North China University of Science and Technology

MCScan is an algorithm able to scan multiple genomes or subgenomes in order to identify putative homologous chromosomal regions, and align these regions using genes as anchors. The MCScanX toolkit implements an adjusted MCScan algorithm for detection of synteny and collinearity that extends the original software by incorporating 14 utility programs for visualization of results and additional downstream analyses. Applications of MCScanX to several sequenced plant genomes and gene families are shown as examples. MCScanX can be used to effectively analyze chromosome structural changes, and reveal the history of gene family expansions that might contribute to the adaptation of lineages and taxa. An integrated view of various modes of gene duplication can supplement the traditional gene tree analysis in specific families. The source code and documentation of MCScanX are freely available at http://chibba.pgml.uga.edu/mcscan2/.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health problem in the world and causes high rates of mortality and disability. Recent evidence suggests that vitamin D (VD) has neuroprotective actions and can promote function recovery after TBI. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that autophagy could be enhanced following supplementation with an active metabolite of VD (calcitriol). However, it is unclear whether autophagy participates in the protective effects of calcitriol after TBI. To test this hypothesis, we examined the protective effects of calcitriol on TBI-induced neurological impairment and further investigated whether calcitriol could modulate autophagy dysfunction-mediated cell death in the cortex region of rat brain. METHODS: Eighty-five male rats (250-280 g) were randomly assigned to sham (n=15), TBI model (TBI, n=35) and calcitriol treatment (calcitriol, n=35) groups. Rats were injected intraperitoneally with calcitriol (1 µg/kg) at 30 min, 24 h and 48 h post-TBI in the calcitriol group. The lysosomal inhibitor, chloroquine (CQ), was used to evaluate autophagic flux in the TBI and calcitriol groups. Neurological functions were evaluated via the modified neurological severity score test at 1-7 days after TBI or sham operation, and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated FITC-dUTP nick-end labeling method was used to evaluate the ability of calcitriol to inhibit apoptosis. The expression of VDR, LC3 and p62 proteins was measured by western blot analysis at 1, 3 and 7 days post-injury Results: Calcitriol treatment attenuated mNSS at 2-7 days post-TBI (P < 0.05 versus TBI group). Calcitriol dramatically increased VDR protein expression compared with the untreated counterparts at 1, 3 and 7 days post-TBI (P < 0.05). The rate of apoptotic cells in calcitriol-treated rats was significantly reduced compared to that observed in the TBI group (P < 0.05). The LC3II/LC3I ratio was decreased in the cortex region at 1, 3 and 7 days post-TBI in rats treated with calcitriol (p < 0.05 versus TBI group), and the p62 expression was also attenuated (p < 0.05 versus TBI group). The LC3II/LC3I ratio in the calcitriol group was significantly increased when pretreated with CQ (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Calcitriol treatment activated VDR protein expression and attenuated neurological deficits in this rat TBI model. The protective effects might be associated with the restoration of autophagy flux and the decrease in apoptosis in the cortex region of rat brain.

This paper reports the genome sequence of domesticated tomato, a major crop plant, and a draft sequence for its closest wild relative; comparative genomics reveal very little divergence between the two genomes but some important differences with the potato genome, another important food crop in the genus Solanum. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a major crop plant and a model system for fruit development. Solanum is one of the largest angiosperm genera1 and includes annual and perennial plants from diverse habitats. Here we present a high-quality genome sequence of domesticated tomato, a draft sequence of its closest wild relative, Solanum pimpinellifolium2, and compare them to each other and to the potato genome (Solanum tuberosum). The two tomato genomes show only 0.6% nucleotide divergence and signs of recent admixture, but show more than 8% divergence from potato, with nine large and several smaller inversions. In contrast to Arabidopsis, but similar to soybean, tomato and potato small RNAs map predominantly to gene-rich chromosomal regions, including gene promoters. The Solanum lineage has experienced two consecutive genome triplications: one that is ancient and shared with rosids, and a more recent one. These triplications set the stage for the neofunctionalization of genes controlling fruit characteristics, such as colour and fleshiness.

Sorghum, an African grass related to sugar cane and maize, is grown for food, feed, fibre and fuel. We present an initial analysis of the ∼730-megabase Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench genome, placing ∼98% of genes in their chromosomal context using whole-genome shotgun sequence validated by genetic, physical and syntenic information. Genetic recombination is largely confined to about one-third of the sorghum genome with gene order and density similar to those of rice. Retrotransposon accumulation in recombinationally recalcitrant heterochromatin explains the ∼75% larger genome size of sorghum compared with rice. Although gene and repetitive DNA distributions have been preserved since palaeopolyploidization ∼70 million years ago, most duplicated gene sets lost one member before the sorghum–rice divergence. Concerted evolution makes one duplicated chromosomal segment appear to be only a few million years old. About 24% of genes are grass-specific and 7% are sorghum-specific. Recent gene and microRNA duplications may contribute to sorghum’s drought tolerance. The Sorghum bicolor genome sequence is published this week. Sorghum is a cereal grown widely as food, animal feed, fibre and fuel. Tolerant to hot, dry conditions, it is a staple for large populations in the West African Sahel region. Comparisons of the genome with those of maize and rice shed light on the evolution of grasses and of C4 photosynthesis, which is particularly efficient at assimilating carbon at high temperatures. In addition, protein coding genes and miRNAs that could contribute to sorghum's drought tolerance may also be found. Sorghum yield improvement has lagged behind that of other crops and the availability of the genome sequence could provide a vital boost to work on its improvement. Sorghum is an African grass that is grown for food, animal feed and fuel. The current paper presents an initial analysis of the ∼730 megabase genome of Sorghum bicolor. Genome analysis and its comparison with maize and rice shed light on grass genome evolution and also provide insights into the evolution of C4 photosynthesis, as well as protein coding genes and miRNAs that might contribute to sorghum's drought tolerance.

Polyploidization has provided much genetic variation for plant adaptive evolution, but the mechanisms by which the molecular evolution of polyploid genomes establishes genetic architecture underlying species differentiation are unclear. Brassica is an ideal model to increase knowledge of polyploid evolution. Here we describe a draft genome sequence of Brassica oleracea, comparing it with that of its sister species B. rapa to reveal numerous chromosome rearrangements and asymmetrical gene loss in duplicated genomic blocks, asymmetrical amplification of transposable elements, differential gene co-retention for specific pathways and variation in gene expression, including alternative splicing, among a large number of paralogous and orthologous genes. Genes related to the production of anticancer phytochemicals and morphological variations illustrate consequences of genome duplication and gene divergence, imparting biochemical and morphological variation to B. oleracea. This study provides insights into Brassica genome evolution and will underpin research into the many important crops in this genus. Brassica oleracea is plant species comprising economically important vegetable crops. Here, the authors report the draft genome sequence of B. oleracea and, through a comparative analysis with the closely related B. rapa, reveal insights into Brassicaevolution and divergence of interspecific genomes and intraspecific subgenomes.

Abstract High-entropy ceramics (HECs) are solid solutions of inorganic compounds with one or more Wyckoff sites shared by equal or near-equal atomic ratios of multi-principal elements. Although in the infant stage, the emerging of this new family of materials has brought new opportunities for material design and property tailoring. Distinct from metals, the diversity in crystal structure and electronic structure of ceramics provides huge space for properties tuning through band structure engineering and phonon engineering. Aside from strengthening, hardening, and low thermal conductivity that have already been found in high-entropy alloys, new properties like colossal dielectric constant, super ionic conductivity, severe anisotropic thermal expansion coefficient, strong electromagnetic wave absorption, etc., have been discovered in HECs. As a response to the rapid development in this nascent field, this article gives a comprehensive review on the structure features, theoretical methods for stability and property prediction, processing routes, novel properties, and prospective applications of HECs. The challenges on processing, characterization, and property predictions are also emphasized. Finally, future directions for new material exploration, novel processing, fundamental understanding, in-depth characterization, and database assessments are given.

High oil and protein content make tetraploid peanut a leading oil and food legume. Here we report a high-quality peanut genome sequence, comprising 2.54 Gb with 20 pseudomolecules and 83,709 protein-coding gene models. We characterize gene functional groups implicated in seed size evolution, seed oil content, disease resistance and symbiotic nitrogen fixation. The peanut B subgenome has more genes and general expression dominance, temporally associated with long-terminal-repeat expansion in the A subgenome that also raises questions about the A-genome progenitor. The polyploid genome provided insights into the evolution of Arachis hypogaea and other legume chromosomes. Resequencing of 52 accessions suggests that independent domestications formed peanut ecotypes. Whereas 0.42-0.47 million years ago (Ma) polyploidy constrained genetic variation, the peanut genome sequence aids mapping and candidate-gene discovery for traits such as seed size and color, foliar disease resistance and others, also providing a cornerstone for functional genomics and peanut improvement.

Solar‐driven reduction of dinitrogen (N 2 ) to ammonia (NH 3 ) is severely hampered by the kinetically complex and energetically challenging multielectron reaction. Oxygen vacancies (OVs) with abundant localized electrons on the surface of bismuth oxybromide‐based semiconductors are demonstrated to have the ability to capture and activate N 2 , providing an alternative pathway to overcome such limitations. However, bismuth oxybromide materials are susceptible to photocorrosion, and the surface OVs are easily oxidized and therefore lose their activities. For realistic photocatalytic N 2 fixation, fabricating and enhancing the stability of sustainable OVs on semiconductors is indispensable. This study shows the first synthesis of self‐assembled 5 nm diameter Bi 5 O 7 Br nanotubes with strong nanotube structure, suitable absorption edge, and many exposed surface sites, which are favorable for furnishing sufficient visible light‐induced OVs to realize excellent and stable photoreduction of atmospheric N 2 into NH 3 in pure water. The NH 3 generation rate is as high as 1.38 mmol h −1 g −1 , accompanied by an apparent quantum efficiency over 2.3% at 420 nm. The results presented herein provide new insights into rational design and engineering for the creation of highly active catalysts with light‐switchable OVs toward efficient, stable, and sustainable visible light N 2 fixation in mild conditions.

Large-scale (segmental or whole) genome duplication has been recurring in angiosperm evolution. Subsequent gene loss and rearrangements further affect gene copy numbers and fractionate ancestral gene linkages across multiple chromosomes. The fragmented "multiple-to-multiple" correspondences resulting from this distinguishing feature of angiosperm evolution complicates comparative genomic studies. Using a robust computational framework that combines information from multiple orthologous and duplicated regions to construct local syntenic networks, we show that a shared ancient hexaploidy event (or perhaps two roughly concurrent genome fusions) can be inferred based on the sequences from several divergent plant genomes. This "paleo-hexaploidy" clearly preceded the rosid-asterid split, but it remains equivocal whether it also affected monocots. The model resulting from our multi-alignments lays the foundation for approximating the number and arrangement of genes in the last universal common ancestor of angiosperms. Comparative analysis of inferred homologous genes derived from this model shows patterns of preferential gene retention or loss after polyploidy and reveals large variability of nucleotide substitution rates among plant nuclear genomes.

Meiotic recombination is an important biological process. As a main driving force of evolution, recombination provides natural new combinations of genetic variations. Rather than randomly occurring across a genome, meiotic recombination takes place in some genomic regions (the so-called 'hotspots') with higher frequencies, and in the other regions (the so-called 'coldspots') with lower frequencies. Therefore, the information of the hotspots and coldspots would provide useful insights for in-depth studying of the mechanism of recombination and the genome evolution process as well. So far, the recombination regions have been mainly determined by experiments, which are both expensive and time-consuming. With the avalanche of genome sequences generated in the postgenomic age, it is highly desired to develop automated methods for rapidly and effectively identifying the recombination regions. In this study, a predictor, called 'iRSpot-PseDNC', was developed for identifying the recombination hotspots and coldspots. In the new predictor, the samples of DNA sequences are formulated by a novel feature vector, the so-called 'pseudo dinucleotide composition' (PseDNC), into which six local DNA structural properties, i.e. three angular parameters (twist, tilt and roll) and three translational parameters (shift, slide and rise), are incorporated. It was observed by the rigorous jackknife test that the overall success rate achieved by iRSpot-PseDNC was >82% in identifying recombination spots in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, indicating the new predictor is promising or at least may become a complementary tool to the existing methods in this area. Although the benchmark data set used to train and test the current method was from S. cerevisiae, the basic approaches can also be extended to deal with all the other genomes. Particularly, it has not escaped our notice that the PseDNC approach can be also used to study many other DNA-related problems. As a user-friendly web-server, iRSpot-PseDNC is freely accessible at http://lin.uestc.edu.cn/server/iRSpot-PseDNC.

Abstract Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) are one of the promising energy storage systems, which consist of electrode materials, electrolyte, and separator. The first two have been significantly received ample development, while the prominent role of the separators in manipulating the stability of the electrode has not attracted sufficient attention. In this work, a separator (UiO-66-GF) modified by Zr-based metal organic framework for robust AZIBs is proposed. UiO-66-GF effectively enhances the transport ability of charge carriers and demonstrates preferential orientation of (002) crystal plane, which is favorable for corrosion resistance and dendrite-free zinc deposition. Consequently, Zn|UiO-66-GF-2.2|Zn cells exhibit highly reversible plating/stripping behavior with long cycle life over 1650 h at 2.0 mA cm −2 , and Zn|UiO-66-GF-2.2|MnO 2 cells show excellent long-term stability with capacity retention of 85% after 1000 cycles. The reasonable design and application of multifunctional metal organic frameworks modified separators provide useful guidance for constructing durable AZIBs.

Aqueous Zn-ion batteries (ZIBs) are promising safe energy storage systems that have received considerable attention in recent years. Based on the electrochemical behavior of Zn2+ in the charging and discharging process, herein we review the research progress on anode materials for use in aqueous ZIBs based on two aspects: Zn deposition and Zn2+ intercalation. To date, Zn dendrite, corrosion, and passivation issues have restricted the development of aqueous ZIBs. However, many strategies have been developed, including structural design, interface protection of the Zn anode, Zn alloying, and using polymer electrolytes. The main aim is to stabilize the Zn stripping/plating layer and limit side reactions. Zn2+-intercalated anodes, with a high Zn2+ storage capacity to replace the current metal Zn anode, are also a potential option. Finally, some suggestions have been put forward for the subsequent optimization strategy, which are expected to promote further development of aqueous ZIBs.

Markus and Kitayama's (1991) theory of independent and interdependent self-construals had a major influence on social, personality, and developmental psychology by highlighting the role of culture in psychological processes. However, research has relied excessively on contrasts between North American and East Asian samples, and commonly used self-report measures of independence and interdependence frequently fail to show predicted cultural differences. We revisited the conceptualization and measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals in 2 large-scale multinational surveys, using improved methods for cross-cultural research. We developed (Study 1: N = 2924 students in 16 nations) and validated across cultures (Study 2: N = 7279 adults from 55 cultural groups in 33 nations) a new 7-dimensional model of self-reported ways of being independent or interdependent. Patterns of global variation support some of Markus and Kitayama's predictions, but a simple contrast between independence and interdependence does not adequately capture the diverse models of selfhood that prevail in different world regions. Cultural groups emphasize different ways of being both independent and interdependent, depending on individualism-collectivism, national socioeconomic development, and religious heritage. Our 7-dimensional model will allow future researchers to test more accurately the implications of cultural models of selfhood for psychological processes in diverse ecocultural contexts. (PsycINFO Database Record

We here first proposed a yolk-shell Co3O4@metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) nanoreactor via a facile method to accommodate sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) into its interior cavity. The mesoporous and adsorptive MOFs shells allow the rapid diffusion of reactant molecules to the encapsulated Co3O4 active sites, and the confined high instantaneous concentration of reactants in the local void space is anticipated to facilitate the SR-AOPs. As a proof of concept, the nanoreactor was fully characterized and applied for catalytic degradation of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) in the presence of peroxymonosulfate (PMS). The enhancement of SR-AOPs in the nanoreactor is demonstrated by the result that degradation efficiency of 4-CP reached almost 100% within 60 min by using the yolk-shell Co3O4@MOFs catalysts as compared to only 59.6% under the same conditions for bare Co3O4 NPs. Furthermore, the applicability of this nanoreactor used in SR-AOPs was systematically investigated in terms of effect of reaction parameters and identification of intermediates and primary radical as well as mineralization of the reaction and stability of the composite. The findings of this study elucidated a new opportunity for improved environmental remediation.

The σ(54) promoters are unique in prokaryotic genome and responsible for transcripting carbon and nitrogen-related genes. With the avalanche of genome sequences generated in the postgenomic age, it is highly desired to develop automated methods for rapidly and effectively identifying the σ(54) promoters. Here, a predictor called 'iPro54-PseKNC' was developed. In the predictor, the samples of DNA sequences were formulated by a novel feature vector called 'pseudo k-tuple nucleotide composition', which was further optimized by the incremental feature selection procedure. The performance of iPro54-PseKNC was examined by the rigorous jackknife cross-validation tests on a stringent benchmark data set. As a user-friendly web-server, iPro54-PseKNC is freely accessible at http://lin.uestc.edu.cn/server/iPro54-PseKNC. For the convenience of the vast majority of experimental scientists, a step-by-step protocol guide was provided on how to use the web-server to get the desired results without the need to follow the complicated mathematics that were presented in this paper just for its integrity. Meanwhile, we also discovered through an in-depth statistical analysis that the distribution of distances between the transcription start sites and the translation initiation sites were governed by the gamma distribution, which may provide a fundamental physical principle for studying the σ(54) promoters.

BACKGROUND: The American Heart Association Committee recently developed definitions of "ideal," "intermediate," and "poor" cardiovascular health based on 7 cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors or health behaviors. This study evaluated the prevalence of "ideal" American Heart Association cardiovascular health metrics from June 2006 to October 2007 in the Kailuan cohort (n=101 510; age 18-98 years) in northern China and its relationship with the 4-year CVD incidence. METHODS AND RESULTS: We used Cox proportional hazards regression to calculate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for baseline health behaviors and risk factor categories. The majority of participants (63,676; 69.45%) presented with ≤3 ideal cardiovascular health metrics, whereas 8342 participants (9.1%) had 5 to 7 ideal metrics. Only 93 of 91,698 participants (0.1%) had all 7 metrics in the ideal range. There was a strong relationship between the cumulative incidence of CVD events in the 4-year follow-up and the number of ideal health metrics at baseline; the 1111 participants with 6 and 7 ideal metrics had a significantly lower cumulative incidence of CVD than subjects with no or only 1 ideal health metric (0.8% versus 3.3%). Men had higher rates of CVD events than women (2.46% versus 1.18%). CONCLUSIONS: Few adults had ideal cardiovascular health according to the modified American Heart Association definition. We detected a strong inverse relationship between the cumulative CVD incidence and the number of ideal health metrics at baseline. Population-wide prevention, especially lifestyle improvement, is critical to increase the low-risk prevalence and thereafter decrease CVD events. Clinical Trial Registration- URL: http://www.chictr.org/cn/proj/show.aspx?proj=1441. Unique identifier: ChiCTR-TNC-11001489.

Direct conversion of methane into methanol and other liquid oxygenates still confronts considerable challenges in activating the first C–H bond of methane and inhibiting overoxidation. Here, we report that ZnO loaded with appropriate cocatalysts (Pt, Pd, Au, or Ag) enables direct oxidation of methane to methanol and formaldehyde in water using only molecular oxygen as the oxidant under mild light irradiation at room temperature. Up to 250 micromoles of liquid oxygenates with ∼95% selectivity is achieved for 2 h over 10 mg of ZnO loaded with 0.1 wt % of Au. Experiments with isotopically labeled oxygen and water reveal that molecular O2, rather than water, is the source of oxygen for direct CH4 oxidation. We find that ZnO and cocatalyst could concertedly activate CH4 and O2 into methyl radical and mildly oxidative intermediate (hydroperoxyl radical) in water, which are two key precursor intermediates for generating oxygenated liquid products in direct CH4 oxidation. Our study underlines two equally significant aspects for realizing direct and selective photooxidation of CH4 to liquid oxygenates, i.e., efficient C–H bond activation of CH4 and controllable activation of O2.

// Wei Chen 1, 4 , Hui Ding 2 , Pengmian Feng 3 , Hao Lin 2, 4 , Kuo-Chen Chou 4, 5 1 Department of Physics, School of Sciences, Center for Genomics and Computational Biology, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China 2 Key Laboratory for Neuro-Information of Ministry of Education, Center of Bioinformatics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China 3 School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China 4 Gordon Life Science Institute, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America 5 Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Correspondence to: Wei Chen, e-mail: wchen@gordonlifescience.org , chenweiimu@gmail.com Hao Lin, e-mail: hlin@uestc.edu.cn Kuo-Chen Chou, e-mail: kcchou@gordonlifescience.org Keywords: anticancer peptides, PseAAC, g-gap dipeptide mode, incremental feature selection, iACP webserver Received: January 06, 2016&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Accepted: February 11, 2016&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Published: March 01, 2016 ABSTRACT Cancer remains a major killer worldwide. Traditional methods of cancer treatment are expensive and have some deleterious side effects on normal cells. Fortunately, the discovery of anticancer peptides (ACPs) has paved a new way for cancer treatment. With the explosive growth of peptide sequences generated in the post genomic age, it is highly desired to develop computational methods for rapidly and effectively identifying ACPs, so as to speed up their application in treating cancer. Here we report a sequence-based predictor called iACP developed by the approach of optimizing the g-gap dipeptide components. It was demonstrated by rigorous cross-validations that the new predictor remarkably outperformed the existing predictors for the same purpose in both overall accuracy and stability. For the convenience of most experimental scientists, a publicly accessible web-server for iACP has been established at http://lin.uestc.edu.cn/server/iACP , by which users can easily obtain their desired results.

Abstract Metal zinc is recognized as a promising anode candidate for aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs), however, dendrites and byproducts formation severe deteriorate its reversibility and practical lifespan. Herein, a polydopamine (PDA) layer, which offers the dual effects of fast desolvation and ion confinement, is constructed on the surface of a Zn anode for efficient AZIBs. The abundant polar functional groups in PDA significantly enhance interfacial contact in aqueous media, which reduces the number of water molecules reaching the zinc surface through fast desolvation, thus lowering the energy barrier for Zn 2+ migration. Furthermore, the porous PDA coating controls the ion flux via the ion‐confinement effect, thereby accelerating Zn 2+ kinetics on the zinc surface. Consequently, Zn@PDA exhibits significantly improved Zn 2+ deposition kinetics (nucleation potential of only 32.6 mV vs 50.2 mV of bare Zn) compared with bare Zn at 2.0 mA cm −2 , with a dendrite‐free surface and negligible byproduct formation. When paired with a MnO 2 cathode, the Zn@PDA//MnO 2 cell delivers high discharge capacity and long cycle stability without significant performance deterioration over 1000 cycles at 1.0 A g −1 . Additionally, the cell demonstrates excellent shelving‐restoring performance.

MOTIVATION: Nucleosome positioning participates in many cellular activities and plays significant roles in regulating cellular processes. With the avalanche of genome sequences generated in the post-genomic age, it is highly desired to develop automated methods for rapidly and effectively identifying nucleosome positioning. Although some computational methods were proposed, most of them were species specific and neglected the intrinsic local structural properties that might play important roles in determining the nucleosome positioning on a DNA sequence. RESULTS: Here a predictor called 'iNuc-PseKNC' was developed for predicting nucleosome positioning in Homo sapiens, Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster genomes, respectively. In the new predictor, the samples of DNA sequences were formulated by a novel feature-vector called 'pseudo k-tuple nucleotide composition', into which six DNA local structural properties were incorporated. It was observed by the rigorous cross-validation tests on the three stringent benchmark datasets that the overall success rates achieved by iNuc-PseKNC in predicting the nucleosome positioning of the aforementioned three genomes were 86.27%, 86.90% and 79.97%, respectively. Meanwhile, the results obtained by iNuc-PseKNC on various benchmark datasets used by the previous investigators for different genomes also indicated that the current predictor remarkably outperformed its counterparts. AVAILABILITY: A user-friendly web-server, iNuc-PseKNC is freely accessible at http://lin.uestc.edu.cn/server/iNuc-PseKNC.