State University of Gorontalo

Tulisan ini akan menguraikan tentang action research (penelitian tindakan) sebagai salah satu alternatif metode penelitian dalam studi dan aksi pemberdayaan masyarakat. Penelitian tindakan didasarkan kepada asumsi bahwa penelitian harus dihubungkan dengan agenda perubahan dalam masyarakat. Penelitian tindakan dilakukan tidak hanya untuk memperoleh kebenaran semata namun juga menciptakan kondisi yang diharapkan. Penelitian tindakan dapat digunakan secara efektif dalam kajian maupun aksi pemberdayaan masyarakat mengingat karakteristiknya yang mementingkan partisipasi warga masyarakat secara aktif. Melalui penelitian tindakan akan dapat dihasilkan formula yang sesuai dengan kondisi masyarakat dalam melakukan upaya pemberdayaan masyarakat.

One of the ways humans communicate is by using facial expressions. Research on technology development in artificial intelligence uses deep learning methods in human and computer interactions as an effective system application process. One example, if someone does show and tries to recognize facial expressions when communicating. The prediction of the expression or emotion of some people who see it sometimes does not understand. In psychology, the detection of emotions or facial expressions requires analysis and assessment of decisions in predicting a person's emotions or group of people in communicating. This research proposes the design of a system that can predict and recognize the classification of facial emotions based on feature extraction using the Convolution Neural Network (CNN) algorithm in real-time with the OpenCV library, namely: TensorFlow and Keras. The research design implemented in the Raspberry Pi consists of three main processes, namely: face detection, facial feature extraction, and facial emotion classification. The prediction results of facial expressions in research with the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) method using Facial Emotion Recognition (FER-2013) were 65.97% (sixty-five point ninety-seven percent).

Water pollution is a significant problem in almost all parts of the world. The complexity of anthropogenic activities along the watershed seems to lead the river to function as a giant disposal container. The river is under threat of degradation, mainly due to heavy metal pollution from anthropogenic actions. Heavy metals become harmful if they pollute waters since they are accumulative, toxic, and carcinogenic in water bodies and biota. Various biomarkers to evaluate heavy metal contamination in several aquatic organisms have been widely reported. The use of molecular biomarkers become more popular in the last years and still lead for future prospect. Proteomics and genomics with bioinformatics approaches have been expanded with technological methods through DNA and RNA sequencing and mass spectrometry based proteomics. Therefore, this article aims to review studies using biomarker approaches in many aquatic organisms. This review is expected to reference and encourage future biomarker research, especially for monitoring heavy metal pollution in rivers.

Mahasiswa merupakan masa memasuki masa dewasa yang pada umum berada pada rentang usia 18-25 tahun, pada masa tersebut mahasiswa memiliki tanggung jawab terhadap masa perkembangannya, termasuk memiliki tanggung jawab terhadap kehidupannya untuk memasuki masa dewasa. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah (1) Memperoleh gambaran tugas perkembangan mahasiswa Fakultas Ilmu Pendidikan Universitas Negeri Gorontalo, (2) Mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi tugas perkembangan mahasiswa Fakultas Ilmu Pendidikan Universitas Negeri Gorontalo, (3) Mengetahui faktor-faktor yang paling dominan mempengaruhi tugas perkembangan mahasiswa Fakultas Ilmu Pendidikan Universitas Negeri Gorontalo. Desain penelitian ini desain penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif dengan menggunakan rumus persentase. Hasil penelitian menujukan (1) Indikator keluarga presentase rata-rata 89% (baik), indikator sekolah/kampus presentase rata-rata 82% (baik), indikator masyarakat presentase rata-rata 77% (cukup), dan indikator keadaan alam sekitar presentase rata-rata 87% (baik). (2) faktor keluarga memperoleh 9,41% mempengaruhi tugas perkembangan mahasiswa, faktor sekolah/kampus memperoleh 8,76% mempengaruhi tugas perkembangan mahasiswa, faktor masyarakat memperoleh 8,15% mempengaruhi tugas perkembangan mahasiswa, dan faktor keadaan alam sekitar memperoleh 9,29% mempengaruhi tugas perkembangan mahasiswa, (3) Faktor yang paling dominan mempengaruhi tugas perkembangan mahasiswa yaitu faktor keluarga yaitu memperoleh pesentase 9,41%. Tugas perkembangan mahasiswa rata-rata berada pada persentase 84% (Baik). Sebaiknya ada penelitian lanjutan tentang tugas perkembangan mahasiswa berupa penelitian eksperimen atau penelitian pengembangan.

The aim of the study was to develop Gravity comic learning media based on Gorontalo culture for V grade Elementary School students. The type of the research was developmental referring to the design of 4-D model according to Thiagarajan, Semmel, and Semmel (1974) which consisted of 4 stages; define, design, develop and disseminate. The results of this study indicated that the developed gravity comic are valid and could increase students’ responses to learning. This cultural-based comic introduces Gorontalo regional cultures. The percentage of the students’ active participation was 93.27% for limited trial and the average students’ active participation in field trial was 94.94%. The students’ learning result gave 86.75% of classical completeness data for the limited test class, while the field test class obtained an average percentage of 87.37%, and categorized as very good. Therefore, the developed Comic of Gravity materials was declared valid, practical and effective. In sum, it would be useful for science learning process in grade V of Elementary School.

In science learning like biology, metacognitive skill needs to be developed. Inquiry-based learning is a learning which may train students' metacognitive skill. This research aimed to: (1) determining the effectiveness of inquiry-based learning in training students' metacognitive skill, and (2) examining the influence of gender difference on the students' metacognitive skills after given the inquiry-based learning. This research used a 4-D research and development model, and one group pre-test and post-test design was applied for the effectiveness trial. The subject of this research was 70 students (35 male and 35 female) of class X Mathematics and Natural Science of Public Senior High School 01 Manokwari, Indonesia. This research employs lesson plan, student worksheet, students' book, expert-validated achievement test and focus group discussion as its instruments. The metacognitive skill data were obtained from metacognitive skill rubric. The data were analyzed using paired sample t-test and independent sample t-test. It was found that inquiry-based learning effectively trains students' metacognitive skill, and there is no significant difference between male students' metacognitive skill with that of female students. Further researches may examine the difference of male and female students' metacognitive skill based on grade, age or personality taught using inquiry-based learning.

L., has numerous bioactivities and pharmacological properties. However, α-mangostin has low aqueous solubility and poor target selectivity in the human body. Recently, nanoparticle drug delivery systems have become an excellent technique to improve the physicochemical properties and effectiveness of drugs. Therefore, many efforts have been made to overcome the limitations of α-mangostin through nanoparticle formulations. Our review aimed to summarise and discuss the nanoparticle drug delivery systems for α-mangostin from published papers recorded in Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar. We examined various types of nanoparticles for α-mangostin to enhance water solubility, provide controlled release and create targeted delivery systems. These forms include polymeric nanoparticles, nanomicelles, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanofibers and nanoemulsions. Notably, nanomicelle modification increased α-mangostin solubility increased more than 10,000 fold. Additionally, polymeric nanoparticles provided targeted delivery and significantly enhanced the biodistribution of α-mangostin into specific organs. In conclusion, the nanoparticle drug delivery system could be a promising technique to increase the solubility, selectivity and efficacy of α-mangostin as a new drug candidate in clinical therapy.

This article discusses the development of mathematics learning media in the form of interactive multimedia-based videos. Media development was carried out for learning flat-plane geometry on the topic of kites. The media development method used a descriptive approach through 3 stages, namely defining, designing, and developing by involving students of SMP Negeri 3 Gorontalo as research subjects. The multimedia-based interactive video learning media produced was declared valid based on expert judgment both in terms of media and on material substance. In its application, there was a positive response from more than 70% of students who took part in the learning process. This shows that the multimedia-based interactive video learning media is good and suitable for use as a medium for learning mathematics.

Menghadapi era global yang diperkirakan ketat dengan persaingan disegala bidang kehidupan, khususnya dunia kerja yang semakin kompetitif, tidak ada alternatif lain selain berupaya meningkatkan kulaitas sumber daya manusia melalui upaya peningkatan mutu pendidikan di setiap jenjang pendidikan. Pada abad 21 nanti tantangan guru pendidikan anak usia dini tidak ringan, akan tetapi semakin berat. Di sisi lain tugas guru pendidikan anak usia dini tidak sederhana tetepi semakin kompleks. Untuk menghadapi tantangan yang semakin berat dan tugas yang semakin kompleks itulah maka profesionalisme guru PAUD harus dapat ditingkatkan dari yang sudah ada selama ini. Guru pendidikan anak usia dini pada abad 21 ini dan abad selanjutnya ditantang untuk melakukan ekseletasi terhadap perkembangan informasi dan komunikasi. Pembelajaran di kelas dan pengelolaan kelas, pada abad ini haruslah disesuaikan dengan standar kemajuan ilmu, teknologi, dan komunikasi.

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengevaluasi program pembelajaran IPA SMP di Kabupaten Bone Bolango berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia Nomor 65 Tahun 2013 tentang Standar Proses Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian evaluasi dengan model Countenace Stake. Pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik, observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Kesimpulan hasil penelitian sebagai berikut: (1) perencanaan pembelajaran IPA termasuk kategori cukup (68%), ditemukan belum adanya kesesuaian antara RPP dengan standar proses pembelajaran; (2) pelaksanaan pembelajaran IPA termasuk kategori cukup (57%), belum adanya kesesuaian antara pelaksanaan pembelajaran dengan standar proses pelaksanan pembelajaran; dan (3) hasil belajar peserta didik belum memenuhi Kriteria Ketuntasan Minimal (KKM) dengan aktualitas ketercapaian 65% kategori cukup. 4) terdapat contingency antara perencanaan, pelaksanaan dengan hasil belajar IPA, yang perencanaan pembelajaran dengan kategori yang cukup menyebabkan guru melaksanakan pembelajaran belum sesuai standar proses sehingga hasil belajar peserta didik belum memenuhi KKM. Kata Kunci: Evaluasi Program, Countenance Stake, Pembelajaran IPA ______________________________________________________________THE EVALUATION OF SCIENCE TEACHING ON JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL USING STAKE’S COUNTENANCE MODEL Abstract The purpose of the study was to describe the science learning program on junior high school in Bone Bolanga district based on the Regulation of Minister of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia, Number 65 of 2013 about Processing Standard of Primary and Secondary Education. This study used Stake’s Countanance evaluation model. The data were collected using observation, interview and documentation techniques. The conclusion was: (1) the planning of science learning was categorized fair (68%), it was found that lesson plan was not in accordance with the learning processing standard. (2) The implementation of science learning was categorized fair (57%), that unconformitted with learning processing implementation standard. (3) Student learning outcomes have not met the completeness of minimum criteria (KKM) that categorized enough (65%) and (4) There were the contingency of planing learning proces and outcome. Keywords: Program Evaluation, Stake's Countenance, Science Learning

Sulawesi is an important island for primates. All 17 species that are found there are endemics. The island also includes contact zones between species of macaques (genus Macaca) where hybrids may arise. Sulawesi continues to be deforested, especially in the lowlands most suitable for estate crops and other agricultural products. We carried out an island-wide review of the current extent and rates of deforestation, and the impact this is having on the habitat available to all primates and within macaque hybrid zones. The provinces of West Sulawesi and Southeast Sulawesi suffered the highest rate of deforestation. Macaca ochreata in Southeast Sulawesi and Tarsius pelengensis on Peleng island in Central Sulawesi have lost the most habitat at 14%, followed by M. hecki and M. tonkeana. Forest loss also occurred in all macaque contact zones. The greatest losses occurred at contact zones between the western population of M. tonkeana and M. ochreata. Corn, coffee, cocoa, and oil palm are commodities that are spreading throughout the island. The extent of deforestation in the hybrid zones is alarming, particularly as none of them are represented in protected areas. To help address these problems, a careful integration of conservation and development is suggested, including making trade-offs explicit, and conducting transdisciplinary research on social-ecological systems at the interface of policy and management at local scales.

The study is done with the goal of providing a glimpse of what media is effectively used in assisting remote math. The method used in the study is a qualitative approach with a library study type (library research). Retrieval with a documentary technique that is, locate appropriate literature sources through books, research journals and other sources of information relating to effective long-range learning media in mathematics. To see the effectiveness of media using media indicators in the long-range learning system: (1) create motivation, (2) increase learning yields, (3) make learners remember old knowledge, (4) learners capable of applying the knowledge learned. Research shows the media that can be used in long-distance math study is google classroom, learning video, Whatsapp, and zoom. However, effective media used in long-distance math study is google classroom and learning videos, Whatsapp and zoom is still less effective in the long-distance mathematical learning process

Scientific literacy is used as the primary goal in science education because it is considered to be used to prepare today's generation. Aspects of scientific literacy consist of the concepts, processes, and attitudes of science that can be used in people's daily lives, a picture of the success of science education carried out by each country. However, this ability has not been trained optimally through the process of learning science in Indonesia. This research aims to increase students' scientific literacy ability through contextual collaboration learning based on ethnoscience. This study used a quasi-experimental research method with a pre-experimental design that involved pretest and posttest of one group. This research has been conducted in the Chemistry Education UNDIKMA Mataram for the number of research subjects as many as 31 students. The instrument used is multiple choice tests to measure the achievement the content and process of science students while attitude scale to measure students' scientific attitudes. The results showed that the achievement of content, process, and science attitudes of students overall has increased in the medium category. This means that the effect of contextual collaborative learning based ethnoscience the capacity of scientific literacy in content, process, and attitude of students.

Pandemi Koronavirus 2019-2020 atau dikenal sebagai pandemi COVID-19 adalah peristiwa menyebaranya di seluru dunia. Penyakit disebabkan oleh koronavirus jenis baru yang diberi nama SARS-CoV-2. Wabah COVID-19 pertama kali dideteksi di Kota Wuhan, Provinsi Hubei, Tiongkok pada bulan Desember 2019, dan ditetapkan sebagai pandemi oleh Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) pada 11 Maret 2020. Hingga 23 April 2020, lebih dari 2.000.000 kasus COVID-19 telah dilaporkan di lebih dari 210 negara dan wilayah, mengakibatkan lebih dari 195,755 orang meninggal dunia dan lebih dari 781,109 orang sembuh. Kebebersihan tangan sangat penting untuk dijaga karena tangan manusia sering terkontaminasi dengan mikroba, sehingga tangan dapat menjadi perantara masuknya mikroba ke dalam tubuh. Kebersihan tangan juga sangat diperlukan di bidang mikrobiologi maupun di tempat perawatan atau tempat-tempat yang rawan terjadi penyebaran mikroorganisme melalui media tangan kita. Hand-sanitizer adalah produk pembersih tangan dalam bentuk gel yang mengandung zat antiseptik yang digunakan untuk mencuci tangan tanpa harus membilasnya dengan air. Penggunaannya lebih efektif membunuh flora residen dan flora transien daripada mencuci tangan dengan sabun antiseptik atau dengan sabun biasa dan air. Produk berbasis alkohol, yang mencakup hampir semua produk “disinfektan”, mengandung larutan alkohol persentase tinggi (biasanya 60-80% etanol) dan membunuh virus dengan cara yang sama.Tetapi sabun lebih baik karena hanya membutuhkan sedikit air sabun, yang, dengan menggosok, menutupi seluruh tangan dengan mudah. Dengan merendam virus dalam etanol untuk sesaat, dan menyeka atau menggosok gel di tangan tidak menjamin bahwa bisa merendam setiap sudut kulit di tangan dengan cukup efektif.

Coronavirus (CoV) adalah virus yang menginfeksi sistem pernapasan. Infeksi virus ini disebut COVID-19. COVID-19 di Indonesia dilaporkan pertama kali pada tanggal 2 Maret 2020 sejumlah dua kasus. Munculnya pandemi global COVID-19 menimbulkan stigma negatif bagi penderita maupun keluarganya. Stigma merupakan suatu istilah yang menggambarkan suatu keadaan atau kondisi terkait sudut pandang atas sesuatu yang dianggap bernilai negatif. Biasanya stigma ada pada beban penyakit. Stigma dalam konteks kesehatan adalah hubungan negatif antara seseorang atau sekelompok orang yang berbagi karakteristik tertentu dan penyakit tertentu. Banyak pasien memang sulit untuk mengungkap riwayatnya karena stigma terhadap pasien COVID-19 dan kondisi sosial masyarakat. Tak hanya berbohong, keluarga pasien justru marah ketika ditanyai mengenai riwayat kontak. Salah satu penyebab mereka berbohong adalah arus informasi mengenai virus corona yang sangat masif. Hal ini berkaitan erat dengan minimnya literasi mengenai kesehatan, di mana masyarakat tidak dibiasakan berhadapan dengan data yang seimbang. Untuk membantu pemerintah dan pihak kesehatan menganalisis para pasiennya, maka setidaknya ada 4 sebutan orang terkait COVID-19, yaitu: Orang Dalam Pemantauan (ODP), Pasien Dalam Pengawasan (PDP) atau suspek, Orang Tanpa Gejala (OTG), dan positif COVID-19. Pemerintah telah melakukan upaya dalam menekan penyebaran COVID-19 melalui beberapa cara. Setelah resmi dideklarasikan sebagai pandemik global, WHO segera memberikan 30 pesan yang dikelompokkan menjadi 6 (enam) grup pesan terkait COVID-19. Kabar atau informasi yang baik, menjadi salah satu faktor pendukung kesembuhan. Kalau ada yang positif jangan di stigma, bila perlu membantu apabila ada ODP di wilayah kita, yang kiranya harus karantina mandiri, harus saling support demi kesembuhannya.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk untuk memperoleh gambaran tentang Analisis Kompetensi Profesional Guru SMA Negeri 2 Gorontalo di Kota Gorontalo . Metode yang digunakan yaitu pendekatan kuantitatif dengan jenis deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan angket. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis deskriptif dalam bentuk tabel frekuensi. Hasil penelitian ini menyatakan bahwa : (1) penguasaan materi, struktur, konsep dan pola pikir keilmuan yang mendukung mata pelajaran yang diampu oleh guru berada pada kategori amat baik, (2) penguasaan standar kompetensi dan kompetensi dasar pada mata pelajaran yang diampu oleh guru berada pada kategori amat baik, (3) pengembangan materi pembelajaran yang diampu secara kreatif oleh guru berada pada kategori baik, (4) pengembangan keprofesian secara berkelanjutan oleh guru berada pada kategori baik, dan (5) pemanfaatan TIK untuk pengembangan diri oleh guru SMA Negeri 2 Gorontalo berada pada kategori baik.

Perubahan UUD 1945 yang telah dilakukan MPR membuktikan, bahwa ada benturan kepentingan sehingga menjadikan perubahan konstitusi yang ‘tambal sulam’ dan tidak berorientasi kepentingan jangka panjang, serta jauh dari kata memuaskan karena ‘elitis’ dan kurang partisipatif, maka perubahan konstitusi seharusnya tidak dilakukan oleh satu lembaga saja yang dalam hal ini adalah MPR. Oleh karna itu, penting kirannya melibatkan Mahkamah Konstitusi agar tercipta hasil perubahan UUD NRI 1945 yang partisipatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tentang apa urgensi pelibatan mahkamah konstitusi dalam perubahan Undang Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945, dan bagaimana prospektif pelibatan mahkamah konstitusi dalam perubahan undang undang dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945. Penelitian ini mengunakan Jenis penelitian normatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa Urgensi pelibatan MK dalam perubahan Undang Undang Dasar di dasarkan pada beberapa hal, antara lain: Pertama, terdapat banyak kelemahan dalam amandemen pertama sampai dengan amandemen ke-empat; Kedua, Eksistensi MPR sebagai lembaga politik; ketiga, Pelakasanaan prinsip Checks and Balance System; Keempat, Perwujudan MK sebagai The Guardian Of Consitution. Bahwa Prospektif pelibatan MK dalam perubahan UUD NRI 1945 adalah dengan menekankan pada political good will dari MPR untuk menyusun Mekanisme perubahan UUD NRI 1945 dengan melibatkan MK sebagai lembaga negara yang memberikan Sertfikasi Konstitusi dari hasil kajian perubahan yang dilakukan oleh Komisi konstitusi sebelum mendapatkan persetujuan dari MPR untuk ditetapkan sebagai hasil perubahan UUD 1945 yang baru. hasil dari mekanisme perubahan konstitusi dengan melibatkan MK ini ditujukan untuk menghasilkan perubahan konstitusi yang bersifat the people of the constitution.The amendments of the 1945 Constitution that the MPR has done proves that there is a conflict of interest that makes constitutional changes ‘patchy' and not oriented to a long term interest and far from satisfying because of 'elitist' and less participatory. Thus, the changes to the constitution should not be carried out by one institution only which in this case is the MPR. Therefore, it is important to involve the Constitutional Court in order to create a participatory change in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. This study aims to find out about the urgency of involving the Constitutional Court in the amendment of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, and how prospective the Constitutional Court to involve in the amendment to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. This study uses a type of normative research and several approaches, namely; law approach (statue approach), comparative approach, and conceptual approach. The results of this study indicate that the urgency of involving the Constitutional Court in amending the Constitution is based on several things, including: First, the weaknesses in the first amendment to the fourth amendment; Second, the existence of the MPR as a political institution; third, the implementation of the Checks and Balance System principle; Fourth, the realization of the Constitutional Court as the Guardian of Constitution. The prospective involvement of the Constitutional Court in the amendment to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia is to emphasize the political goodwill of the MPR to develop a mechanism for amending the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia by involving the Constitutional Court as a state institution which provides a review of changes made by the constitution before obtaining approval from the MPR to be determined as a result of the amendment to the new 1945 Constitution. The result of the constitutional change mechanism by involving the Constitutional Court was intended to produce constitutional changes that have the character the people of the constitution.

In this paper, we report the isolation method of cellulose, alpha cellulose and microcrystalline cellulose from corncorbs waste in alkaline treatment NaOH 4%,6%,8%,10%,12%,14% and 17% solution. Dewaxing, dehemiselulosa, delignifikasi and bleaching is the stage of cellulose isolation. The MCC particles were extracted by acid hydrolisis with 0.1N HCl. The 4% NaOH concentration provides the highest α-cellulose content (60%) with total yield MCC of 84.53%. SEM, FT-IR and X-ray diffraction analyzes are used to determine of the MCC. FTIR spectra showed that each MCC had -OH group, stretching of C-O on cellulose fiber I and cellulose II. C-0 bonds shows a change in rotation of glucose residue around the glycosidic bond into Cellulose II. SEM analysis showed that the concentration of 6% NaOH has a morphological structure such as cellulose standard. The 8% NaOH concentration yields a CrI value of 98%.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) population with injury below T10 or injury to the cauda equina region is characterized by denervated muscles, extensive muscle atrophy, infiltration of intramuscular fat and formation of fibrous tissue. These morphological changes may put individuals with SCI at higher risk for developing other diseases such as various cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity and osteoporosis. Currently, there is no available rehabilitation intervention to rescue the muscles or restore muscle size in SCI individuals with lower motor neuron denervation. We, hereby, performed a review of the available evidence that supports the use of electrical stimulation in restoration of denervated muscle following SCI. Long pulse width stimulation (LPWS) technique is an upcoming method of stimulating denervated muscles. Our primary objective is to explore the best stimulation paradigms (stimulation parameters, stimulation technique and stimulation wave) to achieve restoration of the denervated muscle. Stimulation parameters, such as the pulse duration, need to be 100-1000 times longer than in innervated muscles to achieve desirable excitability and contraction. The use of electrical stimulation in animal and human models induces muscle hypertrophy. Findings in animal models indicate that electrical stimulation, with a combination of exercise and pharmacological interventions, have proven to be effective in improving various aspects like relative muscle weight, muscle cross sectional area, number of myelinated regenerated fibers, and restoring some level of muscle function. Human studies have shown similar outcomes, identifying the use of LPWS as an effective strategy in increasing muscle cross sectional area, the size of muscle fibers, and improving muscle function. Therefore, displaying promise is an effective future stimulation intervention. In summary, LPWS is a novel stimulation technique for denervated muscles in humans with SCI. Successful studies on LPWS of denervated muscles will help in translating this stimulation technique to the clinical level as a rehabilitation intervention after SCI.

Lack of students’ attention and interest to learn influence the learning process within the class. Thus, their learning achievement decreased. This study aims at designing a motion graphic, video animation learning media in Indonesian history subject. This study uses research and development method based on the modified research model developed by Borg and Gall with five stages model namely, needs analysis, media design, product development, evaluation and product trial, and final product. This study reveals that the average pretest score before the implementation of the learning media is 57.60, whereas the average posttest score after the motion graphic, animation video learning media implementation is 79.20. The fitness of the media feedback from the media experts’ score is 88% with very appropriate criteria. In addition, the material expert gives a score of 89% for the media appropriateness with very appropriate criteria, and users’ (students) feedback on the media is 87.9% with very appropriate criteria. It is concluded that the designed motion graphic, animation video learning media for Indonesian history subject positively influences students’ learning achievement and is appropriate to be applied in Indonesian history subject.