Mulawarman University

Abstract Aim Advancement in ecological methods predicting species distributions is a crucial precondition for deriving sound management actions. Maximum entropy (MaxEnt) models are a popular tool to predict species distributions, as they are considered able to cope well with sparse, irregularly sampled data and minor location errors. Although a fundamental assumption of MaxEnt is that the entire area of interest has been systematically sampled, in practice, MaxEnt models are usually built from occurrence records that are spatially biased towards better‐surveyed areas. Two common, yet not compared, strategies to cope with uneven sampling effort are spatial filtering of occurrence data and background manipulation using environmental data with the same spatial bias as occurrence data. We tested these strategies using simulated data and a recently collated dataset on Malay civet V iverra tangalunga in Borneo. Location Borneo, Southeast Asia. Methods We collated 504 occurrence records of Malay civets from Borneo of which 291 records were from 2001 to 2011 and used them in the MaxEnt analysis (baseline scenario) together with 25 environmental input variables. We simulated datasets for two virtual species (similar to a range‐restricted highland and a lowland species) using the same number of records for model building. As occurrence records were biased towards north‐eastern Borneo, we investigated the efficacy of spatial filtering versus background manipulation to reduce overprediction or underprediction in specific areas. Results Spatial filtering minimized omission errors (false negatives) and commission errors (false positives). We recommend that when sample size is insufficient to allow spatial filtering, manipulation of the background dataset is preferable to not correcting for sampling bias, although predictions were comparatively weak and commission errors increased. Main Conclusions We conclude that a substantial improvement in the quality of model predictions can be achieved if uneven sampling effort is taken into account, thereby improving the efficacy of species conservation planning.

Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kinerja keuangan CV Karunia Jaya pada tahun 2015 sampai dengan tahun 2016 ditinjau dari rasio keuangan Likuiditas, Solvabilitas dan Profitabilitas. Alat analisis yang digunakan berupa rasio keuangan yang terdiri dari rasio Likuiditas, Solvabilitas, dan Profitabilitas. Data Penelitian merupakan data sekunder yang diperoleh dari laporan keuangan. Metode penelitian menggunakan metode deskriptif komparatif. Berdasarkan hasil analisis yang diperoleh yaitu Rasio likuiditas dari tahun 2015 sampai dengan tahun 2016 mengalami penurunan. Current ratio dari tahun 2015 ke 2016 meningkat sebesar 0,5%. Quick ratio dari tahun 2015 ke tahun 2016 meningkat sebesar 0,95%. Semakin tinggi current ratio, quick ratio, dan cash ratio maka semakin besar kemampuan perusahaan untuk melunasi hutang-hutangnya. Rasio solvabilitas untuk debt to total asset ratio tahun 2015 ke tahun 2016 menurun sebesar 7,2%, Debt to equity ratio mengalami penurunan di tahun 2015 ke 2016 sebanyak 0,27%. Keadaan ini merugikan bagi perusahaan, yang dimana semakin besar jumlah pinjaman yang digunakan. Rasio profitabilitas, kemampuan perusahaan juga efisien karena pada tahun 2015 ke tahun 2016 untuk return on equty dan return on asset meningkat, untuk return on equty sebesar 17,28% dan return on asset 0,18%.

The Indonesian government formally enforces rules of study, worship, and work from home from March 16, 2020. Minimizing and limiting meetings involving physical contact is an effort to reduce the spread of the COVID-19 virus. These conditions have implications for the effectiveness of the learning process in higher education. The purpose of this study was to identify the impact of student psychology on online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research method uses a qualitative research type of phenomenology. The research subjects were 30 students of Mulawarman University who were interviewed via telephone. The research findings show that (1) students have started to get bored with online learning after the first two weeks of learning from home, (2) considerable anxiety on research subjects whose parents have low income, because they have to buy quotas to be able to participate in online learning, ( 3) mood or mood changes occur due to too many assignments and are considered ineffective by students. Suggestions and recommendations from this research are the need for severe efforts in assisting the psychological well-being of students through the involvement of counselors and psychologists.

Student productivity in higher education is still a problem. In the digital era, technology is increasingly developing and provides convenience for doing various things, including in terms of learning. The purpose of this study will be an analysis of the role of ChatGPT in helping to improve the quality of student productivity. This research is qualitative in nature. Data collection techniques include listening and recording important information to conduct data analysis through data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. This study concludes that ChatGPT can make a significant contribution in improving the quality of student productivity. This language model can help students in various ways, such as providing useful information and resources, helping to improve language skills, facilitating collaboration, increasing time efficiency and effectiveness, and providing support and motivation.

The scaling of respiratory metabolism with body mass is one of the most pervasive phenomena in biology. Using a single allometric equation to characterize empirical scaling relationships and to evaluate alternative hypotheses about mechanisms has been controversial. We developed a method to directly measure respiration of 271 whole plants, spanning nine orders of magnitude in body mass, from small seedlings to large trees, and from tropical to boreal ecosystems. Our measurements include the roots, which have often been ignored. Rather than a single power-law relationship, our data are fit by a biphasic, mixed-power function. The allometric exponent varies continuously from 1 in the smallest plants to 3/4 in larger saplings and trees. Therefore, our findings support the recent findings of Reich et al. [Reich PB, Tjoelker MG, Machado JL, Oleksyn J (2006) Universal scaling of respiratory metabolism, size, and nitrogen in plants. Nature 439:457–461] and West, Brown, and Enquist [West GB, Brown JH, Enquist BJ (1997) A general model for the origin of allometric scaling laws in biology. Science 276:122 -126.]. The transition from linear to 3/4-power scaling may indicate fundamental physical and physiological constraints on the allocation of plant biomass between photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic organs over the course of ontogenetic plant growth.

Big Data (BD), Machine Learning (ML) and Internet of Things (IoT) are expected to have a large impact on Smart Farming and involve the whole supply chain, particularly for rice production. The increasing amount and variety of data captured and obtained by these emerging technologies in IoT offer the rice smart farming strategy new abilities to predict changes and identify opportunities. The quality of data collected from sensors greatly influences the performance of the modelling processes using ML algorithms. These three elements (e.g., BD, ML and IoT) have been used tremendously to improve all areas of rice production processes in agriculture, which transform traditional rice farming practices into a new era of rice smart farming or rice precision agriculture. In this paper, we perform a survey of the latest research on intelligent data processing technology applied in agriculture, particularly in rice production. We describe the data captured and elaborate role of machine learning algorithms in paddy rice smart agriculture, by analyzing the applications of machine learning in various scenarios, smart irrigation for paddy rice, predicting paddy rice yield estimation, monitoring paddy rice growth, monitoring paddy rice disease, assessing quality of paddy rice and paddy rice sample classification. This paper also presents a framework that maps the activities defined in rice smart farming, data used in data modelling and machine learning algorithms used for each activity defined in the production and post-production phases of paddy rice. Based on the proposed mapping framework, our conclusion is that an efficient and effective integration of all these three technologies is very crucial that transform traditional rice cultivation practices into a new perspective of intelligence in rice precision agriculture. Finally, this paper also summarizes all the challenges and technological trends towards the exploitation of multiple sources in the era of big data in agriculture.

Unified Modelling Language merupakan alat perancangan sistem yang berorientasi pada objek. Secara filosofi kemunculan UML diilhami oleh konsep yang telah ada yaitu konsep permodelan Object Oriented (OO), karena konsep ini menganalogikan sistem seperti kehidupan nyata yang didominasi oleh obyek dan digambarkan atau dinotasikan dalam simbol-simbol yang cukup spesifik maka OO memiliki proses standard dan bersifat independen. UML diagram memiliki tujuan utama untuk membantu tim pengembangan proyek berkomunikasi, mengeksplorasi potensi desain, dan memvalidasi desain arsitektur perangkat lunak atau pembuat program. Komponen atau notasi UML diturunkan dari 3 (tiga) notasi yang telah ada sebelumnya yaitu Grady Booch, OOD (Object-Oriented Design), Jim Rumbaugh, OMT (Object Modelling Technique), dan Ivar Jacobson OOSE (Object-Oriented Software Engineering). UML mempunyai tiga kategori utama yaitu struktur diagram, behaviour diagram dan interaction diagram. Dimana masing-masing kategori tersebut memiliki diagram yang menjelaskan arsitektur sistem dan saling terintegrasi.

Abstract Less than half of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions remain in the atmosphere. While carbon balance models imply large carbon uptake in tropical forests, direct on-the-ground observations are still lacking in Southeast Asia. Here, using long-term plot monitoring records of up to half a century, we find that intact forests in Borneo gained 0.43 Mg C ha −1 per year (95% CI 0.14–0.72, mean period 1988–2010) in above-ground live biomass carbon. These results closely match those from African and Amazonian plot networks, suggesting that the world’s remaining intact tropical forests are now en masse out-of-equilibrium. Although both pan-tropical and long-term, the sink in remaining intact forests appears vulnerable to climate and land use changes. Across Borneo the 1997–1998 El Niño drought temporarily halted the carbon sink by increasing tree mortality, while fragmentation persistently offset the sink and turned many edge-affected forests into a carbon source to the atmosphere.

Crop raiding by Bornean elephants ( Elephas maximus borneensis) is increasing rapidly in North Kalimantan, mainly due to a rapid conversion of swiddens and secondary forest into oil palm plantations. In the Tulin Onsoi subdistrict, the area used by oil palm plantations has grown from 3,302.71 ha in 2001 to 21,124.93 ha in 2014. Particularly from 2006 to 2010, the area covered by oil palm plantations increased rapidly (418%). Preventing further encroachment of oil palm plantations in elephant habitat and regulating land use change are keys to stop further population declines and make way for the reestablishment of a viable elephant population in Kalimantan. Crop raiding is a strong determinant of the local people’s perceptions of elephants and risks eroding cultural values that enabled people to coexist with elephants. People’s perception and attitude toward elephants are generally negative. Nevertheless, negative attitudes have not led to cases of retaliation in the Tulin Onsoi subdistrict. Public education at the community level could strengthen cultural values and foster coexistence between humans and elephants.

Abstract Worldwide, the addition of treated wastewater (i.e. effluent) to streams is becoming more common as urban populations grow and developing countries increase their use of wastewater treatment plants. Release of treated effluent can impair water quality and ecological communities, but also could help restore flow and maintain aquatic habitat in water‐stressed regions. To assess this range of potential outcomes, we conducted a global review of studies from effluent‐fed streams to examine the impacts of effluent on water quality and aquatic and riparian biota. We identified 147 quantitative studies of effluent‐fed streams, most of which were from the U.S.A. and Europe. Over 85% of the studies identified water quality as a primary study focus, including basic physical and chemical parameters, as well as trace organic contaminants. Nearly 60% of the studies had at least some focus on aquatic or riparian biota, primarily fish, aquatic invertebrates, and basal resources (e.g. algae). Effluent inputs generally impaired water quality near discharge points, mainly through increased water temperature, nutrients, and concentrations of trace organic contaminants, but also via decreased dissolved oxygen levels. The majority of ecological studies found that basal resources, aquatic invertebrates, and fish were negatively affected in a variety of ways (e.g. biodiversity losses, replacement of sensitive with tolerant species). However, several studies showed the importance of effluent in providing environmental flows to streams that had been dewatered by anthropogenic water withdrawals, especially in semi‐arid and arid regions. Knowledge gaps identified include the abiotic impacts of effluent, such as changes in channel morphology and hydrology (e.g. how nutrient‐rich and warmer effluent affects infiltration rates or interactions with groundwater), the effects of effluent on plants and vertebrates (e.g. amphibians, birds), and the impact of effluent‐induced perennialisation on naturally intermittent or ephemeral streams. Although effluent‐fed streams often exhibit signs of ecological impairment, there is great potential for these systems to serve as refuges of aquatic biodiversity and corridors of ecological connectivity when wastewater treatment standards are high, especially in semi‐arid and arid regions where natural streams have been dewatered.

Scientists have the difficult task of clearly conveying the ecological consequences of forest and wetland loss to the public. To address this challenge, we scaled the atmospheric carbon emissions arising from mangrove deforestation down to the level of an individual consumer. This type of quantification represents the “land‐use carbon footprint”, or the amount of greenhouse gases ( GHG s) generated when natural ecosystems are converted to produce commodities. On the basis of measurements of ecosystem carbon stocks from 30 relatively undisturbed mangrove forests and 21 adjacent shrimp ponds or cattle pastures, we determined that mangrove conversion results in GHG emissions ranging between 1067 and 3003 megagrams of carbon dioxide equivalent ( CO 2 e) per hectare. There is a land‐use carbon footprint of 1440 kg CO 2 e for every kilogram of beef and 1603 kg CO 2 e for every kilogram of shrimp produced on lands formerly occupied by mangroves. A typical steak and shrimp cocktail dinner would burden the atmosphere with 816 kg CO 2 e. This is approximately the same quantity of GHG s produced by driving a fuel‐efficient automobile from Los Angeles to New York City. Failure to include deforestation in life‐cycle assessments greatly underestimates the GHG emissions from food production.

Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah Research and Development (R & D) dengan model pengembangan ADDIE yang terdiri lima tahap, yaitu Analysis, Design, Development Implementation and Evaluation . Pada tahap analisis dilakukan studi literature dan studi lapangan, kemudian memproduksi media dengan membuat flowchart, dan storyboard, kemudian membuat media tersebut sesuai dengan desain yang telah dibuat. Tahap akhir ialah evaluasi dimana media divalidasi oleh guru mata pelajaran sebagai ahli materi dan 3 orang ahli validasi media untuk melihat kelayakan media serta membuat laporan. Hasil Penelitian dan Pengembangan media pembelajaran ini dikembangkan dengan model pengembangan ADDIE (Planning,Production, and Evaluation) dengan teknik pengumpulan data studi lapangan, studi literature dan angket yang dianalisis secara deskriptif oleh para ahli media dinyatakan bahwa media pembelajaran desktop ini “Sangat Layak” untuk di gunakan dengan persentase kelayakan 90% dan presentase 91% oleh ahli materi dinyatakan “sangat layak”.

Abstract. Remote sensing and satellite geodetic observations are capable of hydrologic monitoring of freshwater resources. Although satellite radar altimetry has been used in monitoring water level or discharge, its use is often limited to monitoring large rivers (>1 km) with longer interval periods (>1 week) because of its low temporal and spatial resolutions (i.e., satellite revisit period). Several studies have reported successful retrieval of water levels for small rivers as narrow as 40 m. However, processing current satellite altimetry signals for such small water bodies to retrieve water levels accurately remains challenging. Physically, the radar signal returned by water bodies smaller than the satellite footprint is most likely contaminated by non-water surfaces, which may degrade the measurement quality. In order to address this scientific challenge, we carefully selected the waveform shapes corresponding to the range measurement resulting from standard retrackers for the European Space Agency's (ESA's) Envisat (Environmental Satellite) radar altimetry. We applied this approach to small (40–200 m in width) and medium-sized (200–800 m in width) rivers and small lakes (extent <1000 km2) in the humid tropics of Southeast Asia, specifically in Indonesia. This is the first study that explored the ability of satellite altimetry to monitor small water bodies in Indonesia. The major challenges in this study include the size of the water bodies that are much smaller than the nominal extent of the Envisat satellite footprint (e.g., ~250 m compared to ~1.7 km, respectively) and slightly smaller than the along-track distance (i.e., ~370 m). We addressed this challenge by optimally using geospatial information and optical remote sensing data to define the water bodies accurately, thus minimizing the probability of non-water contamination in the altimetry measurement. Considering that satellite altimetry processing may vary with different geographical regions, meteorological conditions, or hydrologic dynamic, we further evaluated the performance of all four Envisat standard retracking procedures. We found that satellite altimetry provided a good alternative or the only means in some regions of measuring the water level of medium-sized rivers and small lakes with high accuracy (root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.21–0.69 m and a correlation coefficient of 0.94–0.97). In contrast to previous studies, we found that the commonly used Ice-1 retracking algorithm was not necessarily the best retracker among the four standard waveform retracking algorithms for Envisat radar altimetry observing inland water bodies. As a recommendation, we propose to include the identification and selection of standard waveform shapes to complete the use of standard waveform retracking algorithms for Envisat radar altimetry data over small and medium-sized rivers and small lakes.

This research came up from the unavailability of the physics teaching materials containing the local wisdom of Tabalong Regency society, South Kalimantan, and the less optimal character education in the learning process. Therefore, the research and development on the physics teaching materials based on the local wisdom of Tabalong regency, South Kalimantan to train saraba kawa character were conducted. The objective of this study was to produce feasible physics teaching materials integrated with the local wisdom based on the aspects of validity, practicality, effectivity, and character achievement. This research type is a research and development using ADDIE model. The subjects of the try out were 36 grade X students of MIPA in 4 SMA Negeri 2 Tanjung Tabalong Regency. The instruments used in this study were validation sheet, response questionnaire, student achievement results, and character observation sheet. The results showed that: (1) the validity of the teaching materials based on its content and appearance was in a good category, (2) the practicality of the teaching material categorized as very practical, (3) the effectiveness of the medium categorized as very practical, (4) and the achievement of saraba kawa character categorized as very good. It concluded that the physics teaching materials based on the local wisdom to train saraba kawa character is feasible for physics learning.

An important finding based on observation through empowerment activity of society showed that participation of people in organizing process of development planning was so low. It could be seen in involvement to the social interaction, the problem identification and the potency either in taking a dec

BACKGROUND: Measuring height for age is one of the essential indicators for evaluating children's growth. The study analyzes the association between maternal education and stunting among children under two years in Indonesia. METHODS: The study employed secondary data from the 2017 Indonesia Nutritional Status Monitoring Survey. The unit of analysis was children under two years, and the study obtained weighted samples of 70,293 children. Besides maternal education, other independent variables analyzed in this study were residence, maternal age, maternal marital status, maternal employment, children's age, and gender. In the final stage, the study occupied a multivariate test by binary logistic regression test. RESULTS: The results show the proportion of stunted children under two years in Indonesia nationally is 20.1%. Mothers in primary school and under education categories are 1.587 times more likely than mothers with a college education to have stunted children under two years (95% CI 1.576-1.598). Meanwhile, mothers with a junior high school education have a chance of 1.430 times more than mothers with a college education to have stunted children under two years (95% CI 1.420-1.440). Moreover, mothers with education in the senior high school category have 1.230 times more chances than mothers with a college education to have stunted children under two years (95% CI 1.222-1.238). CONCLUSION: The study concluded that the maternal education level was associated with stunting children under two years in Indonesia. The lower the mother's level of education, the higher the chances of a mother having stunted children under two years.

Terjadinya pandemic covid19 telah membuat banyak perubahan pada sektor pendidikan yang beralih menjadi pembelajaran daring. Perubahan sistem memicu munculnya stress akademik pada mahasiswa yang akan berdampak pada prestasi belajarnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran tingkat stres akademik yang dialami mahasiswa selama melaksanakan kuliah daring. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu kuantitatif dengan rancangan deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mahasiswa mengalami stress akademik terbanyak pada kategori sedang yaitu 80 mahasiswa (39,2%). Stress akademik kategori tinggi sebanyak sebanyak 55 orang (27%), kategori rendah sebanyak 48 orang (21%), kategori sangat tinggi sebanyak 14 orang (6,9%), dan kategori sangat rendah sebanyak 11 orang (5,4%). Artinya mahasiswa merasakan tekanan yang cukup berat selama melaksanakan pembelajaran daring di masa pandemic Covid19.

Polyphenols are natural compounds and the most plentiful with synergistic properties contributing to potential health benefits. This review describes the synergistic interactions of polyphenolic compounds; as yet, no literature review has been undertaken to consider the experimental evidence of synergistic effects of polyphenols. The polyphenolic compounds claimed to have synergistic activities are highly effective against oxidation, peptic ulcers, myocardial infarction, tumors, and a variety of other conditions. In addition, anticancer activity via apoptosis and antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and estrogenic behaviors have also been reported. Apart from the synergistic effects of polyphenols, this review also illustrates their specific health benefits too and bioavailability in humans. The toxicity of some polyphenolic agents, including antinutritional effects, chronic nephrotoxicity, reduction in net protein utilization and antiluteinizing hormone, and tumor development, is also evaluated. Synergistic treatment approaches may be effective in the treatment of many diseases. These findings provide information about the benefits of polyphenol compounds in combination, which could be useful for future studies.

Indonesian Borneo (Kalimantan) sustains ~37 million hectares of native tropical forest. Numerous large-scale infrastructure projects aimed at promoting land-development activities are planned or ongoing in the region. However, little is known of the potential impacts of this new infrastructure on Bornean forests or biodiversity. We found that planned and ongoing road and rail-line developments will have many detrimental ecological impacts, including fragmenting large expanses of intact forest. Assuming conservatively that new road and rail projects will influence only a 1 km buffer on either side, landscape connectivity across the region will decline sharply (from 89% to 55%) if all imminently planned projects proceed. This will have particularly large impacts on wide-ranging, rare species such as rhinoceros, orangutans, and elephants. Planned developments will impact 42 protected areas, undermining Indonesian efforts to achieve key targets under the Convention on Biological Diversity. New infrastructure will accelerate expansion in intact or frontier regions of legal and illegal logging and land colonization as well as illicit mining and wildlife poaching. The net environmental, social, financial, and economic risks of several imminent projects-such as parallel border roads in West, East, and North Kalimantan, new Trans-Kalimantan road developments in Central Kalimantan and North Kalimantan, and freeways and rail lines in East Kalimantan-could markedly outstrip their overall benefits. Such projects should be reconsidered in light of rigorous cost-benefit frameworks.

Tropical forests are among the most diverse ecosystems in the world, completed by huge biodiversity. An expansion in natural resource extraction through open-pit mining activities leads to increasing land and tropical forest degradation. Proper science-based practices are needed as an effort to reclaim their function. This paper summarizes the existing practice of coal mining, covering the regulatory aspects and their reclamation obligations, the practices of coal mining from various sites with different land characteristics, and the reclamation efforts of the post-mining landscapes in Indonesia. The regulations issued accommodate the difference between mining land inside the forest area and outside the forest area, especially in the aspect of the permit authority and in evaluating the success rate of reclamation. In coal-mining practices, this paper describes starting from land clearing activities and followed by storing soil layers and overburden materials. In this step, proper handling of potentially acid-forming materials is crucial to prevent acid mine drainage. At the reclamation stage, this paper sequentially presents research results and the field applications in rearranging the overburden and soil materials, controlling acid mine drainage and erosion, and managing the drainage system, settling ponds, and pit lakes. Many efforts to reclaim post-coal-mining lands and their success rate have been reported and highlighted. Several success stories describe that post-coal-mining lands can be returned to forests that provide ecosystem services and goods. A set of science-based best management practices for post-coal-mine reforestation is needed to develop to promote the success of forest reclamation and restoration in post-coal-mining lands through the planting of high-value hardwood trees, increasing trees’ survival rates and growth, and accelerating the establishment of forest habitat through the application of proper tree planting technique. The monitoring and evaluation aspect is also crucial, as corrective action may be taken considering the different success rates for different site characteristics.