Ningbo University

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical characteristics of patients in Zhejiang province, China, infected with the 2019 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-2019). DESIGN: Retrospective case series. SETTING: Seven hospitals in Zhejiang province, China. PARTICIPANTS: 62 patients admitted to hospital with laboratory confirmed SARS-Cov-2 infection. Data were collected from 10 January 2020 to 26 January 2020. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical data, collected using a standardised case report form, such as temperature, history of exposure, incubation period. If information was not clear, the working group in Hangzhou contacted the doctor responsible for treating the patient for clarification. RESULTS: Of the 62 patients studied (median age 41 years), only one was admitted to an intensive care unit, and no patients died during the study. According to research, none of the infected patients in Zhejiang province were ever exposed to the Huanan seafood market, the original source of the virus; all studied cases were infected by human to human transmission. The most common symptoms at onset of illness were fever in 48 (77%) patients, cough in 50 (81%), expectoration in 35 (56%), headache in 21 (34%), myalgia or fatigue in 32 (52%), diarrhoea in 3 (8%), and haemoptysis in 2 (3%). Only two patients (3%) developed shortness of breath on admission. The median time from exposure to onset of illness was 4 days (interquartile range 3-5 days), and from onset of symptoms to first hospital admission was 2 (1-4) days. CONCLUSION: As of early February 2020, compared with patients initially infected with SARS-Cov-2 in Wuhan, the symptoms of patients in Zhejiang province are relatively mild.

Inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke and other forms of ischemic brain injury. Experimentally and clinically, the brain responds to ischemic injury with an acute and prolonged inflammatory process, characterized by rapid activation of resident cells (mainly microglia), production of proinflammatory mediators, and infiltration of various types of inflammatory cells (including neutrophils, different subtypes of T cells, monocyte/macrophages, and other cells) into the ischemic brain tissue. These cellular events collaboratively contribute to ischemic brain injury. Despite intense investigation, there are still numerous controversies concerning the time course of the recruitment of inflammatory cells in the brain and their pathogenic roles in ischemic brain injury. In this review, we provide an overview of the time-dependent recruitment of different inflammatory cells following focal cerebral I/R. We discuss how these cells contribute to ischemic brain injury and highlight certain recent findings and currently unanswered questions about inflammatory cells in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) are manufactured worldwide in large quantities for use in a wide range of applications. TiO2 NPs possess different physicochemical properties compared to their fine particle (FP) analogs, which might alter their bioactivity. Most of the literature cited here has focused on the respiratory system, showing the importance of inhalation as the primary route for TiO2 NP exposure in the workplace. TiO2 NPs may translocate to systemic organs from the lung and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) although the rate of translocation appears low. There have also been studies focusing on other potential routes of human exposure. Oral exposure mainly occurs through food products containing TiO2 NP-additives. Most dermal exposure studies, whether in vivo or in vitro, report that TiO2 NPs do not penetrate the stratum corneum (SC). In the field of nanomedicine, intravenous injection can deliver TiO2 nanoparticulate carriers directly into the human body. Upon intravenous exposure, TiO2 NPs can induce pathological lesions of the liver, spleen, kidneys, and brain. We have also shown here that most of these effects may be due to the use of very high doses of TiO2 NPs. There is also an enormous lack of epidemiological data regarding TiO2 NPs in spite of its increased production and use. However, long-term inhalation studies in rats have reported lung tumors. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the toxicology of TiO2 NPs and points out areas where further information is needed.

In the past few years, the development of sequence-specific DNA nucleases has progressed rapidly and such nucleases have shown their power in generating efficient targeted mutagenesis and other genome editing applications. For zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), an engineered array of sequence-specific DNA binding domains are fused with the DNA nuclease Fok1 1 , 2 . These nucleases have been successful in genome modifications by generating double strand breaks (DSBs), which are then repaired through non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR) in different species, including mouse, tobacco and rice 3 , 4 , 5 . Recently, another breakthrough technology for genome editing, the CRISPR/Cas system, was developed. CRISPR (clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats) loci are variable short spacers separated by short repeats, which are transcribed into non-coding RNAs. The non-coding RNAs form a functional complex with CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins and guide the complex to cleave complementary invading DNA 6 . After the initial development of a programmable CRISPR/Cas system, it has been rapidly applied to achieve efficient genome editing in human cell lines, zebrafish and mouse 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 . However, there is still no successful application in plants reported. We report here that the CRISPR/Cas system can be used to efficiently generate targeted gene mutations and corrections in plants. The Cas9 gene was driven by the CaMV 35S promoter and the chimeric single guide RNA (sgRNA) was driven by the AtU6-26 promoter in Arabidopsis or the OsU6-2 promoter in rice. We show that the engineered CRISPR/Cas was active in creating DSBs when transiently expressed in Arabidopsis protoplasts and stably expressed in transgenic Arabidopsis and rice plants. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using engineered CRISPR/Cas as molecular scissors to create DSBs at specific sites of the plant genome to achieve targeted genome modifications in both dicot and monocot plants. We used the optimized coding sequence of hSpCas9 9 driven by the CaMV 35S promoter. For the non-coding RNA components of CRISPR, we expressed the sgRNA using native promoters for U6 RNAs in Arabidopsis ( Figure 1A and Supplementary information, Figure S1A ) or rice ( Supplementary information, Figure S1A ). The target site precedes an NGG, the requisite protospacer adjacent motif (PAM). To improve co-delivery, both the sgRNA and hSpCas9 were subcloned into one expression vector ( Figure 1A ). A split yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) reporter system, YF-FP, was used to test the functionality of the engineered CRISPR/Cas system in Arabidopsis protoplasts ( Figure 1B ). Co-transformation of the YF-FP reporter and the CRISPR/Cas construct led to the production of strong YFP signal with gene correction rate by HR at 18.8% ((4.76%–0.78%)/21.23%) ( Figure 1C ). The results suggest that the engineered CRISPR/Cas system is highly functional in generating DSBs on target DNA sequences in plant cells and that the DSBs can be repaired by HR to achieve gene correction. Figure 1 High-efficiency targeted gene editing in Arabidopsis and rice plants. (A) The vector for transient transformation of Arabidopsis protoplasts. The expression cassette of hSpCas9 is driven by the 35S promoter, whereas the sgRNA is driven by the AtU6-26 promoter. (B) The HR-based YF-FP reporter. The PAM sequence of the sgRNA target is colored in magenta and the sgRNA target in cyan. (C) The activity of CRISPR/Cas was measured using the YF-FP reporter in Arabidopsis protoplasts. YFP-positive cells were quantified by flow cytometry. (D) Summary of observed phenotypes and detected mutations in T1 and T0 transgenic plants of Arabidopsis and rice, respectively. (E and F) Representative T1 transgenic plants of the BRI1 sgRNA1 target. The left one is a T1 plant with normal vegetative growth, while the right one is a plant with a similar growth phenotype as bri1 mutants. The plants were screened on MS plates for 5 days and transplanted in soil for 1 week (E) or 3 weeks (F) before photographing. (G) One representative rice T0 transgenic plant of the YSA sgRNA1 target showing an expected albino leaf phenotype at the regeneration stage. Arrows indicate the albino leaves. (H) Genotyping of 12 T1 transgenic Arabidopsis plants of the BRI1 sgRNA1 target by RFLP analysis. The PCR products were digested with Eco RV. M, DNA marker. (I) Genotyping of 14 T0 transgenic rice plants of the YSA sgRNA1 target by RFLP analysis. The #13 sample corresponds to the plant in G . The PCR products were digested with Sfi I. M, DNA marker. Kas, wild-type rice Kasalath. (J and K) Representative sequences of mutant alleles identified from a single transgenic plant of the BRI1 sgRNA1 target (J) and T0 plant of the YSA sgRNA1 target (K) . For the YSA locus, the plant corresponds to the plant in G . The wild-type sequence is shown at the top with the PAM sequence highlighted in magenta and the target sequence in cyan. Red dashes, deleted bases; red bases, insertions or mutations. The net change is to the right of each sequence (+, insertion; D, deletion). The scale bars equal to 1 cm (E , F , G) . Full size image Having successfully targeted a reporter gene in protoplasts, we started to target endogenous loci in plants. The Arabidopsis genes BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1 ( BRI1 ), JASMONATE-ZIM-DOMAIN PROTEIN 1 ( JAZ1 ) and GIBBERELLIC ACID INSENSITIVE ( GAI ) and the rice genes Rice Outermost Cell-specific gene5 ( ROC5 ), Stromal Processing Peptidase ( SPP ) and Young Seedling Albino ( YSA ) were selected for CRISPR/Cas-based disruption ( Supplementary information, Figure S1B ). These genes were selected owing to obvious growth phenotypes when they are dysfunctional. We designed sgRNAs to target these genes ( Supplementary information, Figure S1C ). The targets contained restriction enzyme sites close to the PAM sequences, so that the restriction sites may be disrupted when successfully targeted by the CRISPR/Cas ( Supplementary information, Figure S2 ), and RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) analysis can be used to detect mutations in the target region. The vector containing the Cas9 and sgRNA expression cassette was introduced into plants by Agrobacterium -mediated transformation using floral dipping in Arabidopsis and tissue culture in rice. More than 50 T1 and 20 T0 transgenic plants were generated for each target in Arabidopsis and rice, respectively ( Figure 1D ). We observed that a high percentage of the Arabidopsis T1 transgenic plants showed growth phenotypes at a very young stage (one week after transplanting in soil) ( Figure 1D ). For BRI1 , more than 50% plants displayed retarded growth and rolling leaves ( Figure 1D and 1E ), which are expected for bri1 mutant plants. More than a quarter of the T1 plants for GAI also showed a dwarf phenotype ( Figure 1D ). At later stages, some continued to exhibit a dwarf phenotype that was similar to bri1 or gai mutant plants ( Figure 1F and Supplementary information, Figure S1D ). The designed target for GAI is located in the DELLA domain ( Supplementary information, Figure S1C ), which is important for GA-induced degradation of the GAI protein. It is known that amino acid substitutions or deletions in the DELLA domain of GAI would result in insensitivity to GA-induced degradation, leading to a dwarf phenotype. About 10% of T0 transgenic rice plants targeting YSA showed the expected albino leaf phenotype at the seedling stage ( Figure 1D and 1G ). We genotyped transgenic plants first by RFLP analysis. Clear undigested bands were observed ( Figure 1H and 1I ). The failure of restriction enzyme digestion suggested the occurrence of DNA sequence mutations in the target regions. We then sequenced the PCR products to see whether there are additional sequence peaks in the target. Results from the two tests showed that the mutation frequency was very high in both Arabidopsis and rice, ranging from 26% (8 out of 31) to 84% (16 out of 19), except for the SPP sgRNA1 target (5%, 1 out of 21) ( Figure 1D ). Furthermore, the undigested bands from RFLP analysis were cloned and sequenced. We found that in 24 out of the 27 Arabidopsis T1 transgenic plants and 14 out of the 24 rice T0 transgenic plants subjected to sequencing, there were 2 or more different mutated alleles in one single transgenic plant ( Figure 1J–1K , Supplementary information, Tables S1 and S2 ). These plants all contained mutant alleles with small insertions or deletions (indels) at the target sites ( Supplementary information, Figures S3–S11 ). The presence of multiple mutated alleles in the Arabidopsis transgenic plants indicated that in these plants the CRISPR/Cas did not function or certainly did not complete the genome editing during the fertilization stage, and the editing activity continued after the division of fertilized eggs. Regardless, the high frequency of Arabidopsis T1 transgenic plants showing the expected mutant phenotypes suggests that some of the mutations must have been generated very early in development and possibly in early meristematic cells. Therefore, germ line transmission of some of the mutations into T2 plants is expected for many, if not all, of the T1 plants. The identification of 3 bp deletions (which would result in an amino acid deletion) in 2 out of the 3 GAI sgRNA1 T1 transgenic plants ( Supplementary information, Figure S6 ) could well explain the high-frequency dwarf phenotype observed ( Supplementary information, Figure S1D ). It is also worth noting that one rice T0 transgenic line for ROC5 sgRNA1 (data not shown) and two each for YSA sgRNA1 ( Figure 1I , lane 13 and data not shown) and sgRNA2 (data not shown) showed only mutated alleles and no wild-type allele in the RFLP analysis. Sequencing of individual clones revealed that the plants contained only or mostly mutated alleles ( Supplementary information, Table S2 , Figures S8 , S10 , S11 ). Especially for the ROC5 sgRNA1 and YSA sgRNA1 lines, they contained one or two types of mutated alleles only. Importantly, the YSA sgRNA1 rice plants showed the expected albino leaf phenotype ( Figure 1G ). The result suggests that these rice plants are likely homozygous or bi-allelic mutants, which implies that in this case the CRISPR/Cas may have completed the generation of DSBs in the first meristematic cell during regeneration of the rice plants from transgenic calli. To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating highly efficient targeted mutagenesis in multiple genes in Arabidopsis and rice using engineered CRISPR/Cas. Although future studies are needed to examine the germ line transmission and heritability of the CRISPR/Cas-induced mutations and to evaluate any potential off-target effects of the CRISPR/Cas, our results here suggest that the CRISPR/Cas technology will make targeted gene editing a routine practice not only in model plants but also in crops. Detailed methods are described in the Supplementary information, Data S1 and Table S3 .

The current outbreak of viral pneumonia in the city of Wuhan, China, was caused by a novel coronavirus designated 2019-nCoV by the World Health Organization, as determined by sequencing the viral RNA genome. Many initial patients were exposed to wildlife animals at the Huanan seafood wholesale market, where poultry, snake, bats, and other farm animals were also sold. To investigate possible virus reservoir, we have carried out comprehensive sequence analysis and comparison in conjunction with relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) bias among different animal species based on the 2019-nCoV sequence. Results obtained from our analyses suggest that the 2019-nCoV may appear to be a recombinant virus between the bat coronavirus and an origin-unknown coronavirus. The recombination may occurred within the viral spike glycoprotein, which recognizes a cell surface receptor. Additionally, our findings suggest that 2019-nCoV has most similar genetic information with bat coronovirus and most similar codon usage bias with snake. Taken together, our results suggest that homologous recombination may occur and contribute to the 2019-nCoV cross-species transmission.

We use two approaches to solve the perspective-three-point (P3P) problem: the algebraic approach and the geometric approach. In the algebraic approach, we use Wu-Ritt's zero decomposition algorithm to give a complete triangular decomposition for the P3P equation system. This decomposition provides the first complete analytical solution to the P3P problem. We also give a complete solution classification for the P3P equation system, i.e., we give explicit criteria for the P3P problem to have one, two, three, and four solutions. Combining the analytical solutions with the criteria, we provide an algorithm, CASSC, which may be used to find complete and robust numerical solutions to the P3P problem. In the geometric approach, we give some pure geometric criteria for the number of real physical solutions.

Metabolomics is a field of systems biology that draws on the scientific methods of other groups to qualitatively or quantitatively characterize small molecule metabolites in organisms, revealing their interconnections with the state of the organism at an overall relative macroscopic level. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is well known as a chronic metabolic disease, and metabolomics provides an excellent platform for its clinical study. A growing number of metabolomic analyses have revealed that individuals with DKD have metabolic disturbances of multiple substances in their bodies. With the continuous development and improvement of metabolomic analysis technology, the application of metabolomics in the clinical research of DKD is also expanding. This review discusses the recent progress of metabolomics in the early diagnosis, disease prognosis, and pathogenesis of DKD at the level of small molecule metabolites in vivo.

Biochar is the carbon-rich product of the pyrolysis of biomass under oxygen-limited conditions, and it has received increasing attention due to its multiple functions in the fields of climate change mitigation, sustainable agriculture, environmental control, and novel materials. To design a "smart" biochar for environmentally sustainable applications, one must understand recent advances in biochar molecular structures and explore potential applications to generalize upon structure-application relationships. In this review, multiple and multilevel structures of biochars are interpreted based on their elemental compositions, phase components, surface properties, and molecular structures. Applications such as carbon fixators, fertilizers, sorbents, and carbon-based materials are highlighted based on the biochar multilevel structures as well as their structure-application relationships. Further studies are suggested for more detailed biochar structural analysis and separation and for the combination of macroscopic and microscopic information to develop a higher-level biochar structural design for selective applications.

Mobile-edge computing (MEC) emerges as a promising paradigm to improve the quality of computation experience for mobile devices. Nevertheless, the design of computation task scheduling policies for MEC systems inevitably encounters a challenging two-timescale stochastic optimization problem. Specifically, in the larger timescale, whether to execute a task locally at the mobile device or to offload a task to the MEC server for cloud computing should be decided, while in the smaller timescale, the transmission policy for the task input data should adapt to the channel side information. In this paper, we adopt a Markov decision process approach to handle this problem, where the computation tasks are scheduled based on the queueing state of the task buffer, the execution state of the local processing unit, as well as the state of the transmission unit. By analyzing the average delay of each task and the average power consumption at the mobile device, we formulate a power-constrained delay minimization problem, and propose an efficient one-dimensional search algorithm to find the optimal task scheduling policy. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the capability of the proposed optimal stochastic task scheduling policy in achieving a shorter average execution delay compared to the baseline policies.

Coordinatively unsaturated Ni–N active sites facilitate CO ₂ electroreduction and inhibit the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction, demonstrating selective and high-rate CO ₂ electroreduction.

Recently it has been predicted that materials with exceptionally strong optical activity may also possess a negative refractive index, allowing the realization of superlenses for super-resolution imaging and data storage applications. Here we demonstrate experimentally and numerically that a chirality-induced negative index of refraction is possible. A negative index of refraction due to three-dimensional chirality is demonstrated for a bilayered metamaterial based on pairs of mutually twisted planar metal patterns in parallel planes, which also shows negative electric and magnetic responses and exceptionally strong optical activity and circular dichroism. Multilayered forms of the metamaterial are found to be suitable for use as ultrathin polarization rotators and circular polarizers for practical applications.

We report a facile approach to produce lightweight microcellular polyetherimide (PEI)/graphene nanocomposite foams with a density of about 0.3 g/cm3 by a phase separation process. It was observed that the strong extensional flow generated during cell growth induced the enrichment and orientation of graphene on cell walls. This action decreased the electrical conductivity percolation from 0.21 vol % for PEI/graphene nanocomposite to 0.18 vol % for PEI/graphene foam. Furthermore, the foaming process significantly increased the specific electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness from 17 to 44 dB/(g/cm3). In addition, PEI/graphene nanocomposite foams possessed low thermal conductivity of 0.065-0.037 W/m·K even at 200 °C and high Young's modulus of 180-290 MPa.

Polydopamine/polyethyleneimine-decorated membranes were fabricated with excellent surface hydrophilicity and high water permeability for oil/water emulsion separation under atmospheric pressure.

Drug discovery relies on the knowledge of not only drugs and targets, but also the comparative agents and targets. These include poor binders and non-binders for developing discovery tools, prodrugs for improved therapeutics, co-targets of therapeutic targets for multi-target strategies and off-target investigations, and the collective structure-activity and drug-likeness landscapes of enhanced drug feature. However, such valuable data are inadequately covered by the available databases. In this study, a major update of the Therapeutic Target Database, previously featured in NAR, was therefore introduced. This update includes (a) 34 861 poor binders and 12 683 non-binders of 1308 targets; (b) 534 prodrug-drug pairs for 121 targets; (c) 1127 co-targets of 672 targets regulated by 642 approved and 624 clinical trial drugs; (d) the collective structure-activity landscapes of 427 262 active agents of 1565 targets; (e) the profiles of drug-like properties of 33 598 agents of 1102 targets. Moreover, a variety of additional data and function are provided, which include the cross-links to the target structure in PDB and AlphaFold, 159 and 1658 newly emerged targets and drugs, and the advanced search function for multi-entry target sequences or drug structures. The database is accessible without login requirement at: https://idrblab.org/ttd/.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as chemical sensors have developed rapidly in recent years. There have been many papers concerning this field and interest is still growing. The reason is that the specific merits of MOFs can be utilized to enhance sensitivity and selectivity by various energy/charge transfers occurring among different ligands, ligand, and metal centers, such as from ligands to metal centers or metal centers to ligands, as well as from MOF skeletons to guest species. This review intends to provide an update on recent progress in various applications of different MOF-based sensors on the basis of their luminescent and electrochemical responses towards small molecules, gas molecules, ions (cations and anions), pH, humidity, temperature, and biomolecules. MOF-based sensors function by utilizing different mechanisms, including luminescent responses of "turn-on" and "turn-off", as well as electrochemical responses.

Abstract Karst rocky desertification is a process of land degradation involving serious soil erosion, extensive exposure of basement rocks, drastic decrease in soil productivity, and the appearance of a desert‐like landscape. It is caused by irrational, intensive land use on a fragile karst geo‐ecological environment. The process is expanding rapidly, and it is daily reducing the living space of residents and is the root of disasters and poverty in the karst areas of southwestern China. The tectonic, geomorphic and environmental background to karst rocky desertification is analysed. Population pressure and the intensive land use that have led to this serious land degradation are described. Although the problem concerns the Chinese Government and some profitable experience in the partial restoration or reconstruction of the ecological environment has been gained, effective remedial action has not been achieved on a large scale. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world, but more cancer therapies are needed to complement existing regimens due to problems of existing cancer therapies. Herein, we term ferroptosis therapy (FT) as a form of cancer therapy and hypothesize that the FT efficacy can be significantly improved via accelerating the Fenton reaction by simultaneously increasing the local concentrations of all reactants (Fe 2+, Fe 3+, and H 2 O 2 ) in cancer cells. Thus, Fenton-reaction-acceleratable magnetic nanoparticles, i.e., cisplatin (CDDP)-loaded Fe 3 O 4 /Gd 2 O 3 hybrid nanoparticles with conjugation of lactoferrin (LF) and RGD dimer (RGD2) (FeGd-HN@Pt@LF/RGD2), were exploited in this study for FT of orthotopic brain tumors. FeGd-HN@Pt@LF/RGD2 nanoparticles were able to cross the blood–brain barrier because of its small size (6.6 nm) and LF-receptor-mediated transcytosis. FeGd-HN@Pt@LF/RGD2 can be internalized into cancer cells by integrin α v β 3 -mediated endocytosis and then release Fe 2+, Fe 3+, and CDDP upon endosomal uptake and degradation. Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ can directly participate in the Fenton reaction, whereas the CDDP can indirectly produce H 2 O 2 to further accelerate the Fenton reaction. The acceleration of Fenton reaction generates reactive oxygen species to induce cancer cell death. FeGd-HN@Pt@LF/RGD2 successfully delivered reactants involved in the Fenton reaction to the tumor site and led to significant inhibition of tumor growth. Finally, the intrinsic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) capability of the nanoparticles was used to assess and monitor tumor response to FT (self-MRI monitoring).

Target discovery is one of the essential steps in modern drug development, and the identification of promising targets is fundamental for developing first-in-class drug. A variety of methods have emerged for target assessment based on druggability analysis, which refers to the likelihood of a target being effectively modulated by drug-like agents. In the therapeutic target database (TTD), nine categories of established druggability characteristics were thus collected for 426 successful, 1014 clinical trial, 212 preclinical/patented, and 1479 literature-reported targets via systematic review. These characteristic categories were classified into three distinct perspectives: molecular interaction/regulation, human system profile and cell-based expression variation. With the rapid progression of technology and concerted effort in drug discovery, TTD and other databases were highly expected to facilitate the explorations of druggability characteristics for the discovery and validation of innovative drug target. TTD is now freely accessible at: https://idrblab.org/ttd/.

Pan-sharpening is a fundamental and significant task in the field of remote sensing imagery processing, in which high-resolution spatial details from panchromatic images are employed to enhance the spatial resolution of multispectral (MS) images. As the transformation from low spatial resolution MS image to high-resolution MS image is complex and highly nonlinear, inspired by the powerful representation for nonlinear relationships of deep neural networks, we introduce multiscale feature extraction and residual learning into the basic convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture and propose the multiscale and multidepth CNN for the pan-sharpening of remote sensing imagery. Both the quantitative assessment results and the visual assessment confirm that the proposed network yields high-resolution MS images that are superior to the images produced by the compared state-of-the-art methods.

Silicon has attracted ever‐increasing attention as a high‐capacity anode material in Li‐ion batteries owing to its extremely high theoretical capacity. However, practical application of silicon anodes is seriously hindered by its fast capacity fading as a result of huge volume changes during the charge/discharge process. Here, an interpenetrated gel polymer binder for high‐performance silicon anodes is created through in‐situ crosslinking of water‐soluble poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) precursors. This gel polymer binder with deformable polymer network and strong adhesion on silicon particles can effectively accommodate the large volume change of silicon anodes upon lithiation/delithiation, leading to an excellent cycling stability and high Coulombic efficiency even at high current densities. Moreover, high areal capacity of ∼4.3 mAh/cm 2 is achieved based on the silicon anode using the gel PAA–PVA polymer binder with a high mass loading. In view of simplicity in using the water soluble gel polymer binder, it is believed that this novel binder has a great potential to be used for high capacity silicon anodes in next generation Li‐ion batteries, as well as for other electrode materials with large volume change during cycling.