National Development and Reform Commission Energy Research Institute

The introduction of hydrogen energy storage system (HESS) as a potential form of energy storage systems (ESSs) has a significant impact on original control and operation. This paper presents a hierarchical self-regulation control method, which can be divided into the supervisory layer and local layer control. The supervisory layer control decides the output power of ESSs, according to the operation cost function so that the system can reach economic optimum during the operation process. The local layer control adopts virtual inertia control with global power support to improve system stability. First, a HESS model composed of an electrolyzer, hydrogen storage tank, and the fuel cell is established. SOCH of hydrogen tank is defined to express produced and consumed hydrogen. Then, aiming at supervisory layer control, operation cost functions of battery energy storage system (BESS) and HESS under different operation modes are built. Virtual inertia of ac ESS and virtual capacitance of dc ESS are introduced for local layer control. Finally, the simulation results based on the RT-LAB platform of both 24-h operation case and step power change case verify the correctness of the proposed method. The comparison with only droop control method shows that the proposed method can achieve the lowest operation cost and improve system inertia.

UNLABELLED: Solar radiation causes damage to human skin, and photoprotection is the main way to prevent these harmful effects. The development of sunscreen formulations containing nanosystems is of great interest in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries because of the many potential benefits. This study aimed to develop and evaluate an octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC) liposomal nanosystem (liposome/OMC) to obtain a sunscreen formulation with improved safety and efficacy by retaining OMC for longer on the stratum corneum. METHODS: The liposome/OMC nanostructure obtained was tested for enzymatic hydrolysis with lipase from Rhizomucor miehei and biodistribution with liposomes labeled with technetium-99m. The liposome/OMC formulation was then incorporated in a gel formulation and tested for ocular irritation using the hen's egg test-chorio-allantoic membrane (HET-CAM) assay, in vitro and in vivo sun protection factor, in vitro release profile, skin biometrics, and in vivo tape stripping. RESULTS: The liposome/OMC nanosystem was not hydrolyzed from R. miehei by lipase. In the biodistribution assay, the liposome/OMC formulation labeled with technetium-99m had mainly deposited in the skin, while for OMC the main organ was the liver, showing that the liposome had higher affinity for the skin than OMC. The liposome/OMC formulation was classified as nonirritating in the HET-CAM test, indicating good histocompatibility. The formulation containing liposome/OMC had a higher in vivo solar photoprotection factor, but did not show increased water resistance. Inclusion in liposomes was able to slow down the release of OMC from the formulation, with a lower steady-state flux (3.9 ± 0.33 μg/cm(2)/hour) compared with the conventional formulation (6.3 ± 1.21 μg/cm(2)/hour). The stripping method showed increased uptake of OMC in the stratum corneum, giving an amount of 22.64 ± 7.55 μg/cm(2) of OMC, which was higher than the amount found for the conventional formulation (14.57 ± 2.30 μg/cm(2)). CONCLUSION: These results indicate that liposomes are superior carriers for OMC, and confer greater safety and efficacy to sunscreen formulations.

China is the world’s largest market for solar water heating systems, installing 13 million square meters of new systems in 2004, mostly in large cities. Municipal authorities, however, are sensitive to quality and visual impact issues created by this technology deployment. Therefore, there is currently a trend toward developing building integrated systems as well as upgrading building codes, establishing testing and certification programs, and educating building architects and developers. The use of photovoltaics for urban and grid-connected applications has lagged behind the solar water-heating market; however, in 2003, a 1 MW photovoltaic-rooftop system was constructed in Shenzhen in southern China and several demonstration building integrated systems have since been installed. There is also an emerging interest in photovoltaics for distributed generation and grid support in China. Trends and requirements for developing solar urban applications in China will be presented in this article.

Based on survey of China's lighting products market and estimation of trends of LEDs technical innovation of general lighting, the paper has established a model to analyze the impacts on China's future lighting market and energy efficiency potential as LEDs appear to be a next generation of general lighting source. By doing scenarios analysis, the results of this study indicated that only 1% of LEDs contribution rate to the lighting market will be realized by 2018, while up to nearly 2.5% by 2020 under the baseline scenarios; for technology-breakthrough scenarios, 1% of LEDs contribution rate will be realized by 2015, increase to 14% by 2020; while under the price-breakthrough scenarios, LEDs will constitute 1% contribution rate to the general lighting market by 2013, two years earlier in comparison, due to the decreased price, the market penetration process will speed up and by 2015 and 2020 the contribution rate of LEDs to general lighting market will increase to 9% and 69% respectively. Meanwhile, the electricity saving effects of LEDs with regard to general lighting field will show up approximately by 2013, with electricity consumption increase from over 278.4 Twh for general lighting of 2005 to 398.2 Twh in 2020 under baseline scenario; while under the technology-breakthrough scenario, the consumption for lighting of 2020 will be 344.9 Twh, under price-breakthrough scenario, the figure will drop to 313.4 Twh instead. Therefore, in 2020 there will be an energy saving possibility of 53.4 Twh with regard to the technology-breakthrough scenario; meanwhile the price-breakthrough solution in comparison with the baseline has a considerable energy saving potential over 84.8 Twh.

This book analyzes China's climate and environmental change facts, impacts and vulnerabilities, and mitigation strategies.

Abstract In June, China announced its 2030 target to cut its greenhouse-gas emissions per unit of gross domestic product by 60%–65% from 2005 levels. To achieve the goal, it would increase the share of non-fossil fuels as part of its primary energy consumption to 20% by 2030 and aim to peak emissions around the same time. As world's largest carbon emitter, the announcement is widely hailed not only as a strong impetus for the UN climate talks, which are convened in Paris this month, but a solution to the country's unprecedented choking pollution. In a forum chaired by National Science Review's executive associate editor Mu-ming Poo, four panelists from diverse backgrounds discuss how clean-energy development could help China to fight against air pollution and meet its 2030 target, what sorts of policies need to be in place, and what the main challenges are.

Proper modelling of transport has become more important to formulate the necessary infrastructure construction and potential energy consumption and oil security, pollution and GHGs issue under the background of transport activity increase in the entire world, especially the fast-developing China. In this paper, A national level modal split model are developed based upon the strong evidence that travelers have two explicit and separate travel budgets, i.e. money and time budget. And it was formulated to consider the competitive characteristics among modes and making cost and speed as the driving force and critical parameter, finally the travel money and time budget close the whole system. Also the model considered the long- and short-distance transport separately based on their difference in optional choice and elasticity to socioeconomics variables. In the China case, the stability of TTB and the trend of TMB are verified by the empirical results. After that the differentiation between urban and rural people was also underlined, and finally they are aggregated into the national level results. With reasonable assumption on the split of budget, a non-linear programming are developed with Matlab and the solution are interpreted and calibration to the past years, 1995-2001. The result shows that the motorized rate in intracity transport will have a huge growth in the next 30 years and the substitution of railway and bus by car and aircraft will occur in the intercity transport. And the same, the truck will trade off the share of railway in freight also. This kind of national-level transport modal split model can be feed into some technology model to simulate the energy consumption and related emission

ABSTRACT To address climate change, Guangdong has been chosen by the Chinese government as the setting of an experiment on low carbon transition. To analyze the transition, we investigated the development of the electricity supply system of Guangdong under different CO2 emission constraints. The investigation was carried out using a techno-economic model, built with the objective function of minimizing the total cost of the electricity supply system during the investigation. Results show that, considering costs, a 25% reduction (compared with 2007 levels) in CO2 emission from unit electricity supply by 2020 is possible. To achieve this target, several important actions are proposed. First, increasing the capacity of nuclear power plants to 24 GW may contribute 54.5% to CO2 emission reduction. Second, improving the efficiency of thermal power plants may contribute 33.6% to CO2 emission reduction; these efficiency measures include applying USC technology and decreasing the capacity of low-efficiency, coal-fired power plants by 8.6 GW. Third, exploiting up to 18 GW of renewable energy, mainly wind power, may contribute 4.6% to CO2 emission reduction.

Global warming threatens the lives and development of human beings and has become one of the major challenges to humanity in the 21st century.With China's continuous economic strengthening and closer contact with the world economy, prospects of China's energy demands,energy supply roadmap and related carbon emissions have become the focus of various organizations.By applying a scenario analysis,this report analyzes and forecasts China's energy demands and carbon emissions trends over the coming thirty to fifty years.Results indicate that under certain conditions,it will be possible for China to take on a low carbon development path with Chinese characteristics.However,China needs overall adjustments in policy,institutions,structure,technology as well as strong support from international economic and political environments.

This paper introduced the framework of renewable energy of China,and the contents of the legislative basis,basic institutions,related policies and standards. The performance and effect of the renewable energy policies were evaluated,the existing issues during the enforcement of all the policies were indicated,some suggestions on how to improve the renewable energy framework were put forward.

The IEA's practice and experience in early warning of inadequate gas supply is analyzed in detail,including gas storage history of IEA members,significance of storage,causes of supply discontinuation,current status of storage,and measures to hedge against supply discontinuation.In the experience of IEA member countries,development of underground gas storage is the best guarantor of supply adequacy.As a major country in need of gas,China is learning from the experience of IEA member countries,gearing company operations to developing underground gas storage groups covering Northwest China,North China,Northeast China,the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Pearl River Delta.Pipelines and gasification plants connecting China and other countries are to support a storage network that is being interconnected through the planned or constructed gas pipeline network to major gas consuming provinces,cities and countries.Technical standards and specifications on networking of gas from different sources or of different quality need to be formulated.

This work presents the development of core–shell Zn x Mg y SnO 4:Cr 3+ (40 and 80% Mg) persistent luminescent (PersL) materials prepared by the ceramic method and decorated with the [Eu(tta) 3 (H 2 O) 2 ] complex via microwave-assisted silanization, with promising optical properties in the near-infrared (NIR) range. The crystal structure of the prepared materials showed overlapping Mg 2 SnO 4 and Zn 2 SnO 4 patterns, along with SnO 2, with increasing Mg content. FESEM and TEM microscopy revealed polycrystalline particles with well-defined surfaces and a silica shell in the 5–10 nm range. The optical properties were investigated by UV–vis and synchrotron spectroscopies (VUV, XANES-XEOL, and XRF). The persistent luminescent materials exhibit a noticeable increase in band gap energy with higher Mg content, intense, broadband NIR emission centered at 780 nm from the Cr 3+ ion in a weak crystal-field environment, as well as longer PersL decay time with a higher Mg/Zn ratio. Core–shell materials decorated with the Eu 3+ -complex indicate energy transfer to the Cr 3+ ion, resulting in NIR luminescence sensitization by UV and X-ray excitation. Therefore, we demonstrate an effective strategy to sensitize NIR emission by utilizing a highly efficient Eu 3+ complex in core–shell persistent luminescent materials, which exhibit notable structural and optical properties and hold promise for optical imaging and photonic applications.

According to the industry characteristics of the service-oriented city and its corresponding power load characteristics, the necessity of accelerating construction of efficiency power plant(EPP) is discussed. The EPP mentioned here can shift electricity usage from peak hours to off-peak hours using thermal storage technology. This paper presents an integrated resource planning(IRP)model with the aim to minimize the total cost over a planning horizon. The EPP at demand side is considered along with traditional supply resources to meet the planning. In addition to common aspects of scheduling, this model takes a peaking capacity constrain into account to meet the big peak-valley difference in the city. Then, an improved dual population invasive weed algorithm(IWO) is proposed for solving the model. Case study results show that the proposed model and the improved algorithm are effective, and the IRP model can realize the system total cost minimization, emission reduction and power peak shifting effectively.

In the paper by taking the Yunnan Province as an example, the necessary and importance of speed-up the construction of coal and power combined projects in the areas with rich water power resources were discussed in view of ensuring the power supply, promoting the power out-sending, improving the local economy development and etc.

During theTen-Five,a heavy impact was brought to the living environmental due to the rapidly increase of coal production. As estimated,the coal production was increased by 69.7% in the last 5 years,which result in 170,000 hectares of subsided areas newly in- creased in the mined fields,and an average subsided areas for major coal mines in the country share 1/10 of the total areas of the coal bear- ing zone.14000 million ton of underground water were consumed accumulatively for coal mining in the last 5 years,which brake out and polluted the mine areas and rounding water system.The article briefly reviews the history of coal environmental supervision and proposes the suggestion on how to strengthen the supervision to solve the existing main issues.