Ministère de la Culture

<titre>R&#233;sum&#233;</titre> Les formes contemporaines qui soumettent la vie au pouvoir de la mort (la n&#233;cropolitique) reconfigurent-elles en profondeur la relation entre r&#233;sistance, sacrifice et terreur&#160;? Cet essai fait l&#8217;hypoth&#232;se que l&#8217;expression ultime de la souverainet&#233; r&#233;side dans une large mesure dans le pouvoir et la capacit&#233; de dire qui vivra et qui doit mourir. Par cons&#233;quent, tuer ou laisser vivre constituent les limites de la souverainet&#233;, ses attributs fondamentaux. Exercer la souverainet&#233;, c&#8217;est exercer le contr&#244;le sur la mortalit&#233; et d&#233;finir la vie comme le d&#233;ploiement et la manifestation du pouvoir.

We have previously reported that a neutral glycolipid (globotriosylceramide; Gb3) was specifically expressed on Burkitt's lymphoma cells and on a subset of germinal center tonsillar B lymphocytes. Recently the Gb3 molecule was recognized as a new B cell differentiation antigen and now defines the CD77 cluster. Here we report an extensive phenotypic and functional characterization of the tonsillar CD77+ B lymphocytes. These cells have a low buoyant density and are thus purified using a Percoll gradient. They express various B cell antigens such as CD19, CD20, CD21, CD22 and CD40, as well as the adhesion molecules LFA-1, LFA-3 and CD44. They are positive for surface IgM and negative for surface IgD. Although these results suggest a phenotype of activated B cells, the CD77+ cells are negative for the classical activation antigens: CD23 (the low-affinity Fc receptor for IgE), CD25 [the interleukin (IL) 2 receptor alpha chain] and CD71 (the transferrin receptor). Proliferation and protein synthesis of CD77+ cells was measured after stimulation with a range of mitogens and IL. None of the agents tested are able to induce proliferation and protein synthesis with the exception of a combination of recombinant IL 4 plus anti-CD40 antibody. When examined by electron microscopy, CD77+ B lymphocytes present a morphology similar to that of cells undergoing programmed cell death, also called apoptosis (i.e. chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation, membrane blebbing). As shown by direct examination of DNA, these CD77+ cells are indeed in the process of apoptosis. Treatment of the CD77+ cells by recombinant IL 4 and anti-CD40 antibody prevents apoptosis. All these results suggest that the CD77 molecule defines a B lymphocyte maturation pathway, specific for germinal center, where the cells undergo programmed cell death.

Abstract. The fish assemblages of a strictly protected area and of a neighbouring fished area, located off a Mediterranean urbanized coast (Carry‐le‐Rouet, France), were compared in order to select the most evident, constant, and easily recorded indices of the ‘reserve effect’. Visual censusing was repeated simultaneously at both sites eight time a year during 3 years along four permanent transects layed on shallow rocky bottoms (9–14 m). Overall species richness was 16% higher in the reserve, but differences in average instantaneous richness were only marginally significant. The most contrasting results were shown by the occurrence frequency, abundance, and demographic structure of two types of target species. The type A target species group comprises 16 large meso‐ and macrocarnivores particularly threatened by spearfishing, including the common nectobenthic sparids Diplodus spp. Type B target species are represented by two small territorial fishes particularly impacted by angling: the serranid Serranus cabrilla and the terminal phase males of the labrid Coris julis . The size structure of Diplodus spp., S. cabrilla , and C.julis subpopulations strongly argues for the role of protected areas as a reservoir of large spawners. Fishing pressure is assumed to modify the social conditions of the C. julis local populations and to induce earlier sex change.

Résumé Dans cet article, Milad Doueihi développe sa proposition d’un humanisme numérique, notion provocatrice qui doit permettre de rendre compte du statut des sciences humaines dans le contexte numérique actuel et d’interroger les transformations des objets et des pratiques de la culture. La nécessité de penser cette culture numérique, sa complexité et sa nouveauté tient au triomphe de l’hybride dans nos civilisations, au passage continuel entre le concret et le virtuel, à l’exploitation de la tournure anthologique, de la polyphonie de l’identité et de ses assises dans le mouvement de sémantisation. Si le numérique interroge notre culture, les questions imposées sont de nature politique. L’émergence d’un humanisme numérique doit permettre de penser l’humain à l’heure de ces transformations.

Abstract PRD politicians and officials widely use clientelism to structure their relationships with citizens. This is due not only to the entrenchment of clientelism in Mexican politics or to high rates of poverty and inequality, but also to the limited institutionalization of democratic rules inside the party. The last stems largely from the party's electoral strategy in its formative years, and has resulted in uncontrolled factional battles that play out through clientelism. The Brazilian PT faced external and internal conditions quite similar to those of the PRD, but its early focus on organization building and policy change allowed it to avoid clientelism to a greater degree. This analysis problematizes the trend of using minimalist definitions that assume clientelism to be nondemocratic because these approaches result in conceptual stretching and decreased explanatory power.

Abstract The quality of grilled steaks was assessed by experienced panellists in longissimus thoracis (LT), semitendinosus (St) and triceps brachii (TB) muscles of Aubrac, Charolais, Limousin and Salers breeds raised in two production systems: 15-, 19- and 24-month-old bulls and 4-, 6- and 8-year-old cull cows. Scores for sensory ‘initial tenderness’, ‘overall tenderness’, ‘juiciness’, ‘residue after mastication’ and ‘flavour intensity’ for all 497 meats were pooled to derive three eating quality classes. Meats from the bulls and cows and from the four breeds were evenly distributed among the three eating quality classes. The highest quality class, representing one third of all the meats, contained 45% of the LT, 35% of the TB and 21% of the St muscles and one third of the meats from the 8-year-old cull cows. The meats in this class tended to have finer fibres, a greater proportion of slow oxidative fibres, slower post-mortem glycolysis, lower connective tissue and higher fat contents than those in the lower classes. Lipid content accounted for proportionately 0·56 of the variation in flavour intensity and pH at 3 h post mortem, 0·52 of the variation in tenderness due to muscle and slaughter age. Considering both young bulls and cull cows together, tenderness was highest in the meats from 15-month-old bulls and low in the meats from the intermediate age groups, and flavour and juiciness was highest in the meats from the oldest animals from each production system.

Abstract For decades, globalization and the liberal international order evolved side by side. Recently, however, deglobalizing forces have been on the rise and the liberal international order has come to be increasingly beleaguered. The special issue ‘Deglobalization? The future of the liberal international order’ examines the interconnectedness of globalization and deglobalization processes on the one hand and the trajectory of the liberal international order on the other. This introduction provides a conceptual frame for the articles to follow. It discusses globalization and deglobalization processes, compares how they have been intertwined with the liberal international order in the past and presently, and explores how these differences are likely to affect the future of world politics. The special issue makes three important contributions. First, we examine globalization and deglobalization processes systematically. Second, we break new ground in studying the future of international order. Third, we generate novel insights into epochal change.

Résumé Cet article propose quelques pistes de réflexion quant aux liens, ou à leur absence, entre dispositifs institués de participation et mobilisations sociales et politiques. Si certaines filiations peuvent être repérées, elles sont souvent plus complexes qu’il y paraît de prime abord, notamment du fait des significations diverses attachées à la notion même de participation. Dans les conditions contemporaines, peut-on envisager ces relations comme des relations de complémentarité, d’enrichissement réciproque, ou au contraire, le développement d’une démocratie participative « officielle » présente-t-il des risques pour les mobilisations ? Ces questionnements ne doivent-ils pas conduire, finalement, à penser autrement ces relations entre « institutions » et « mouvements sociaux », y compris sous la forme d’une autonomie réciproque ?

Abstract The authors identify natural bitumen on stone implements dating to 70 000 BP. It is proposed that this represents residue from hafting, taking the practice back a further 30 000 years from the date previously noted and published in Nature . The bitumen was tracked to a source 40km away, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and carbon isotopes.

Abstract Farming was first introduced to southeastern Europe in the mid-7 th millennium BCE – brought by migrants from Anatolia who settled in the region before spreading throughout Europe. To clarify the dynamics of the interaction between the first farmers and indigenous hunter-gatherers where they first met, we analyze genome-wide ancient DNA data from 223 individuals who lived in southeastern Europe and surrounding regions between 12,000 and 500 BCE. We document previously uncharacterized genetic structure, showing a West-East cline of ancestry in hunter-gatherers, and show that some Aegean farmers had ancestry from a different lineage than the northwestern Anatolian lineage that formed the overwhelming ancestry of other European farmers. We show that the first farmers of northern and western Europe passed through southeastern Europe with limited admixture with local hunter-gatherers, but that some groups mixed extensively, with relatively sex-balanced admixture compared to the male-biased hunter-gatherer admixture that prevailed later in the North and West. Southeastern Europe continued to be a nexus between East and West after farming arrived, with intermittent genetic contact from the Steppe up to 2,000 years before the migration that replaced much of northern Europe’s population.

Student of Color often reference racial microaggressions when asked to describe their post-secondary experience. The racial battle fatigue framework assists in understanding the cumulative, negative effect of racial microaggressions on psychological, behavioral, and physiological outcomes. This paper assesses the racial battle fatigue framework for African American and Mexican American college students and the impact of coping on racial stress. Results demonstrate that racial microaggressions negatively impact stress responses for African American and Mexican Americans differently, but coping may help alleviate the impact of racial battle fatigue. Universities can address racial microaggressions and negative health outcomes by educating campus constituents about racial microaggressions, addressing Whiteness, and providing education about adaptive coping strategies.

Knowledge of the iron trade in ancient times rests on determining the source of the objects recovered during archaeological excavations. Unfortunately, attributing the origin is not always possible using archaeological tools alone. Trace element data of the ore and the archaeological material (reduction and reheating slags, entrapped slag inclusions from the bloom, bar iron and iron blades) from two Gallo‐Roman iron‐making centres, Les Martys (Montagne Noire) and Les Ferrys (Loiret), were determined using ICP–AES/MS and LA–ICP–MS. The results highlight a continuity of composition that makes it possible to establish a link between the initial ore and the semi‐finished iron products.

The grinding of stone to make sharp cutting edges did not evolve with the emergence of biologically modern humans in Africa, but late in the Pleistocene at the completion or nearcompletion of the Out-of-Africa 2 migration. Here we discuss the earliest securely-dated fragment of ground-edge axe from Australia, dated at 35,500 cal. bp, an age slightly older or comparable to the earliest ages for edge-grinding from the Pacific Ocean's western seaboard. In this region ground-edge axes did not evolve with the emergence of agriculture, nor for the clearance of forests, but, rather, as socially mediated technology, part of the development of symbolic storage that is the hallmark of the evolution of cognitively modern humans at the geographical end, during, or following, Out-of-Africa 2.

A large collection of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) directed against sheep red blood cell (SRBC) receptor (cluster of differentiation 2: CD2) were classified according to three criteria: their inhibitory effect on T cell-SRBC rosette formation; the epitopic cluster recognized on the CD2 molecule; their reactivity with resting or activated T cells. All mAb were then tested in a two by two checkerboard fashion for possible T cell mitogenicity, in presence or absence of a submitogenic dose of 12-O-tetra-decanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), an agent known to be comitogenic for T cells, presumably in delivering a second signal, usually accessory cell dependent. The combined data demonstrate that in the absence of TPA only few pairs of mAb directed at distinct epitopes of the CD2 molecule were mitogenic for T cells (in approximately 30% of the population tested), and in the presence of a submitogenic dose of TPA the majority of T11.1 anti-CD2-mAb (9 out of 11) were strongly mitogenic for T cells of all individuals tested when paired with T11.2 anti-CD2 mAb. The two anti-T11.1 mAb, noncomplementary to anti-T11.2 mAb, were, however, strongly mitogenic when added to mAb of the T11.3 subgroup, represented by 1-Mono-2A6. Taken together, these data strongly suggest that the main characteristic of T cell mitogenesis triggered by anti-CD2 mAb is the requirement for a signal delivered simultaneously to two different epitopes of the CD2 molecule, whether these epitopes are T11.1, T11.2 or T11.3.

La conscience du droit, en tant que concept théorique et sujet de recherche empirique, a été développée pour traiter des questions d’hégémonie juridique, en particulier la manière dont le droit maintient son pouvoir institutionnel malgré un fossé persistant entre le droit des livres et le droit en actes. Pourquoi les gens acceptent-ils un système juridique qui, malgré ses promesses d’égalité de traitement, reproduit systématiquement les inégalités ? Des études récentes ont à la fois élargi et réduit la portée du concept, tout en sacrifiant une grande partie de son potentiel critique et de son utilité théorique. Plutôt que d’expliquer comment les différentes expériences du droit sont synthétisées dans un ensemble de schémas et d’habitudes en circulation, la littérature observe ce que certains individus pensent et font. Parce que les relations entre la conscience et la dynamique des phénomènes idéologiques et hégémoniques restent souvent inexpliquées, la conscience du droit en tant que concept analytique est instrumentalisée dans le cadre de projets de politiques : produire des lois spécifiques plus efficaces pour des groupes ou intérêts particuliers.

In this study, the early social experiences of infants from two agricultural societies, Indian Rajput and Cameroonian Nso are compared to each other and to German urban middle-class families. Using spot observations, infants' social experiences were assessed when they were between 2.5 and 3 months. The parenting styles in the three communities are distinctly different from each other. However, the Nso and the Rajputs share a parenting pattern that can be regarded as supporting the development of communion. Differences between the two agrarian communities are related to different emotional expressivity and different health and nutritional status. The German caregiving pattern can be regarded as oriented towards the development of agency. In the discussion the question of the cultural interpretation of parenting behaviors is raised, emphasizing that the analysis of both shared practices as well as shared ideas is important in order to understand the dynamics of parenting in cultural context.

The house mouse (Mus musculus) represents the extreme of globalization of invasive mammals. However, the timing and basis of its origin and early phases of dispersal remain poorly documented. To track its synanthropisation and subsequent invasive spread during the develoment of complex human societies, we analyzed 829 Mus specimens from 43 archaeological contexts in Southwestern Asia and Southeastern Europe, between 40,000 and 3,000 cal. BP, combining geometric morphometrics numerical taxonomy, ancient mitochondrial DNA and direct radiocarbon dating. We found that large late hunter-gatherer sedentary settlements in the Levant, c. 14,500 cal. BP, promoted the commensal behaviour of the house mouse, which probably led the commensal pathway to cat domestication. House mouse invasive spread was then fostered through the emergence of agriculture throughout the Near East 12,000 years ago. Stowaway transport of house mice to Cyprus can be inferred as early as 10,800 years ago. However, the house mouse invasion of Europe did not happen until the development of proto urbanism and exchange networks - 6,500 years ago in Eastern Europe and 4000 years ago in Southern Europe - which in turn may have driven the first human mediated dispersal of cats in Europe.

INTRODUCTIONEvery year thousands of newly wed Turks and Moroccans migrate to the Netherlands to live with their partner. It is rather unexpected that marriage migration takes place at such a rate. Migration was thought to finish off slowly after the phase of family reunification. Instead, many descendants of the first generation decided to marry a partner still living in the country of origin, resulting in a new migration.The first Turkish and Moroccan migrant workers moved to the Netherlands in the late 1950s and early sixties. Until the early eighties they were followed by many others from their country. The majority of the migrants were men. Initially their goal was to stay temporarily and return to their family as soon as they could afford it. Today, forty years later, many of the first immigrants are still in the Netherlands, and most have also brought their spouses and children over. The Netherlands count 299.000 thousand Turkish and 252.000 thousand Moroccan citizens (CBS, 2000), which comprises a little less than 4% of the total Dutch population. About 60% of the Turkish and Moroccan group is born in the Netherlands.The Turkish and Moroccan children who were born in the Netherlands and those who came to the Netherlands whilst still young are now reaching marrying age. Recent figures show that more than half of the second and intermediate generation have found a marital partner in their country of origin. A smaller amount has married a spouse from the own migrant group in the Netherlands (Hooghiemstra and Manting, 1997). The rate of marriages with indigenous is from the other hand almost neglectable (less than 6% of all Turkish and Moroccan married couples in 1996, Hooghiemstra, 1997).The present article analysis why so many Dutch Turks and Moroccans are choosing to marry a partner who still lives in the country of origin. The objective is to explore the extend to which the partnerselection can be explained by integration on the one hand or by factors that are usually put forward as influencing partnerselection from the other hand. The selection process will be studied at the macro-level, as well as the level of social networks and the individual decision-making level.The article will start with a summary of various views on partnerselection of migrants which are derived from integration perspectives (2. 1) and from general approaches to processes of partnerselection (2.2). From both angles assumptions will be put forward, as to what differences are to be expected between the Turks and Moroccans in die Nedierlands who did marry a partner from abroad and the ones who didn't (3). The analysis of a survey on Turks and Moroccan will give insight into the actual differences between the two types of marriages (4). Finally the results will be confronted witii the integration perspective on partnerselection on one side and other perspectives from the other (5). It will lead to more understanding of the reasons behind migrant marriages.PERSPECTIVES ONPARTNER SELECTIONIntegration and partner selection of migrantsMost of the literature on partnerselection of migrants is focused on mixed marriages. There is httle specific attention for the incidence of marriages between migrants and partners living in the country of origin. A major part of the literature on mixed marriages refers to integration as an important factor in processes of partner choice of migrants. When a migrant group shows a high rate of intermarriage with the indigenous, the group is considered as highly integrated in die country of migration (Gordon, 1964). Furthermore mixed marriages are interpreted as important means to accommodate integration for future generations (Pagnini and Morgan, 1 990). According to these approaches migrant groups who show a continuing high intra-marriage rate are clearly not in a process of integrating in the country of settlement. Groups of migrants that not only tend to choose partners of shared origin but are also highly orientated on partners still living in the country of origin, seem the least bound to the country of settlement of all. …

The use of town plans as a source for history and geography and as data for urban planning led, from the end of the nineteenth century, to major developments in the theoretical and analytical aspects of urban morphology. The contributions of the Italian 'school', first Muratori and then Caniggia, principally on architectural typology, are well known today, as are the contributions of the English 'school' initiated by Conzen. But knowledge of previous work is generally poor, especially of the German 'school', which played a major role between the 1890s and the 1950s. This article is a history of the ideas of urban morphology, based upon an examination of the German, English, French and Italian contributions. Its aim is to identify the most relevant scholars in this field and the way in which ideas passed from one discipline to another and across state frontiers. After examining the present-day situation, a new approach is proposed that achieves a better integration of morphological analysis and the use of written sources.

This paper introduces new techniques for modeling financial data under the assumption that the data belong to the domain of attraction of a multivariate stable Pareto law. We provide tail estimators for the index of stability parameter a and the corresponding spectral measure. These estimators are then applied to test the associtation of the individual components and to compute estimates of portfolio risk and the covariation of commodities. A practical example is given using DM‐dollar and JY‐dollar exchange rates data.