid‐state reaction method. Scanning electron microscopy indicated the formation of microscale rods and flakes and EDS spectra affirmed the stoichiometric precision of their composition adhering to the formulated chemical formula. Nitrogen adsorption isotherms exhibited the distinctive type IV pattern, accompanied by an H 3 hysteresis loop, signifying the formation of mesoporous micro rods and flakes. Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller measurements demonstrated an augmented surface area, ranging from 16.67–28.74 m 2 /g, mirroring the effect of the increase in the concentration of Sb cations. The study demonstrated complete Methylene Blue dye removal within a brief 90 minute period, highlighting its efficacy in water remediation. The adsorption kinetics was aptly described by the pseudo‐second‐order model which exhibited a high degree of fit (R 2 =0.99). Freundlich adsorption isotherm was used to describe the multilayer adsorption of MB dye on the Sb−V−O surface indicating an exponential increase in adsorption active sites. Enhanced cationic MB dye adsorption on negative Sb−V−O surface is attributed to the electrostatic chemisorption by the interaction of NMe2+ on the negative surface modified Sb−V−O compounds.

The first description of charnockite rock, now known to occur in all continents, became available to the world from India. Sir Thomas Holland named the tombstone of Job Charnock's sepulchre at St. John's Churchyard in Kolkata (erstwhile Calcutta) as 'charnockite' in his honour. Later, the classic memoir on charnockite by Thomas Holland appeared, where he defined charnockite as a quartz-feldspar-hypersthene-iron ore-bearing rock. Charnockite incorporates members of orthopyroxene-bearing, high-grade felsic-granulites and granitoids. It essentially contains orthopyroxene as the characteristic ferro-magnesian mineral along with quartz and feldspar. Charnockite is an excellent example of a heritage stone as it was extensively used from time immemorial on the Indian subcontinent. The Mahabalipuram temple complex (UNESCO world heritage site), Sri Padmanabha temple, Vivekananda and Thiruvalluvar memorials, Job Charnock's tombstone etc. are just a few examples of monuments made of charnockite spread out in various parts of India. In contemporary times, Indian charnockite has a huge market in countries like Japan, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, UK, USA, Africa, Australia and so forth. The protracted history of usage of charnockite in architectural heritage in India combined with its unique geological significance makes it an exemplary candidate for the Global Heritage Stone Resource (GHSR) recognition.

Strategically located to the southeast of the Bay of Bengal and northwest of the Malay Peninsula, the Andaman Sea houses rich and varied biological diversity both in its flora and fauna which is under explored. The present study reports the occurrence of Oman cownose ray, Rhinoptera jayakari Boulenger, 1895 as a new record from this region. A male specimen with a disc width of 494 mm was landed by a motorized longline boat in Junglighat fishing harbour. Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands fills the wide gap in the known distribution range of the species. A detailed morphological description of freshly collected specimen in comparison with those from the previous published reports elsewhere was carried out. Molecular marker based taxonomical annotation using Mitochondrial COI gene sequencing confirmed the identity of the specimen.

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Marine fish stocks are depleting at an alarming rate. Skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis has been exploited in Lakshadweep Island area in the Indian Ocean mainly by pole and line fishery which constituted one-third of its production in the country. Age, growth, demographics and stock assessment of this species were investigated from the Lakshadweep waters. The von Bertalanffy growth factors were estimated as asymptotic length 72.5 cm, growth constant 0.480 and the theoretical age at zero-length as –0.1097. This study showed that skipjack grows from 30 to 68.26 cm from first to sixth year. The natural mortality, fishing mortality and total mortality were 0.82, 1.51 and 2.33 respectively. The exploitation ratio was 0.65, while the exploitation which maximises relative yield per recruit (Emax) was 1.0. Recruitment pattern showed that young recruits entered the fishing grounds in most months, with peaks during June–July. Length based Virtual Population Analysis indicated that the major loss in its stock up to 22 cm was due to natural causes. At the same time, higher fishing mortality was registered in 40–60 cm length group. The present study provides knowledge on the demographics of K. pelamis, pertinent for formulating an effective fisheries management in the region.

The increasing demands for groundwater resources and marked changes in climate over the years have imposed immense pressure on global groundwater resources. The present study has been undertaken to emphasize the expediency of remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) to delineate the groundwater potential of a small tropical river basin of Kerala (India), viz., Thuthapuzha River Basin. Atotal of 10 geo-environmental thematic layers such as Geology, Geomorphology, Drainage density, Rainfall, Soil, Slope, Topographic Position Index, Groundwater level and Curvature were prepared and studied for groundwater potential zone demarcation. Weights assigned to each class in all the thematic maps are based on their characteristics and water potential capacity through Weighed overlay method (WoM). The groundwater potential zone map subsequently obtained was classified into five classes-very high, high, moderate, low and very low. The study reveals that about 63% of the river basin is covered under a moderate groundwater potential zone. The low and high groundwater potential zones are observed at 27% and 9%, respectively. The area under very high and very low potential zones is recorded only in very limited areas (&gt;1%) in the basin. Keywords: Groundwater Potential Zone; Weighed Overlay Method (WoM); GIS; Thuthapuzha River; Kerala

Benthic organisms have been studied in past to assess the health of an aquatic ecosystem. Moreover, being sedentary forms they have been used as indicator organisms. In the present study, an attempt has been made to study the distribution and assemblage of major macrobenthic forms occurring in Ponnani estuary. A total of 23 genera of benthic invertebrate fauna belonging to 6 groups viz., Polychaetes, Bivalve, Gastropod, Amphipod, Isopod and Tanaidacian were recorded during the study. Faunistic study revealed that in high saline regions of the estuary (Veliyancode), a very good macrobenthic biodiversity was present. Bivalves were the major group enumerated from Veliyancode and Ponnani (39% and 35%, respectively), while in Biyyam predominance of gastropods (37%) were observed. Among the bivalve groups, presence of Maculista senhousia and Pholas candida, both considered as invasive species was noteworthy. Another interesting observation was the presence of Amphipod Melita zeylanica, another alien species evenly represented in all the three stations, indicating that the species had well established in Ponnani estuary. The present study is the first description of benthic organism assemblages inhabiting in the region. Results indicate that salinity is a major parameter that governs the diversity, occurrence, abundance and distribution of macrobenthos in Ponnani estuary. It also elucidates that any perturbance in the physico-chemical nature of the estuary favours the invasiveness of alien macrobenthic species in Ponnani backwaters.

Abstract A series of manganese-substituted V 2- x Mn x O 5-δ compounds (0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.25) is synthesized via the solid-state reaction method. The chemical composition and vibrational characteristics of the samples were probed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, respectively. XPS analysis confirmed the presence of Mn 3+ and Mn 4+ ions, with the symmetric Mn 2p 1 / 2 and Mn 2p 3 / 2 peaks showing increased intensity ratios as manganese concentration rises. FTIR spectra displayed distinct vibrational modes of V 2 O 5 and MnV 2 O 6 phases, validating the incorporation of Mn ions in the lattice structure. Electrochemical performance in a 1 M KOH electrolyte showed a specific capacitance of 277 F/g at a 5 mV/s scan rate via cyclic voltammetry, corroborated by 286 F/g at a 0.5 A/g current density from galvanostatic charge-discharge tests. Among the prepared samples, the electrode with x = 0.20 demonstrated the highest capacitance, retained 91 % of specific capacitance and 99 % of coulombic efficiency after 5,000 charge-discharge cycles. The electrode achieved an energy density of 25.4 Wh/kg and a power density of 180 W/kg, reflecting superior supercapacitive properties. The synergy of manganese substitution and the cost-effective synthesis approach makes V 2- x Mn x O 5-δ a promising material for supercapacitor electrodes, supporting the advancements of sustainable energy storage technologies.

Length-weight relationships (LWRs) of three needlefishes belonging to the family Belonidae viz., Ablennes hians, Tylosurus crocodilus and Tylosurus acus melanotus were estimated based on samples exploited from a gill-net fishery in Androth, an island in the Lakshadweep archipelago. The estimated allometric co-efficient b value ranged from 3.047 (T. acus melanotus) to 3.274 (A. hians), and r2 value ranged from 0.911 (T. acus melanotus) to 0.973 (A. hians). The first estimate of LWR for these three commercially exploited needlefish species from the Lakshadweep islands indicate local populations to be fairly robust and forms a basis for future management of fishing stock in the region.

Antibiotic resistance (AR) dissemination in marine and coastal environments is recognized as a major and growing threat for ecological equilibrium and human health. These aquatic environments, once considered relatively pristine, are now recognized as major reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB). This review integrates research from 2010 to 2025 in order to give a full picture of the current understanding of this fundamental issue. The current study examined the major contributors to antimicrobial resistance, including effluent from wastewater treatment plants, agricultural and aquaculture runoff, and widespread plastic pollution. Together, these sources create strong environmental pressures that promote the spread of resistance. The paper connects the basic principles of resistance dissemination with horizontal gene transfer (HGT) mediated by mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in microbial communities, particularly within biofilms. The study also delves into the important environmental pressures including climate change and pollution gradients that intensify the selection of ARGs and contribute to their spread. The public health implications are described in the context of the One Health approach, taking into account both exposure via consumption of contaminated seafood and recreational water activities. The article also describes the techniques used to monitor and detect resistant organisms in marine systems, starting from simple culture-based methods and extending to advanced molecular tools such as quantitative PCR and metagenomics. The overall evidence shows that marine and coastal environments have become significant reservoirs of antibiotic resistance, driven by human activities and intensified by climate and pollution pressures. The article highlights the intricate relationships between anthropogenic pressures, microbial evolution and antibiotic resistance in the marine environment and emphasizes the pressing need for coordinated global mitigation measures GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Population structure and growth of freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man, 1879) reared as monoculture in twenty polders of Kuttanad (South India) following modified extensive methods were studied. Stocking densities in polders varied from 15,000 to 60,000 prawns/ha. Density at the time of harvesting ranged from 9,300 to 27,100 prawns/ha. Density dependent variation in the harvested population was discernible in all the polders. At lower densities (15,000 and 25,000 prawns/ha) the proportion of undersized prawns (&lt;50 g) were comparatively low. Morphotypes such as Small Males (SM) had lesser representation in these polders. Likewise, the preponderance of larger Blue Clawed (BC) Males increased in these treatments. The mean weight of prawns was greatly influence by the proportion of SM morphotypes in the final harvest. As a result least mean weight (52.58±4.21g) were encountered in densely stocked polders (60,000 prawns/ha). The net production varied from 257.3 to 835.5 kg/ha/8 months in lower and larger densities respectively. Statistical analysis showed that there existed no difference in terms of production between TP-4 and TP-5. Present study suggest that a stocking density of 35,000 prawns/ha would be more appropriate for monoculture of M. rosenbergii in the polders of Kuttanad.

Abstract Nickel-incorporated vanadium pentoxide (V 2-2x Ni 3x O 5-δ , 0.03 ≤ x ≤ 0.06) microparticles were synthesized and structurally characterized, revealing a biphasic composition dominated by orthorhombic V 2 O 5 with Pmmn space group and a minor triclinic NiV 2 O 6 phase with cap <m:math xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <m:mrow> <m:mi>P</m:mi> <m:mover accent="true"> <m:mn>1</m:mn> <m:mo>̅</m:mo> </m:mover> </m:mrow> </m:math> $P&amp;#x305;{1}$ space group, as confirmed by Rietveld refinement. With increasing Ni content, the orthorhombic lattice parameters expanded due to ionic substitution. At the same time, the emergence of a distinct peak at 2θ = 23.57° indicated the onset of NiV 2 O 6 phase formation, reaching 12.2 wt% at x = 0.05 and signifying a solubility-driven structural transition. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed the presence of mixed oxidation states of Ni (Ni 1+ , Ni 2+, Ni 3+ ) and V (V 4+ , V 5+ ), along with a chemically diverse oxygen environment comprising lattice oxygen, surface hydroxyls, and adsorbed oxygen species. The as-prepared compounds exhibited potent and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, demonstrating significant inhibition against the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa and effective activity against the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli . The antimicrobial mechanism is attributed to a synergistic interplay of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, redox-mediated metal ion toxicity, and physical disruption of microbial membranes. Moreover, the increasing molar fraction of Ni enhanced antimicrobial efficacy, supporting a concentration-dependent increase in ROS production and microbial interaction.

The length–weight relations of ten fish species representing eight genera and four families and that formed the backbone of the subsistence fishery in the Lakshadweep islands were estimated. These fishes which included four species of tuna [ Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus, 1758); Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre, 1788); Auxis thazard (Lacepède, 1800); Euthynnus affinis (Cantor, 1849)], three species of needlefishes[ Ablennes hians (Valenciennes, 1846); Tylosurus crocodilus (Péron et Leseur, 1821); Tylosurus acus melanotus (Bleeker, 1850)], two species of bait fishes [ Spratelloides delicatulus (Bennett, 1832); Spratelloides gracilis (Temminck et Schlegel, 1846)], and one species of halfbeak ( Hemiramphus archipelagicus Collette et Parin, 1978) contributed to 96% of the total fish landings. The samples were collected from fish landing centers of ten inhabited islands of Lakshadweep from 2015 to 2017. Katsuwonus pelamis showed isometric growth, S. delicatulus and S. gracilis exhibited positive allometry, while negative allometric growth was seen in other species. The coefficient a of the LWR ranged from 0.001 ( A. hians ) to 0.035 ( T. albacares ), while b ranged from 2.7 ( T. acus melanotus ) to 3.4 ( S. delicatulus ). The results of the presently reported study provide useful biological information on the stock of ten commercially important pelagic fish species supporting the traditional fisheries in Lakshadweep waters.