Moscow Power Engineering Institute

Magnonics addresses the physical properties of spin waves and utilizes them for data processing. Scalability down to atomic dimensions, operation in the GHz-to-THz frequency range, utilization of nonlinear and nonreciprocal phenomena, and compatibility with CMOS are just a few of many advantages offered by magnons. Although magnonics is still primarily positioned in the academic domain, the scientific and technological challenges of the field are being extensively investigated, and many proof-of-concept prototypes have already been realized in laboratories. This roadmap is a product of the collective work of many authors, which covers versatile spin-wave computing approaches, conceptual building blocks, and underlying physical phenomena. In particular, the roadmap discusses the computation operations with the Boolean digital data, unconventional approaches, such as neuromorphic computing, and the progress toward magnon-based quantum computing. This article is organized as a collection of sub-sections grouped into seven large thematic sections. Each sub-section is prepared by one or a group of authors and concludes with a brief description of current challenges and the outlook of further development for each research direction.

A far ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopic ellipsometer system working up to 9 eV has been developed, and applied to characterize high-K-dielectric materials. These materials have been gaining greater attention as possible substitutes for SiO2 as gate dielectrics in aggressively scaled silicon devices. The optical properties of four representative high-K bulk crystalline dielectrics, LaAlO3, Y2O3-stabilized HfO2 (Y2O3)0.15–(HfO2)0.85, GdScO3, and SmScO3, were investigated with far UV spectroscopic ellipsometry and visible-near UV optical transmission measurements. Optical dielectric functions and optical band gap energies for these materials are obtained from these studies. The spectroscopic data have been interpreted in terms of a universal electronic structure energy scheme developed form ab initio quantum chemical calculations. The spectroscopic data and results provide information that is needed to select viable alternative dielectric candidate materials with adequate band gaps, and conduction and valence band offset energies for this application, and additionally to provide an optical metrology for gate dielectric films on silicon substrates.

INTRODUCTION: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the cognitive effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adults with no prior history of cognitive impairment. METHODS: Searches in Medline/Web of Science/Embase from January 1, 2020, to December 13, 2021, were performed following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A meta-analysis of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) total score comparing recovered COVID-19 and healthy controls was performed. RESULTS: Oof 6202 articles, 27 studies with 2049 individuals were included (mean age = 56.05 years, evaluation time ranged from the acute phase to 7 months post-infection). Impairment in executive functions, attention, and memory were found in post-COVID-19 patients. The meta-analysis was performed with a subgroup of 290 individuals and showed a difference in MoCA score between post-COVID-19 patients versus controls (mean difference = -0.94, 95% confidence interval [CI] -1.59, -0.29; P = .0049). DISCUSSION: Patients recovered from COVID-19 have lower general cognition compared to healthy controls up to 7 months post-infection.

We report on the discovery of a novel triangular phase regime in the system La1-xSrxMnO3 by means of electron spin resonance and magnetic susceptibility measurements. This phase is characterized by the coexistence of ferromagnetic entities within the globally paramagnetic phase far above the magnetic ordering temperature. The nature of this phase can be understood in terms of Griffiths singularities arising due to the presence of correlated quenched disorder in the orthorhombic phase.

We report on structural, magnetic, and electrical properties of Sr-doped ${\mathrm{LaMnO}}_{3}$ single crystals for doping levels $0.4<~x<~0.85.$ The complex structural and magnetic phase diagram can only be explained assuming significant contributions from the orbital degrees of freedom. Close to $x=0.6$ a ferromagnetic metal is followed by an antiferromagnetic metallic phase below 200 K. This antiferromagnetic metallic phase exists in a monoclinic crystallographic structure. Following theoretical predictions this metallic antiferromagnet is expected to reveal an ${(x}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{y}^{2})$-type orbital order. For higher Sr concentrations an antiferromagnetic insulator is established below room temperature.

To study fundamental questions of hadron and nuclear physics in interactions of antiprotons with nucleons and nuclei, the universal PANDA detector will be built. Gluonic excitations, the physics of strange and charm quarks and nucleon structure studies will be performed with unprecedented accuracy thereby allowing high-precision tests of the strong interaction. The proposed PANDA detector is a state-of-the art internal target detector at the HESR at FAIR allowing the detection and identification of neutral and charged particles generated within the relevant angular and energy range. This report presents a summary of the physics accessible at PANDA and what performance can be expected.

Many biological structures, from macromolecules to proteins, as well as a number of solid-state systems including ferroelectric and ferro nano- and microstructures, possess static toroidal shapes. A theoretical study shows that the dynamic toroidal dipoles constructed from ionic crystals can be used to engineer metamaterials to control how electromagnetic radiation is scattered and transmitted.

In this paper, a simulation model describing the operation of a PV/wind/diesel hybrid microgrid system with battery bank storage has been proposed. Optimal sizing of the proposed system has been presented to minimize the cost of energy (COE) supplied by the system while increasing the reliability and efficiency of the system presented by the loss of power supply probability (LPSP). Novel optimization algorithms of Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), Water Cycle Algorithm (WCA), Moth-Flame Optimizer (MFO), and Hybrid particle swarm-gravitational search algorithm (PSOGSA) have been applied for designing the optimized microgrid. Moreover, a comprehensive comparison has been accomplished between the proposed optimization techniques. The optimal sizing of the system components has been carried out using real-time meteorological data of Abu-Monqar village located in the Western Desert of Egypt for the first time for developing this promising remote area. Statistical study for determining the capability of the optimization algorithm in finding the optimal solution has been presented. Simulation results confirmed the promising performance of the hybrid WOA over the other algorithms.

Tens and hundreds of thousands of disturbances occur annually in modern power systems. The overwhelming majority of them are eliminated by relay protection devices and other automatic systems and by the actions of the dispatching personnel. A small fraction of the emergencies (tens of cases in such large power interconnections as those in the United States and Canada, Europe, and the United Power System (UPS) of Russia) result in significant system failures, sometimes of a cascading nature. They are consequences of unusual primary disturbances, failures of automatic emergency control systems, protection device malfunctions, and errors by personnel, but do not cause extreme consequences for the power system and the consumers. Of these, only some rare failures-blackouts-become catastrophes with severe long-term consequences for the national economies and population. Recent blackouts in North America, Europe, Russia, and other countries require specialists once again to pay closer attention to the blackout phenomenon. It is often believed that the philosophy of preventing blackouts should be based on dispatching personnel training, wide-area system visibility,and better computer models for the analysis of the stability and security of power systems. The authors of this paper also think that in emergency situations of a cascading nature, automatic emergency control systems should play a major role. A confirmation for this statement is the fact that from 1975 to 2005 there were no blackouts in the UPS of Russia (where automatic emergency control systems are widely used). At the same time, the Moscow blackout demonstrated that the growing problems in the Russia's UPS (such as aging equipment and load growth) made it also vulnerable to major blackouts. This stresses again that the electrical power industry faces common global problems and that a global effort, cooperation, and exchange of the best practices are needed to prevent blackouts. This paper describes the Russian

The main goal of the book is generalization of the existing knowledges of the wavy flow of falling thin liquid films and transfer processes in wave regimes. The methods of local measurements of hydrodynamic parameters have been analyzed. The theoretical models of wave motion taking into account non-linearity, non-stationarity, dispersion, multi-wave character and other effects have been stated. The waves of different types, including solitons, have been described theoretically and experimentally. The influence of waves on the transfer processes through the interface has been demonstrated. The mechanisms of heat and mass transfer enhancement in wave films have been analyzed. <br><br><br><br> 330 pages, <big>&#169;</big> 1994

We report on structural, magnetic, electrical, and thermodynamic properties of Gd-doped $\mathrm{La}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ single crystals for Gd doping levels $0\ensuremath{\leqslant}x\ensuremath{\leqslant}1$. At room temperature, for all doping levels the orthorhombic O' phase is indicative of a strong Jahn-Teller distortion. All compositions are insulating. The magnetism of ${\mathrm{La}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Gd}}_{x}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ is dominated by the relatively strong $\mathrm{Mn}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{Mn}$ superexchange. For increasing Gd doping, the weakening of the nearest-neighbor exchange interactions due to the significant decrease of the $\mathrm{Mn}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{Mn}$ bond angles leads to the continuous suppression of the magnetic phase-transition temperature into the A-type antiferromagnetic low-temperature phase. The temperature dependence of the magnetization can only be explained assuming canting of the manganese spins. The magnetic moments of Gd are weakly antiferromagnetically coupled within the sublattice and are antiferromagnetically coupled to the Mn moments. For intermediate concentrations compensation points are found, below which the spontaneous magnetization becomes negative. In pure $\mathrm{Gd}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ the Mn spins undergo a transition into a complex, probably incommensurate magnetic structure at $41.5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, followed by a further ordering transition at $18--20\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ revealing weak ferromagnetism due to canting and finally by the onset of magnetic order in the Gd sublattice at $6.5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. At the lowest temperatures and low external fields, both magnetic sublattices reveal a canted structure with antiparallel ferromagnetic components.

We present a systematic electron-spin-resonance (ESR) study in single crystals of ${\mathrm{La}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}(0&lt;~x&lt;~0.2).$ The temperature dependence of the ESR linewidth marks all significant transitions between both orthorhombic ${(O}^{\ensuremath{'}},O)$ and the rhombohedral (R) structural phases of the $T\ensuremath{-}x$ phase diagram. All significant peculiarities of the ESR spectra for low x values within the ${O}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ phase can be attributed to the cooperative Jahn-Teller effect on the ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{3+}{e}_{g}$ states and to the influence of the Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya exchange interaction. Possible relaxation mechanisms at higher doping levels are discussed.

We report on structural, magnetic, dielectric, and thermodynamic properties of ${\mathrm{Eu}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Y}}_{x}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ for Y doping levels $0\ensuremath{\leqslant}x&lt;1$. This system resembles the multiferroic perovskite manganites $R\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ (with $R=\mathrm{Gd},\mathrm{Dy},\mathrm{Tb}$) but without the interference of magnetic contributions of the $4f$ ions. In addition, it offers the possibility to continuously tune the influence of the $A$-site ionic radii. For small concentrations $x\ensuremath{\leqslant}0.1$ we find a canted antiferromagnetic and paraelectric ground state. For higher concentrations $x\ensuremath{\geqslant}0.3$ ferroelectric polarization coexists with the features of a presumably spiral magnetic phase analogous to the observations in $\mathrm{Tb}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. In the intermediate concentration range around $x\ensuremath{\approx}0.2$ a multiferroic scenario is realized combining weak ferroelectricity and weak ferromagnetism, presumably due to a conelike magnetic structure.

Nanosized Ir-black (3 nm) and Ir-oxide (5 nm) oxygen evolution electrocatalysts showing high performance in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) water electrolysis based on Aquivion® short-side chain ionomer membrane are investigated to understand the role of the Ir oxidation state on the electrocatalytic activity and stability. Despite the smaller mean crystallite size, the Ir-black electrocatalyst shows significantly lower initial performance than the Ir-oxide. During operation at high current density, the Ir-black shows a decrease of cell potential with time whereas the Ir-oxide catalyst shows increasing cell potential resulting in a degradation rate of about 10 μV/h, approaching 1000 h. The unusual behaviour of the Ir-black results from the oxidation of metallic Ir to IrOx. The Ir-oxide catalyst shows instead a hydrated structure on the surface and a negative shift of about 0.5 eV for the Ir 4f binding energy after 1000 h electrolysis operation. This corresponds to the formation of a sub-stoichiometric Ir-oxide on the surface. These results indicate that a hydrated IrO2 with high oxidation state on the surface is favourable in decreasing the oxygen evolution overpotential. Modifications of the Ir chemical oxidation state during operation can affect significantly the catalytic activity and durability of the electrolysis system.

Spectral ellipsometry is used to determine the dielectric function of an untwinned crystal of ${\mathrm{L}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ in the range 0.5--5.6 eV at temperatures $50\ensuremath{\le}T\ensuremath{\le}300\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}$. A pronounced redistribution of spectral weight is found at the N\'eel temperature ${T}_{N}=140\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}$. The anisotropy of the spectral weight transfer matches the magnetic ordering pattern. A superexchange model quantitatively describes spectral weight transfer induced by spin correlations. This analysis implies that the lowest-energy transitions around 2 eV are intersite $d$-$d$ transitions, and that ${\mathrm{L}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ is a Mott-Hubbard insulator.

One result of the intake and settlement of migrants is the formation of culturally plural societies. In the contemporary world, all societies are now culturally plural, with many ethnocultural groups living in daily interaction. A second result is that intercultural relations become a focus of public and private concern, as the newcomers interact with established populations (both indigenous and earlier migrants).

Recently, building an accurate mathematical model with the help of the experimentally measured data of solar cells and Photovoltaic (PV) modules, as a tool for simulation and performance evaluation of the PV systems, has attracted the attention of many researchers. In this work, Coyote Optimization Algorithm (COA) has been applied for extracting the unknown parameters involved in various models for the solar cell and PV modules, namely single diode model, double diode model, and three diode model. The choice of COA algorithm for such an application is made because of its good tracking characteristics and the balance creation between the exploration and exploitation phases. Additionally, it has only two control parameters and such a feature makes it very simple in application. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) value between the data based on the optimized parameters for each model and those based on the measured data of the solar cell and PV modules is adopted as the objective function. Parameters' estimation for various types of PV modules (mono-crystalline, thin-film, and multi-crystalline) under different operating scenarios such as a change in intensity of solar radiation and cell temperature is studied. Furthermore, a comprehensive statistical study has been performed to validate the accurateness and stability of the applied COA as a competitor to other optimization algorithms in the optimal design of PV module parameters. Simulation results, as well as the statistical measurement, validate the superiority and the reliability of the COA algorithm not only for parameter extraction of different PV modules but also under different operating scenarios. With the COA, precise PV models have been established with acceptable RMSE of 7.7547×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-4</sup> , 7.64801×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-4</sup> , and 7.59756×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-4</sup> for SDM, DDM, and TDM respectively considering R.T.C. France solar cell.

This paper describes the modeling of a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) by using lumped models (LMs). Designing electrical machines necessarily involves several fields of physics, such as electromagnetics, thermics, mechanics, and acoustics. Magnetic, electrical, electronic, and thermal parts are represented by LMs, whereas vibro-acoustic and mechanical parts are represented by analytical models. The aim of this study is to build a design model of a PMSM for traction applications. Each model is parameterized to optimize the machine. The method of taking into account saturation and movement is described. These fast, LMs make it possible to couple the software used with optimization tools. Simulation results are presented and compared with the finite-element method and the experiments performed.

High-speed permanent-magnet synchronous machines (HS PMSMs) are a popular topology among modern electrical machines. Suitable applications for such machines are low-power vacuum pumps, compressors, and chillers. This paper describes a systematic design methodology for an HS PMSM using two case studies. The design process for such high-speed (HS) machines is multidisciplinary and highly iterative due to the complex interaction of the many design variables involved. Consequently, no single optimum solution exists, and multiple possible solutions can meet the customer requirements. Practical solutions should be within acceptable thermal limits, should be energy-efficient, and should be rigid enough to withstand the forces exerted during operation. The proposed design flow is divided into steps that are presented in this paper in the form of a flowchart with emphasis on mechanical aspects. Each step represents a task for a thermal, mechanical, or electrical engineer. The features of each step and the prerequisites for moving to the next step are discussed. The described methodology was implemented in the design of two HS PMSMs. The output performance results of the design flow are compared with measured results of the prototypes. The design process described in this paper provides a straightforward procedure for the multidisciplinary design of HS permanent magnet electrical machines.

COVID-19 is an ongoing pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus that poses one of the greatest challenges to public health in recent years. SARS-CoV-2 is known to preferentially target older subjects and those with pre-existing conditions, but the reason for this age dependence is unclear. Here, we found that the case fatality rate for COVID-19 grows exponentially with age in all countries tested, with the doubling time approaching that of all-cause human mortality. In addition, men and those with multiple age-related diseases are characterized by increased mortality. Moreover, similar mortality patterns were found for all-cause pneumonia. We further report that the gene expression of ACE2, the SARS-CoV-2 receptor, grows in the lung with age, except for subjects on a ventilator. Together, our findings establish COVID-19 as an emergent disease of aging, and age and age-related diseases as its major risk factors. In turn, this suggests that COVID-19, and deadly respiratory diseases in general, may be targeted, in addition to antiviral approaches, by approaches that target the aging process.