Ministère de l’Emploi et de la Solidarité Sociale (Québec)

Résumé L’analyse des politiques publiques insiste principalement, mais trop souvent alternativement sur trois séries de variables : les « idées », les « intérêts » et les « institutions ». Cet article dégage les trois temps nécessaires d’une démarche qui cherche à combiner ces variables. Mobiliser les « intérêts », les « idées » et les « institutions » permet de rester attentif à la pluralité des dimensions possibles de l’analyse et à la diversité des « causes » possibles dans l’étude de l’action publique. En s’appuyant sur plusieurs pans importants de la littérature, cet usage des « trois I » permet aussi de formuler diverses hypothèses a priori sur les phénomènes observés, qui peuvent se révéler concurrentes ou complémentaires a posteriori . Ces différentes dimensions sont à hiérarchiser ex post en découpant les processus de l’action publique en différentes séquences.

The epidemic rise in the prevalence of obesity and in particular, paediatric obesity has led to concerns that the complications of excess adiposity may well reverse the favourable trends in cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality observed over the past half-century. Although recent reports suggest that the prevalence of overweight and obesity may have reached a plateau, at least in the USA,1,2 the continued exposure to excess body fat over prolonged periods of time may have serious deleterious effects on the health and well-being of populations and may lead to a decrease in life expectancy among younger generations.3,4 In the late 1990 s, in response to this perceived threat, we designed and conducted the Quebec Child and Adolescent Health and Social Survey, a province-wide representative sample survey of the health and well-being of Quebec youth.5 Among participants aged 9, 13 and 16 years, we observed high prevalence of excess weight, elevated blood pressure (BP)6 and of the metabolic syndrome.7 These concerningly high levels of CVD risk factors even at the youngest age of 9 years stimulated the research questions that led to the creation of the QUebec Adipose and Lifestyle Investigation in Youth (QUALITY) Cohort. Our overarching objective is to describe the natural history of the development of childhood obesity and its metabolic and cardiovascular consequences and to understand their determinants. The specific objectives of QUALITY are: (i) to increase understanding of the natural history of excess weight and its associated cardiometabolic consequences (dyslipidaemia, hyperinsulinaemia, dysglycaemia, inflammation, elevated BP, sympathetic overactivity) in youth at risk for the development of obesity;4,8 (ii) to investigate the relative importance of the genetic, biological, environmental and psycho-social determinants of excess weight and its associated cardiometabolic consequences. Determinants of particular interest include social factors (socio-economic status, family composition, built environment), behavioural factors (eating behaviour, physical activity, smoking, sleep, stress), biological factors (adverse fetal environment, body fat distribution, growth trajectory, aerobic fitness), metabolic factors (insulin sensitivity, adipocytokines) and genetic/familial factors (family history, parental characteristics, gene variations);4,9–13 (iii) to examine the relation between obesity, cardiometabolic complications and subclinical markers of atherosclerosis;14 and (iv) to examine whether obesity and its associated risk factors are related to children's oral health.15 The QUALITY cohort is funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, as well as the Fonds de la recherche en santé du Québec. The multidisciplinary study team comprises over 20 researchers with a wide variety of relevant expertise as well as research fellows, students and staff (www.etudequalitystudy.ca). The QUALITY cohort used a school-based sampling strategy to identify potential participants. Eligible participants consisted of Caucasian children of Western European ancestry aged 8–10 years with at least one obese biological parent [i.e. body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2 or waist circumference >102 cm in men and >88 cm in women, based on self-reported measurements of height, weight and waist circumference] and both biological parents available to participate in the baseline assessment. Only Caucasian families were recruited to reduce genetic admixture. Families were not eligible to participate if the mother was pregnant or breastfeeding at the baseline evaluation, or if the family had pending plans to move out of the province. Children with any of the following were also excluded: (i) a previous diagnosis of type 1 or 2 diabetes; (ii) a serious illness, psychological condition or cognitive disorder that hindered participation in some or all of the study components; (iii) treatment with anti-hypertensive medication or steroids (except if administered topically or through inhalation); and (iv) following a very restricted diet (<600 kcal/day). About 400 000 recruitment flyers were distributed over 3 consecutive years to parents of children in Grades 2–5, in 1040 primary schools (89% of schools approached) including 44 private schools situated within 75 km of Montreal, Quebec City and Sherbrooke in the province of Quebec, Canada. Families interested in participating were invited to contact the research coordinator for additional information, to confirm eligibility and to set an appointment with the research team; 1320 of 3350 families who contacted the coordinator met the inclusion criteria. A total of 634 families including one child and two biological parents, or 1902 subjects, participated in the baseline visit (48% of eligible families; Figure 1). Reasons for non-participation at baseline among eligible families were: (i) not interested in the study, 81%; (ii) one biological parent did not agree to participate or was not available, 11%; (iii) child refused to participate, 4%; (iv) lived too far from a study centre, 2%; (v) not enough time to participate, 1%; and (vi) other, 1%. Recruitment and participation in the QUALITY Cohort. aFamilies were removed from study because child or parents were unable or refused to complete most or all of data collection for baseline assessment after providing consent to participate The QUALITY cohort was not intended to be representative of the Quebec population of families with children aged 8–10 years. Comparison of baseline characteristics with those of a representative sample of Quebec children of similar age shows that children in the QUALITY cohort are of higher socio-economic status, more likely to live with both parents, to reside in urban regions, to be overweight or obese, to have a worse lipid profile and to report less time watching television (Table 1). Comparison of characteristics of the QUALITY cohort participants at baseline with those of a representative sample of Quebec youth aged 9 years in 1999 aRestricted to 9-year-old children and their parents in the Quebec Child and Adolescent Health and Social Survey. For the child questionnaire n = 1267, for the parent questionnaire n = 1065 and for the fasting blood samples n = 783. bBased on the Center for Disease Control (CDC) age- and sex-adjusted z-scores. †P-value for t-test. SD, standard deviation. Comparison of characteristics of the QUALITY cohort participants at baseline with those of a representative sample of Quebec youth aged 9 years in 1999 aRestricted to 9-year-old children and their parents in the Quebec Child and Adolescent Health and Social Survey. For the child questionnaire n = 1267, for the parent questionnaire n = 1065 and for the fasting blood samples n = 783. bBased on the Center for Disease Control (CDC) age- and sex-adjusted z-scores. †P-value for t-test. SD, standard deviation. Families are followed up every 2–3 years in a full-day visit at the Unité de recherche clinique du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine in Montreal and Hôpital Laval in Quebec City. Data collection includes interviewer-administered questionnaires for children (Table 2), self-administered questionnaires for parents (Table 3), biological and physiological measurements for both children and parents and other objective measures (Table 4). Variables assessed in children by interviewer-administered questionnaires at Visits 1, 2 and planned for Visit 3 Variables assessed in children by interviewer-administered questionnaires at Visits 1, 2 and planned for Visit 3 Variables assessed in self-administered questionnaires to both parents at Visits 1, 2 and planned for Visit 3 aAt Visits 1 and 2, includes questions on perceptions related to the household's financial situation. Variables assessed in self-administered questionnaires to both parents at Visits 1, 2 and planned for Visit 3 aAt Visits 1 and 2, includes questions on perceptions related to the household's financial situation. Child and parent biological, physiological and other objectively assessed measurements at Visits 1, 2 and planned for Visit 3 aAt Visit 3, the oral glucose tolerance test is done with blood drawn at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min post glucose load BP, blood pressure; DEXA, density measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Child and parent biological, physiological and other objectively assessed measurements at Visits 1, 2 and planned for Visit 3 aAt Visit 3, the oral glucose tolerance test is done with blood drawn at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min post glucose load BP, blood pressure; DEXA, density measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. At the initial visit, parents provided the child's ‘health booklet’ issued to all Quebec parents of newborn children and in which are recorded birthweight, birth length, gestational age and subsequent weights and heights measured during routine medical visits. At each study visit, anthropometric measurements are taken according to standardized protocols5,16,17 with children and parents dressed in light indoor clothing without shoes, using a stadiometer for height, an electronic scale for weight, a standard measurement tape for waist circumference (mid-distance between the last floating rib and the iliac crest at the end of a normal expiration) and Lange-type calipers (AMG Medical Inc, Montréal, Canada) for triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness. In children, fat mass, fat-free mass, percent body fat, fat distribution (upper body, lower body and trunk fat masses) and bone mineral density are determined with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA, Prodigy Bone Densitometer System, DF+14664, GE Lunar Corporation, Madison, WI, USA).18 Stage of sexual maturity is scored by trained nurses according to Tanner.19,20 At each clinic visit, blood is obtained from both children and parents by venepuncture after an overnight fast. In children a 180-min oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is performed and blood is collected 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 min after an oral glucose dose of 1.75 g/kg body weight (up to a maximum of 75 g). Fasting blood samples were obtained for 99% of children and parents at baseline. Samples are centrifuged, aliquotted and stored at −80°C until analysed. All biochemistry analyses are conducted at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry of the CHU Sainte-Justine that participates regularly in provincial and international quality control programmes and is accredited by the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry. BP is measured on the right arm with the participants sitting at rest for at least 5 min, using an oscillometric instrument (Dinamap XL, model CR9340, Critikon Company, FL, USA).6 Common carotid intima–media thickness (far wall) is determined on the left and right sides using B-mode ultrasonography with an HDI 5000 (ATL, Philips, Bothwell, WA, USA) apparatus. Post-processing of the ultrasonic signals is performed off-line, at a single site (CHU Sainte-Justine), using computer-assisted image analysis (Eurequa, TSA Company, France).21 Heart rate variability is assessed by time domain and frequency spectral analysis of the electrocardiograph monitoring done during the 3-h period of the OGTT.22 Reading of the electrocardiograph recordings is centralized at a single site (Hôpital Laval). Peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) is used to estimate aerobic capacity during an incremental cycling test adapted from McMaster protocol23 on an electromagnetic bicycle (Oxycon Pro, Jaeger) until volitional exhaustion with indirect calorimetry measurements taken continuously throughout the test. At baseline, 98% of children performed the cycling test, of whom 75% performed the test to a maximal bout (heart rate >195 beats/min and/or respiratory exchange ratio (VCO2/VO2) >1.0).24 Comprehensive clinical dental examinations are carried out, including collection of plaque samples and gingival crevicular fluid.25 Children's physical activity is measured objectively using 7-day accelerometry (Actigraph LS 7164 activity monitor, Actigraph LLC, Pensacola, FL, USA) in the week following the clinic visit.26 We exclude recordings from days when the accelerometer is worn for <80% of the average time worn on other days such that data are available for 88% of children at baseline. Together with self-report data, accelerometry permits estimation of sleep duration. In addition, a 7-day recall of 28 physical activities adapted from Sallis et al.27 is administered at the clinic visit and twice more by telephone within the year following the clinic visit to capture seasonal variation in physical activity. Whereas accelerometry provides a better measure of overall intensity and duration of physical activities performed and indicates the number of steps per day, the 7-day recalls provide a complementary measure of the types, the variety and the overall frequency of different activities engaged in. Within 8–12 weeks of Visits 1 and 3 (planned), three 24-h diet recalls on non-consecutive days including one weekend day are administered over the telephone by a dietician.28,29 A small disposable kit of food portion models (i.e. graduated cup, bowl, etc.) is provided to participants at the clinic visit, in conjunction with a short training and practice session. Five samples of salivary cortisol are collected at home on a day following the clinic visits (upon awakening, 30 min after awakening, before lunch, before dinner and before going to bed) and mailed to the research team.30 Cortisol assays are done at Trier University, Trier, Germany. At baseline, 93% of children provided at least four saliva samples. Lastly, characteristics of the built and social environments in the residential and school areas relevant to the child were obtained at baseline for families residing in the greater Montreal area (512/630 families) using in-person neighbourhood audits undertaken in geographical zones surrounding each child's residential and school address. Data collection tools and procedures were adapted in large part from validated instruments.31,32 School grounds and interiors were also audited and school principals provided data on health-related programmes and policies within the schools. Additional area-level characteristics such as average household income, distance to nearest food outlets, etc. were computed using 2006 census data as well as administrative and commercial data mapped for the study areas using a Geographic Information System. Measurement quality is ensured by: (i) detailed data collection protocols;33 (ii) central training of personnel from both study sites and regular monitoring of adherence to the protocol; (iii) verification and calibration of all equipment according to standardized protocols; and (iv) repeat studies conducted to quantify measurement variability and identify its sources. Inter-assay coefficients of variation for blood chemistry measurements are presented in Table 5 and inter-rater reliability for selected procedures as measured by inter- and intra-centre correlation coefficients are presented in Tables 6 and 7. Inter-assay coefficient of variation for blood chemistry measurements CV, coefficient of variation. Inter-assay coefficient of variation for blood chemistry measurements CV, coefficient of variation. Between-centre (Montreal and Quebec City) intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) for the inter-rater reliability of selected measures Between-centre (Montreal and Quebec City) intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) for the inter-rater reliability of selected measures Intra-centre intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) for the inter-rater reliability of measures Intra-centre intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) for the inter-rater reliability of measures Baseline data collection, when youth were aged 8–10 years (Visit 1), was completed between September 2005 and December 2008. The first follow-up, when youth were aged 10–12 years (Visit 2), was completed between September 2008 and March 2011. Visit 3 is planned for 2012–15 when youth are aged 15–17 years. Four families were removed from the cohort following Visit 1 because the child and/or parents did not complete most or all of the baseline data collection although they initially provided consent. Of the original cohort, 89% (564) completed Visit 2 (Figure 1). Reasons for not participating at Visit 2 are shown in Table 8; the majority of families who did not participate at Visit 2 agreed to be contacted for Visit 3 (47/66, 71%). Visit 2 non-participants were more likely to include younger mothers, and parents with a lower education. By design, both biological parents had to attend Visit 1 (baseline). For Visit 2, both biological parents were present in 42% of cases; children were accompanied by their mother and father in 39 and 19% of cases, respectively. The parent who is at visits is to complete the questionnaire at home and to to the research Reasons for not participating in first (Visit Reasons for not participating in first (Visit Baseline characteristics of children and parents are shown in Table The wide of available data of related to CVD risk For carotid intima–media thickness was associated with waist triceps and subscapular skinfold as well as percent fat mass, percent central fat mass and with exposure to in QUALITY data provide that short sleep duration is an risk for paediatric overweight and These the to sleep duration to the determinants of from the oral health study with children of normal weight, obese and those with the metabolic had higher in the gingival crevicular These undertaken in and suggest that the between condition and oral health may also be present in analyses suggest that of the (i.e. to and (i.e. to of as well as socio-economic characteristics such as area of are associated with children's weight and including physical activity, and Baseline characteristics of the QUALITY cohort families children, based on age- and sex-adjusted if overweight if and obese if For parents, if overweight if kg/m2 kg/m2 and obese if ≥30 glucose is as a fasting blood glucose a previous diagnosis of or treatment to decrease blood using the SD, standard deviation. Baseline characteristics of the QUALITY cohort families children, based on age- and sex-adjusted if overweight if and obese if For parents, if overweight if kg/m2 kg/m2 and obese if ≥30 glucose is as a fasting blood glucose a previous diagnosis of or treatment to decrease blood using the SD, standard deviation. The QUALITY cohort from including detailed of children and both biological parents, a wide of measurements including genetic, biological, behavioural and environmental objective measurements of physical activity, assessment of the physical in the home and school as well as measures of and programmes physical activity and The of measured the of in the development of excess adiposity and its cardiometabolic consequences. detailed and quality procedures measurement in the of the QUALITY cohort measurement and of participants. studies that schools were to other medical and weight control etc.) to because of the recruitment we the initial parental eligibility from the of at least one parent with the metabolic to at least one parent with eligibility a visit, most parents had not for the metabolic was that this additional visit recruitment too for were that they be by These lead to a increase in additional of this strategy is the to examine the potential of the number of parents with metabolic 1 or on the of interest in The measurement which the of the child and parents at the clinic for a day in the eligible families to participate in the baseline assessment. The of some and procedures among children aged 8–10 years at baseline also in some to participate in the We by using to blood and by the of trained and we have to to models including and BP measurement we are studies of and to follow-up, we telephone with families to contact information, we and and small (i.e. bicycle etc.) to children, a study is to families twice a year and we a for families on the QUALITY cohort we have in a and for children and their families at the Although the of QUALITY may be restricted to Caucasian children with a parental history of obesity, this comprises a large of the with school recruitment the of the primary of the QUALITY cohort are to describe the natural history, determinants and consequences of childhood obesity to describe the prevalence of in Quebec, of of prevalence data is not a A central of QUALITY is its including that have funded studies using the cohort to study residential and school built oral the and the between markers and and the metabolic The of the central team over time as well as their to the cohort have in the of the Additional the QUALITY is available at Our study on the natural history of the between excess body fat and cardiometabolic risk factors in a clinical identify children most at risk that be Our study also the of strategy and of at the prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors in we that this in and models and which may lead to The Canadian Institutes of Health the Heart and Stroke Foundation of the Fonds de la recherche en santé du Québec. The to all the families and the research staff who have their time over the of this of

OBJECTIVE: This study examined gender differences in depression by examining differential exposure and vulnerability to socioeconomic factors during the life course. METHODS: The data used for the analyses originated from a cross-national survey of older adults living in seven large Latin American cities. We examined associations between depressive symptomatology and socioeconomic conditions and health indicators in childhood, adulthood, and old age. We used the Geriatric Depression Scale to classify respondents with high levels of depressive symptoms. RESULT: The prevalence of depression in the urban population of Latin America was relatively low, ranging across cities from 0.4 to 5.2% in men and from 0.3 to 9.5% in women. Women were more exposed to social and material disadvantages during their life course than men but were not more vulnerable to them than men. Current socioeconomic conditions and health status as well as functional disabilities mainly accounted for gender differences in the prevalence of depression. Additionally, poor health and hunger during childhood, as well as illiteracy or lack of education, were associated with depression in both men and women. DISCUSSION: Cumulative life course exposure to social and material disadvantage and current material, social, and health conditions explain the higher frequency of depression in women.

Abstract What leads a minority of criminal groups to persist over time? Although most criminal groups are characterized by short life spans, a subset manages to survive extended periods. Contemporary research on criminal groups has been primarily descriptive and static, leaving important questions on the correlates of group persistence unanswered. By drawing from competing perspectives on the relationship between cohesion and group persistence, we apply a longitudinal approach to examine the network dynamics influencing the life span of criminal groups. We use 9 years of official data on the criminal and social networks of gang associates in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, to delineate criminal group boundaries and examine variation in group duration. Our statistical approach simultaneously considers within‐ and between‐group attributes to isolate how groups’ cohesion, as well as their embeddedness in the wider gang structure, impacts survival. Our results show that group survival is a function of their cohesion and embeddedness. Yet, the relationship is not direct but moderated by group size. Whereas large groups that adopt closed structures are more likely to persist, small groups’ survival depends on less cohesive and more versatile structures. In the discussion, we consider the impact of these findings for the continued understanding of group trajectories.

For security and justice professionals (e.g., police officers, lawyers, judges), the thousands of peer-reviewed articles on nonverbal communication represent important sources of knowledge. However, despite the scope of the scientific work carried out on this subject, professionals can turn to programs, methods, and approaches that fail to reflect the state of science. The objective of this article is to examine (i) concepts of nonverbal communication conveyed by these programs, methods, and approaches, but also (ii) the consequences of their use (e.g., on the life or liberty of individuals). To achieve this objective, we describe the scope of scientific research on nonverbal communication. A program (SPOT; Screening of Passengers by Observation Techniques), a method (the BAI; Behavior Analysis Interview) and an approach (synergology) that each run counter to the state of science are examined. Finally, we outline five hypotheses to explain why some organizations in the fields of security and justice are turning to pseudoscience and pseudoscientific techniques. We conclude the article by inviting these organizations to work with the international community of scholars who have scientific expertise in nonverbal communication and lie (and truth) detection to implement evidence-based practices.

In Brief Purpose: To establish hand-held dynamometry (HHD) maximal isometric muscle torque (MIT) reference values for children and adolescents who are developing typically. Methods: The MIT of 10 upper and lower limb muscle groups was assessed in 351 Caucasian youth (4 years 2 months to 17 years) using a standardized HHD protocol, previously shown to be feasible, valid, and reliable. Results: The mean MIT and 95% confidence interval of the mean for all muscle groups, for each of the 14 age groups (1 year age span for each group), and for each sex, were reported in both absolute (Nm) and normalized (Nm/kg) values. Conclusion: These HHD reference values may be helpful in the identification of muscle strength impairments in several pediatric populations, especially when bilateral impairments are present. Reference values for children and adolescents with typical development are reported. Age differences and significant gender differences beginning at age 15 years were found.

BACKGROUND: Promoting the health and social participation of adolescents with intellectual disability is important as they are particularly vulnerable to encountering difficulties in those areas. Integration of these individuals in integrated sports is one strategy to address this issue. METHODS: The main objective of this study was to gain a better understanding of the factors associated with the integration of adolescents with intellectual disability in sports alongside their non-disabled peers. Individual interviews were completed with 40 adolescents with intellectual disability and their parents, while 39 rehabilitation staff participated via either a discussion group or self-administered questionnaires. The Disability Creation Process (DCP) theoretical model was used to frame the analysis and the presentation of the findings (The Quebec Classification: Disability Creation Process. International Network on the Disability Creation Process/CSICIDH, Québec, QC, 1998). RESULTS: Various personal and environmental factors that have an impact on integration in sports were identified by participants. For example, attitudes, practical support, individuals' experiences in sports and in integrated settings as well as behaviour control emerged as important elements to consider. CONCLUSIONS: Integration in integrated sports can engender a lot of benefits for individuals with intellectual disability, their parents and non-disabled athletes. However, many barriers need to be removed before such benefits can be more widely realized.

This paper describes a method for ranking pathological causes according to both mortality and disability. This method consists of measuring the theoretical gain which could be obtained on life expectancy free of disability by eliminating deaths and disabilities resulting from the considered cause. An application to United States mortality and disability data is then given as an illustration. Using the proposed method, chronic conditions of the locomotor system appear as the second in order of importance, after cardiovascular diseases. Respiratory diseases, which have consequences for both mortality and disability, rank third among health problems whereas malignant neoplasms rank fourth because of their relatively small effect in terms of disability. The application of this method by planning agencies, could contribute to better allocation of resources among various intervention programmes or various research programmes which health administrations may decide to support.

Dans ce texte, les auteurs portent attention au trouble suscité, chez les observateurs et les acteurs de la participation, par l’absence de franges entières de la population et par l’incapacité des dispositifs à s’approprier une part importante des contributions des personnes présentes. Dans un premier temps, les auteurs problématisent les limites de l’inclusion participative en restituant la diversité des traitements que leur ont accordés les principaux théoriciens de l’espace public démocratique. Pour faciliter l’appréhension de cette question dans de futures enquêtes, les auteurs proposent ensuite un équipement empirico-conceptuel centré sur la notion de seuil . Espace-limite, celui-ci représente également un espace critique de prédilection pour les recherches sur la participation.

Cette introduction présente un dossier faisant état des recherches participatives contemporaines reposant sur des épistémologies radicales. Celles-ci interrogent les conceptions hégémoniques et les protocoles conventionnels de production de la science en lien avec les inégalités de pouvoirs et de savoirs structurant les inégalités sociales. En mettant l’accent sur des démarches de coopération entre chercheur·es de carrière et chercheur·es profanes s’inscrivant dans une double perspective de pluralisme épistémologique et de lutte contre les oppressions, les recherches participatives radicales assument des prétentions épistémologiques et politiques subversives. L’introduction revient sur les racines historiques de cet appel à briser le monopole de la recherche et analyse les différentes dimensions de cette radicalité (méthodologique, éthique, politique). Elle explore ensuite la manière dont les questions cruciales posées par ces démarches ont été abordées, en matière de critères de scientificité, d’instrumentalisation, de réflexivité ou encore d’usage du registre de l’oralité et des émotions. Elle interroge, enfin, l’actualité de cette posture radicale et analyse les raisons pour lesquelles elle se serait émoussée avec le temps. Que ce soit à l’échelle des politiques publiques, des structures universitaires ou des activités de recherche, un ensemble de phénomènes concourt à la rareté des recherches participatives radicales.

La Agenda 2030 y sus objetivos de desarrollo sostenible, así como también la responsabilidad social empresarial, buscan el cambio de paradigma que conduzca a un progreso sostenible en los ámbitos, social, económico y ambiental. Esto implica un compromiso donde actores como el Estado, comunidad civil, academia, empresas públicas y privadas, juegan un rol fundamental. El objetivo de esta investigación es describir la responsabilidad social empresarial en Ecuador a partir de la Agenda 2030. El artículo se desarrolló desde el paradigma cualitativo utilizando la revisión documental, teórica y jurídica. Como resultado, en Ecuador existe un interés acentuado de las empresas hacia el cumplimiento de la responsabilidad social, encaminando acciones cónsonas con el desarrollo sostenible y los objetivos de desarrollo declarados a nivel mundial. A pesar de ello, se requiere de mayor socialización y empoderamiento de la normativa contemplada en la Agenda 2030, para evitar el incumplimiento cabal de sus objetivos. Se concluye, que la responsabilidad social empresarial en Ecuador, responde a los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sustentables y aporta elementos significativos para las dimensiones económicas, políticas, sociales, ambientales y éticas de las empresas, quienes deben asumirlas como ejes transversales de su sistema de gestión; lo cual permitirá potenciar el desarrollo del país.AbstractThe 2030 Agenda and its sustainable development goals, as well as corporate social responsibility, seek a paradigm shift that will lead to sustainable progress in the social, economic and environmental fields. This implies a commitment where actors such as the State, civil community, academia, public and private companies, play a fundamental role. The objective of this research is to describe corporate social responsibility in Ecuador from the 2030 Agenda. The article was developed from the qualitative paradigm using the documentary, theoretical and legal review. As a result, in Ecuador there is a heightened interest of companies towards the fulfillment of social responsibility, directing actions consistent with sustainable development and the declared development objectives worldwide. Despite this, greater socialization and empowerment of the regulations contemplated in the 2030 Agenda are required, to avoid the complete non-fulfillment of its objectives. It is concluded that corporate social responsibility in Ecuador responds to the Sustainable Development Goals and provides significant elements for the economic, political, social, environmental and ethical dimensions of companies, who must assume them as crosscutting axes of their management system; which will promote the development of the country.

Abstract Support services to families of children with disabilities have previously been documented. While the effectiveness and consequences of some support strategies have been defined, their comparison remains problematic primarily because of the diversified existing definitions. The present study aimed to elaborate and validate a typology to describe different types of support that can be offered to families of children with disabilities. A review of literature highlighted a variety of support services and allowed a categorical grouping. Content analysis ensured that each category was defined distinctively. Afterwards, a panel of experts and representatives of organizations from seven developed countries (Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Sweden and Switzerland) validated the typology. A database of services offered in these countries was created. The resulting typology was divided into four categories related to the family needs: support, respite, child minding and emergency support. Each type of support can be illustrated within organizations in the database. As such, social workers can use the defined typology to identify the needs of families of children with disabilities and suggest alternatives when services are not available. Overall, the described typology should facilitate discussion between stakeholders and families by providing a common communication system.

This study, conducted in 1987 and 1988, has made it possible to quantify exposure to noise among heavy equipment operators, associated laborers, and crane operators. The average daily noise exposure was 84 to 99 dBA for heavy equipment, 90 dBA for the laborer, and 74 to 97 dBA for the crane operator. The main sources of noise to which heavy equipment operators are exposed are vehicle engines and the muffler exhaust system, usually located near the operator. The presence of insulated cabs such as those found on power shovels, backhoes, wheel loaders, and graders help reduce noise exposure. The type of tasks carried out by the laborers, the sources of noise from heavy equipment around which they work, and the manual equipment they use determine the noise levels to which such workers are exposed. In the case of crane operators, an insulated cab significantly reduces the operator's exposure to engine noise.

O artigo aborda a temática da medicalização dos sofrimentos e das anomalias comportamentais numa perspectiva histórica. Analisa a emergência de uma nova configuração epistemológica do saber psiquiátrico ocorrida na segunda metade do século XIX. Tomando como ponto de partida os estudos sobre biopolítica da população de Foucault e Agamben, as reflexões de Canguilhem sobre as fronteiras difusas da normalidade e o curso que Foucault dedica aos anormais, o artigo estuda o surgimento de uma psiquiatria ampliada relacionada ao não-patológico. São analisados os Anais de Higiene e Medicina Legal e os Anais Médico-Psicológicos, publicados na França entre os anos de 1857 e 1924, com o objetivo de compreender de que modo foi construída essa medicina das condutas e quais foram as estratégias biopolíticas defendidas pelos teóricos da degeneração.

Depuis la fin des années 1980, l’efficacité théorique et mobilisatrice de la pensée féministe, fréquemment dépeinte comme « blanche » et occidentale, a été remise en cause notamment par des féministes afro-américaines, hispano-américaines et indiennes. À l’intérieur même des études féministes et du mouvement des femmes émerge donc un questionnement sur la capacité du féminisme à prendre en compte l’hétérogénéité des statuts sociaux et des expériences des femmes. En d’autres termes, le féminisme est remis en question quant à sa capacité à élaborer une analyse de l’oppression des femmes qui reconnaît les effets conjugués du sexisme, du racisme, du « classisme » ou encore de l’homophobie. Dans le présent article, nous exposons dans un premier temps les principales critiques émises par des féministes noires et d’autres issues de groupes minoritaires à l’endroit du mouvement des femmes. Dans un deuxième temps, nous mettons en perspective le point de vue de chercheures et de thérapeutes féministes américaines ayant renouvelé leur vision et leurs pratiques d’intervention à la lumière de ces critiques. Dans un troisième temps sera précisée la signification du concept d’intersectionnalité, tel qu’il émerge dans la littérature féministe et, dans un quatrième temps, nous examinons l’apport de ce nouveau paradigme à l’intervention féministe appliquée auprès des femmes victimes de violence conjugale. En conclusion, nous signalerons quelques-uns des enjeux et des défis que pose l’intégration de l’approche intersectionnelle à l’intervention féministe.

En este artículo se analiza la denominada "economía de la experiencia" (Pine & Gilmore, 1999). Las ciudades son cada vez más importantes como escenarios en los que se crean experiencias y se representan para el consumo masivo. En esta economía de la experiencia, la cultura se convierte en una materia prima esencial y el turismo cultural es un elemento cada vez más importante. Diremos que la producción de experiencias es actualmente un elemento vital para una amplia gama de regiones y ciudades de Europa. La medida del éxito de estas políticas depende en alto grado de las condiciones económicas, sociales y culturales preexistentes, a pesar de la naturaleza, aparentemente etérea, de la producción de experiencias. Este estudio se basa en el Programa de Investigación sobre Turismo Cultural de la Association for Tourism and Leisure Education (ATLAS). Los datos presentados incluyen los resultados de la última ronda de la encuesta ATLAS desde el año 2000 y la información recogida en el último informe del proyecto ATLAS (Richards, 2001).

This article identifies home care practitioners' perceptions of the responsibilities, difficulties, and needs for support of caregivers. It is based on a study undertaken in Quebec with 55 practitioners and 10 administrators from 10 CLSCs located in rural, urban, and metropolitan areas. The study had a qualitative, multiple-case design and used logs recording all contact with caregivers in the space of a week, followed by semi-structured interviews. Analysis reveals that practitioners tend to perceive the work of caregivers as mainly instrumental and clinical, ignoring the family relations that tie them to their relative. Although aware of the difficulties facing caregivers and the negative impacts of caregiving, a majority of practitioners have high expectations of caregiver participation in treatment plans, albeit as quasi-nurse's aides. Our analysis offers an explanation for this apparent contradiction by examining practitioners' values with regard to family responsibility for care.

Although combining methods is nothing new, more contributions about why and how to mix methods for validation purposes are needed. This article presents a case of validating the inferences drawn from the Participatory Evaluation Measurement Instrument, an instrument that purports to measure stakeholder participation in evaluation. Although the process was intended to be almost exclusively quantitative, one of its components unexpectedly turned into a mixed methods study. This, in turn, spurred on a cycle of instrument revision and further quantitative validation. Whereas the validation evidence is modest and tentative, it suggests that the revised version of the Participatory Evaluation Measurement Instrument offers a better fit with the respondents’ opinions regarding the participation level of selected evaluation cases. The article concludes with a brief discussion on the added value of mixed methods for validation purposes.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate contamination on the external surfaces of cyclophosphamide vials available on the Canadian market during storage in pharmacy departments and the efficacy of decontaminating the external surfaces of vials using various cleaning techniques. METHODS: The study consisted of three phases: the quantification of cyclophosphamide on the external surfaces of 10 vials of Procytox and 10 vials of Cytoxan available on the Canadian market with or without prewashing (Phases I and II) and the quantification of cyclophosphamide on the surfaces of 30 deliberately contaminated empty sterile vials cleaned using three different washing techniques (Phase III). The quantification of cyclophosphamide was conducted using ultra performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: In Phase I, we observed that 9 of 10 vials of Procytox and 4 of 10 vials of Cytoxan had traces of cyclophosphamide. The average concentration of cyclophosphamide measured on the vials was higher for Procytox than it was for Cytoxan. In Phase II, we observed that simply by washing vials with water we could effectively eliminate the presence of contamination on 6 of 10 Procytox vials and on 10 of 10 Cytoxan vials. Phase III demonstrated the efficacy of using a cloth soaked in soapy water to clean the contaminated vials. CONCLUSION: This pilot study demonstrates the presence of contamination on the external surfaces of cyclophosphamide vials from two manufacturers on the Canadian market. It suggests that cleaning vials from manufacturers and wholesalers may help to reduce the risk of occupational exposure. There is a need for a pilot study to establish guidelines on decontamination agents and cleaning process to eliminate the presence of contamination on vial surfaces.

Abstract Seasonal near‐surface temperatures have increased in many regions of the World. Previous work has shown that this has led to rapidly increasing frequencies of very warm Northern Hemisphere summer temperatures. Here we show, using a ‘single‐step’ attribution framework, that increases in frequencies of very warm seasonal temperatures, not just in Northern Hemisphere summers but in other regions and seasons, can be directly attributed to human influence. In the June‐August and September‐November seasons, many of the sub‐continental regions of Africa and Asia show robust attributable increase in the frequencies of anomalously warm seasonal temperatures. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society, Crown Copyright and Crown in the right of Canada