Tarumanagara University

This paper presents the development of fuzzy-appearance manifold and fuzzy-nearest distance calculation in the eigenspace domain for pose estimation of degraded face images. In order to obtain a robust pose estimation system which can deal with the fuzziness of face data caused by statistical errors, we proposed the fuzzy-vector representation in eigenspace domain of the face images. Using fuzzy-vector representations, all of the crisp vectors of face data in the eigenspace domain are firstly transformed into fuzzy-vectors as fuzzy-points. Next, the fuzzy-appearance manifold is constructed from all the available fuzzy-points and the fuzzy-nearest distance calculation is proposed as the classifier of the pose estimation system. The pose estimation of an unknown face image is performed by firstly being projected onto the eigenspace domain then transformed to become an unknown fuzzy-point, and its fuzzy-distance with all of the available fuzzy-points in the fuzzy-appearance manifold will be calculated. The fuzzy-point in the manifold which has the nearest distance to that unknown fuzzy-point will be determined as the pose position of the unknown face image. In the experiment, face images with various quality degradation effects were used. The results show that the system could maintain high recognition rates for estimating the pose position of the degraded face images.

This study was commenced in order to examine the impact that both perceived usefulness and perceived ease-of-use had toward consumers’ loyalty within the computer industry in China, either directly or indirectly through satisfaction and trust. This current study utilized the survey method; questionnaires were selected as the instrument which would be used to collect all of the data from the respondents. All of the questionnaires were electronically distributed through an online survey site to a total of 400 respondents, who originated from, or were living in, five cities in China. After gathering and assessing all of the collected data, a total of 346 items of data were deemed usable, thus enabling these sets of data to be further analyzed by this study. All of these data were further analyzed using the partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) method using SmartPLS 3.3.2 software. Based on the results obtained through the data’s analyses, the authors would like to conclude that both perceived usefulness and perceived ease-of-use had a positive and significant impact on customer satisfaction, trust and customer loyalty within China’s computer industry. Furthermore, in this study, both customer satisfaction and trust have been found to positively mediate the impact of perceived usefulness and perceived ease-of-use toward customer loyalty; trust serves as a better mediator compared to satisfaction. Meanwhile, this study contributed to the expansion and the enrichment of the literature in the field of marketing by thoroughly examining the implementation of the technology acceptance model (TAM) in predicting customer loyalty within China’s computer industry.

The purpose of this study is to obtain empirical evidence about the effects ofleverage, institutional ownership,and firm size on tax avoidance of the manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange from 2010-2012. Tax avoidance is a dependent variable, while leverage, institutional ownership, and firm size are independent variables. The data used are secondary data and sample of 170 financial statements of listed companies on the Indonesian Stock Exchange from 2010-2012. This research used non-random sampling. The sampling used purposive sampling and the data were analyzed by using multiple linear regression analysis. Data were analyzed using SPSS software 21 version. The result of the research showed that leverage has no significant effects on tax avoidance, while institutional ownership and firm risk have significant effects on tax avoidance. To get better research results, further researches may add other variables that have major impact probabilities, use companies other than manufacturing, and extend the period of study.

The aim of this research is to examine the positive influence of brand awareness, brand image, and brand trust on brand loyalty. The coffee shop business in big cities in Indonesia is growing rapidly. Each coffee shop strives to show its uniqueness. This competition has resulted in them competing to increase competitiveness by using logos, symbols, unique names – or what is usually called a brand to become a differentiator among the competitors. This study was done in a quantitative manner. The data was collected by using a questionnaire distributed using a survey method. Using a snowball sampling, a total of 436 samples were used and analyzed statistically using the partial least square – structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) approach using SmartPls 3.0 program. The results show that brand awareness and brand trust had a positive effect on brand loyalty. However, the brand image did not have a positive effect on brand loyalty. This study is expected to provide input to the coffee shop management on how to increase their brand loyalty which can be done by increasing their brand awareness, brand image, and brand trust.

The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of auditor independence, audit tenure, and audit fee both partially and simultaneously on the audit quality. This research uses primary data collected through the distribution of questionnaires in audit firm listed in Capital Market Accountant Forum – FAPM in Indonesia. The population of research are senior auditor, supervisors, managers, and partners positions and worked on the audit firm member of FAPM. The results of this research show that in general auditor independence, audit tenure, and audit fee have a positive influence on audit quality. The test Coefficient of Determination result of 21.4% indicates that the audit quality can be explained by variations in auditor independence, audit tenure, and audit fee, while the remaining 78,6% is explained by other variables that are not used in this research, such as auditor's size, auditor's industry specialization, and audit risk. To improve the audit quality, Indonesian Institute of Public Accountants (IAPI) should set up an Independent Audit Review Boards and the recent mandatory rotation of audit partners and public accountant firm should follow the IFAC Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants revised in July 2009, which requires audit partner rotation every seven years for public interest entities.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh kinerja keuangan dan stuktur modal terhadap nilai perusahaan dengan ukuran perusahaan sebagai variabel moderasi. Populasi penelitian ini adalah 13 perusahaan otomotif yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia tahun 2013 – 2017. Sampel penelitian ini sebanyak 10 perusahaan diseleksi berdasarkan teknik purposive sampling. Metode analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi linear berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kinerja keuangan dan struktur modal memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap nilai perusahaan. Ukuran perusahaan tidak memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap nilai perusahaan. Ukuran perusahaan dapat memoderasi pengaruh kinerja keuangan terhadap nilai perusahaan. Ukuran perusahaan tidak dapat memoderasi pengaruh struktur modal terhadap nilai perusahaan.

Online game is an increasingly popular source of entertainment for all ages, with relatively prevalent negative consequences. Addiction is a problem that has received much attention. This research aims to develop a measure of online game addiction for Indonesian children and adolescents. The Indonesian Online Game Addiction Questionnaire draws from earlier theories and research on the internet and game addiction. Its construction is further enriched by including findings from qualitative interviews and field observation to ensure appropriate expression of the items. The measure consists of 7 items with a 5-point Likert Scale. It is validated by testing 1,477 Indonesian junior and senior high school students from several schools in Manado, Medan, Pontianak, and Yogyakarta. The validation evidence is shown by item-total correlation and criterion validity. The Indonesian Online Game Addiction Questionnaire has good item-total correlation (ranging from 0.29 to 0.55) and acceptable reliability (α = 0.73). It is also moderately correlated with the participant's longest time record to play online games (r = 0.39; p<0.01), average days per week in playing online games (ρ = 0.43; p<0.01), average hours per days in playing online games (ρ = 0.41; p<0.01), and monthly expenditure for online games (ρ = 0.30; p<0.01). Furthermore, we created a clinical cut-off estimate by combining criteria and population norm. The clinical cut-off estimate showed that the score of 14 to 21 may indicate mild online game addiction, and the score of 22 and above may indicate online game addiction. Overall, the result shows that Indonesian Online Game Addiction Questionnaire has sufficient psychometric property for research use, as well as limited clinical application.

Abstract During the past century, semi‐natural grasslands, once widespread throughout Europe, have largely been converted into intensively managed agricultural areas, abandoned or afforested. These large‐scale land‐use changes have already resulted in considerable biodiversity loss but can also lead to decline in ecosystem service provision and ecosystem multifunctionality. We assessed the impact of afforestation and abandonment of semi‐natural grasslands on the supply of ecosystem services in Western Estonia. We compared a wide array of services provided by open grasslands, abandoned grasslands and afforested grasslands. Additionally, we analysed the impact of land‐use change and species richness on ecosystem multifunctionality. Significant declines in the supply of pollination services, natural pest regulation, forage production, soil quality, wild food and cultural appreciation of landscape were detected as a result of overgrowing or afforestation. There was significant positive relationship between species richness and ecosystem multifunctionality, that is, more biodiverse grasslands were able to support more services at higher capacity. Results show that both grassland degradation due to abandonment, as well as grassland afforestation, have significant negative impacts on biodiversity, on the supply of multiple important ecosystem services and on the ecosystem multifunctionality. Synthesis and applications. Temperate semi‐natural grasslands have high biodiversity and capacity to deliver multiple important ecosystem services simultaneously. Conservation and restoration of grassland habitats must be considered as an important part of sustainable landscape planning.

Purpose There is a rise in interest on the topic of consumer-brand relationships (CBRs) among practitioners and academics. Consumers are said to build relationships with brands that have a personality congruent with their own. The purpose of this paper is to investigate two types of brand personality traits, namely, responsible brands and active brands to predict prominent CBR constructs, including brand awareness, brand trust, and brand loyalty. Design/methodology/approach This study was based on an electronic survey of 339 respondents. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. Findings The results show that brand personality positively affects the three CBR constructs. Specifically, the focus is shifted to the two major personality dimensions, responsible and active, respectively. The results indicate that an active brand is a stronger predictor of brand awareness compared to a responsible brand. However, a responsible brand is a stronger predictor of brand trust as well as brand loyalty compared to an active brand. Surprisingly, the results display that active brands lower brand trust and brand loyalty. Practical implications This finding informs brand managers that projecting active brand personality leads to higher awareness. However, projecting more responsible brand leads to greater trust and loyalty. The study highlights that having one personality may not be sufficient to develop an enduring CBR, but a brand personality must “evolve” and progress as the relationship develops over time. Such dynamic brand personality may provide a more long-lasting brand strategy and a greater source of competitive advantage. Originality/value The present study contributes to the marketing literature in three different ways. First, this study adds to the body of knowledge on the relationship between brand personality and CBR constructs using the new measure of BPS. Second, this study assesses the individual level of the new BPS, particularly responsibility and activity, on the three CBR constructs, and in doing so, the study responds to previous studies’ calls to assess the individual capacity of the brand personality dimensions to get consumer preference or loyalty. Third, the study displays which ones of the two dimensions in the new BPS (i.e. responsible and active) may be better predictors to the three CBR constructs.

Communication and information technology development makes it easier for interaction between individuals and groups. Message and news traffic are not fully controlled by the state, but are free to flow to public. Therefore, social media that have power to disseminate information, be an option to influence, motivate, and perform actions desired by message spreaders. At the same time, dominance of mainstream mass media is fading away. This study aims to: (1) describe social media users without socioeconomic and political differences, (2) analyze social media and mass media efforts to reach audiences, (3) observe social media as a supporter of political communication networks in democracy state. This study, using qualitative methods to provide a holistic picture of social media in relation to the political communication network utilized by individuals, groups and various political entities. The results of this study are, users of social media are not bound by social, economic and political status; Social media and mainstream mass media have different characters in spreading messages to audiences; And social media is a supporting of political communication network in democracy of the state.

The purpose of this study is to examine and understand the effect of website design quality and service quality toward consumers’ repurchase intention in the Asian, European, American, and Australian e-commerce industry. This research implemented survey method, in which questionnaires were chosen as instruments for data collection. A total of 1000 questionnaires were electronically distributed to the respondents across four continents, in which a total of 869 were deemed usable. Out of 869 questionnaires, a total of 200 questionnaires collected from respondents living in the Asian continent, 189 questionnaires collected from respondents living in the American continent, 243 questionnaires collected from respondents living in the European continent, and 237 questionnaires collected from respondents living in the Australian continent. This research implemented PLS-SEM method to analyze and generate findings from the data. Based on the results generated from the analysis of the data, it could be concluded that in the Asian, Australian, and European continents, service quality played a more important and significant role in affecting consumers’ repurchase intention in the e-commerce industry compared to website design quality. In contrast, the results generated in this research also concluded that website design quality played a more important role in affecting consumers’ repurchase intention in the American e-commerce industry. Furthermore, customer satisfaction mediated the relationship between website design quality and service quality toward consumers’ repurchase intention in the Asian, Australian, European, and American e-commerce industry.

This research is about consumer behavior in making digital payments in buying and selling transactions. Digital payment methods are a new way of making payments, especially in times of a pandemic like today, this is also a result of government policies, various countries globally to not do many activities outside the home and keep each other apart during the Covid-19 pandemic. Consumer behavior has begun to switch conventional payment instruments to digital payments. Payment via digital wallets has become popular and most accepted as an emerging payment method in both developed and developing countries. This research itself aims to determine the behavior patterns of millennial consumers with impulsive buying because of seeing promotions and digital payment facilities. Based on this, the use of digital wallets on millennial consumer behavior during the Covid-19 pandemic is the object of research. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with a literature approach. The research data is obtained through literature study and theoretical studies from various scientific sources. The results of the study show that the Covid-19 pandemic has increased the use of digital wallets to the tendency of consumer consumerism to use electronic transactions that are more suitable and efficient for use during a pandemic. The digital era has developed rapidly in a society that has adapted to become an adaptive shopper in a cashless society that has developed a new normal culture, namely electronic payment transactions through digital wallets. Penelitian ini mengenai perilaku konsumen melakukan pembayaran digital dalam transaksi jual-beli. Metode pembayaran digital menjadi cara baru melakukan pembayaran terlebih lagi di masa pandemi seperti sekarang ini, hal ini juga sebagai dampak dari kebijakan pemerintah, berbagai negara secara global untuk tidak banyak melakukan kegiatan di luar rumah serta menjaga jarak satu sama lain di masa pandemi Covid-19. Perilaku konsumen mulai beralih alat pembayaran konvensional menjadi pembayaran digital. Pembayaran melalui dompet digital telah populer dan paling diterima sebagai metode pembayaran yang muncul di negara maju dan berkembang. Penelitian ini sendiri bertujuan untuk mengetahui pola perilaku konsumen milenial dengan pembelian yang cepat serta tidak direncanakan (impulsive buying) karena melihat promosi dan sarana pembayaran digital. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, penggunaan dompet digital pada perilaku konsumen milenial di saat pandemi Covid-19 menjadi obyek penelitian. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deksriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan literature. Data penelitian diperoleh melalui studi pustaka dan kajian teoritis dari berbagai sumber ilmiah. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa pandemi Covid-19 memberikan peningkatan penggunaan dompet digital hingga kecenderungan konsumerisme konsumen dengan penggunaan transaksi elektronik yang lebih cocok dan efisien untuk digunakan dalam masa pandemi. Era digital sudah berkembang pesat dalam masyarakat yang sudah beradaptasi menjadi adaptive shopper di dalam cashless society yang mengembangkan budaya normal baru yaitu transaksi pembayaran elektronik melalui dompet digital.

This study examined the role of different psychological coping mechanisms in mental and physical health during the initial phases of the COVID-19 crisis with an emphasis on meaning-centered coping. A total of 11,227 people from 30 countries across all continents participated in the study and completed measures of psychological distress (depression, stress, and anxiety), loneliness, well-being, and physical health, together with measures of problem-focused and emotion-focused coping, and a measure called the Meaning-centered Coping Scale (MCCS) that was developed in the present study. Validation analyses of the MCCS were performed in all countries, and data were assessed by multilevel modeling (MLM). The MCCS showed a robust one-factor structure in 30 countries with good test-retest, concurrent and divergent validity results. MLM analyses showed mixed results regarding emotion and problem-focused coping strategies. However, the MCCS was the strongest positive predictor of physical and mental health among all coping strategies, independently of demographic characteristics and country-level variables. The findings suggest that the MCCS is a valid measure to assess meaning-centered coping. The results also call for policies promoting effective coping to mitigate collective suffering during the pandemic. Este estudio examinó el papel de diferentes estrategias de afrontamiento psicológico en la salud mental y física durante las fases iniciales de la crisis de COVID-19. 11,227 personas de 30 países representando todos los continentes participaron en el estudio y completaron medidas de malestar psicológico (depresión, estrés y ansiedad), soledad, bienestar, salud física, medidas de afrontamiento centrado en el problema y en la emoción, y una medida denominada Escala del Afrontamiento Centrado en el Sentido (MCCS) que fue desarrollada en este estudio. El análisis de validación de la MCCS se realizó en todos los países, y los datos se evaluaron mediante un modelo multinivel. La MCCS mostró una estructura unifactorial en 30 países con buenos resultados de validez test-retest, concurrente y divergente. Los análisis mostraron resultados mixtos en cuanto a las estrategias de afrontamiento centradas en la emoción y en el problema. La MCCS fue el predictor positivo más fuerte de salud física y mental, independientemente de las características demográficas y las variables a nivel de país. Los resultados sugieren que la MCCS es un insrumento fiable para medir afrontamiento centrado en el sentido. Estos resultados pueden servir para dirigir políticas que promuevan un afrontamiento eficaz con el fin de mitigar el sufrimiento colectivo durante la pandemia.

This research aims to analyze the relationship between digital marketing on quality service, digital marketing on sales performance, quality service on sales performance, and digital marketing on Sales performance through quality service. The research methodology is a quantitative method and divided into research design and research subjects, data collection methods, and analysis methods. The study is conducted on 125 small and medium (SMEs) in Banten, Indonesia in the digital region. The study uses primary data based on the results of distributing online questionnaires to 125 managers of SMEs in Banten who were selected by simple random sampling. The questionnaire was designed online, and each question/statement item was given five answer options, namely: strongly agree (SS) score 5, agree (S) score 4, neutral / doubt (N) score 3, disagree (TS) score 2, and strongly disagree (STS) score 1. The method for processing data is by using PLS and using SmartPLS version 3.0 software. Based on data analysis by SmartPLS, digital marketing has a significant effect on quality service, digital marketing has a significant effect on sales performance, quality service has a significant effect on sales performance, and digital marketing significantly affects sales performance through quality service in the digital era.

Extant research has promoted the importance and seeking to establish a deeper understanding of brand loyalty. However, it still remains elusive and uncertain. A study with more than 1,500 CEOs worldwide believes that creating a bond with consumers and continuing to learn how to strengthen the bond are essential for realizing strategies and delivering on shareholder expectations. Not surprisingly, firms and researchers are seeking ways to build a stronger connection with consumers, because such attachment acts as a key requisite in a firm’s success. Consequently, understanding how marketers can intensify the attachment is important. This article offers a framework for building stronger consumers’ attachment and testing it based on a survey of 432 participants. Four factors are deemed to be important: ideal self-congruence, sensory experience, responsiveness, and CSR beliefs. Attachment influences loyalty and resilience to negative information. Additionally, attachment fully mediates ideal self-congruence and responsiveness to loyalty, as well as ideal self-congruence and sensory experience to resilience to negative information.

This study was commenced in order to determine whether or not perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use positively affecting consumers’ intention to repurchase, both in a direct and indirect manner through both trust and customer satisfaction. A sum of 250 respondents joined this study, while a total of 236 data were deemed usable to be further processed and analyzed in this study. Survey method was applied in this study, in which all of the data gathered from the respondents using questionnaires which were distributed both personally and electronically. All of the data then were analyzed using PLS-SEM method. In accordance with the results, author conclude that both perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use play a significant and important role in affecting consumers’ intention to repurchase, both directly and indirectly toward customer satisfaction and trust, in which trust plays a stronger role as a mediator as compared to satisfaction.

This research aims to analyze the financial performance of banks before and during the pandemic (COVID – 19) and to find out what benchmarks are the worst. This analysis uses the CAMEL method, that use ratio such as CAR (Capital Adequacy Ratio), NPL (Non – Performing Loan), ROE (Return on Equity), BOPO (Biaya Operasional terhadap pendapatan operasional), and LDR (Loan to Deposit Ratio). This research uses quantitative method using a comparative approach, because the data used is in the form of numbers and analyzed using statistic, this study is to compare the similarities and differences of 2 or more properties and objects under study in a certain frame of mind. This study uses data from the Financial Report Publication for Quarter II 2019 – III 2020. The study population was taken from banks that have gone public on the IDX (Indonesia Stock Exchange), with a total of 43 banks. The statistical method used is descriptive statistical and paired sample t-test. The result of research from 43 banks show that there are significant differences in CAR, NPL, BOPO on bank performance before and during the pandemic, while ROE and LDR have insignificant differences on bank performance before and during the pandemic. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kinerja keuangan bank sebelum dan selama pandemi (COVID – 19) dan mengetahui tolok ukur apa yang paling buruk. Analisis ini menggunakan metode CAMEL, rasio yang digunakan adalah CAR (Capital Adequacy Ratio), NPL (Non – Performing Loan), ROE (Return on Equity), BOPO (Badan Operasional terhadap Pendapatan Operasional), dan LDR (Loan to Deposit Ratio). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan komparatif, karena data yang digunakan berupa angka – angka dan menganalisis menggunakan statistika serta penelitian ini bersifat membandingkan persamaan dan perbedaan 2 atau lebih sifat dan objek yang diteliti pada kerangka pemikiran tertentu. Penelitian ini menggunakan data Laporan Keuangan Publikasi Triwulan II 2019 – III 2020. Populasi penelitian diambil dari perbankan yang sudah go public di BEI (Bursa Efek Indonesia), dengan total 43 perbankan. Metode statistik yang digunakan adalah uji statistika deskriptif dan uji t dua sampel dependen. Hasil penelitian dari 43 perbankan menunjukkan bahwa CAR, NPL, BOPO terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan terhadap kinerja bank sebelum dan selama pandemi, sementara ROE dan LDR terdapat perbedaan yang tidak signifikan.terhadap kinerja bank sebelum dan selama pandemi.

This study attempts to investigate whether gallbladder wall thickening (GBWT) measured by ultrasonography can be used in children as a reliable criterion to predict the onset of severe dengue hemorrhage fever (DHF). In this prospective study, we performed ultrasound examinations focusing on the gallbladder wall and the presence of intraperitoneal free fluid in 48 mild DHF cases (grades I-II) and 48 severe cases (grades III-IV). GBWT varied between 1 mm and 8 mm with a mean of 3.77 mm +/- 2.04 mm. The mean value of DHF grades I and II (2.39 mm +/- 1.48 mm) is significantly lower than that of grades III and IV (5.14 mm +/- 1.54 mm), p < 0.001. GBWT exceeded 3 mm in only 16 of 48 (33.3%) grade I-II patients and in 45 of 48 (93.8%) grade III-IV patients. A significant positive correlation was apparent between GBWT and the severity of illness, p < 0.001. Patients with ascites have significantly thicker gallbladder walls than those without, p < 0.01. In clinically confirmed DHF cases, the sonographic finding of GBWT > 3 mm to 5 mm, with 93.8% sensitivity, can be used as a criterion indicating the need for admission and monitoring. A GBWT of > or = 5 mm, with 91.7% specificity, is useful as a criterion for identifying DHF patients at high risk of developing hypovolemic shock.

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisa pengaruh likuiditas, leverage¸ manajemen laba, proporsi komisaris independen, dan ukuran perusahaan terhadap tingkat agresivitas pajak perusahaan. Penelitian ini menggunakan industri manufaktur yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia tahun 2010-2011 sebagai populasi. Dengan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling, 148 data terpilih sebagai sampel. Hasil analisis regresi berganda menunjukan bahwa manjamen laba dan ukuran perusahaan memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap tingkat agresivitas pajak perusahaan. Sementara untuk likuiditas, leverage, dan proporsi komisaris independen tidak menunjukan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap tingkat agresivitas pajak perusahaan.The purpose of this research is to analyze the effect of liquidity, leverage, earnings management, proportion of independent commissioner, and firm size on the level of company tax aggressiveness. This research uses manufacturing industries listed on Bursa Efek Indonesia in 2010-2011 as the population. Using purposive sampling technique, 148 data are selected as samples. The result of multiple regression analysis shows that the impact of earnings management and firm size on the level of company tax aggressiveness is significant. Therefore liquidity, leverage, and proportion of independent commissioner show no significant effect on the level of corporate tax aggressiveness.

Infeksi Covid-19 dinyatakan sebagai pandemi yang menyebar ke seluruh belahan dunia. Infeksi coronavirus jenis baru yang misterius dan sangat infeksius. Penyebaran yang begitu cepat sehingga dibutuhka cara-cara terbaik yang efektif untuk mencegah pemularannya. Metode yang paling baik untuk memutus rantai penularan adalah dengan menjaga jarak fisik (physical distancing) dan menjaga jarak sosial (social distancing) selama vaksin belum ditemukan. Tulisan ini membahas tentang dampak pandemi terhadap dunia pendidikan khususnya Pendidikan Anak Usia Dunia (PAUD) dan mencoba menguraikan tentang proses pembelajaran baru dengan sistem belajar jarak jauh agar sistem pendidikan dan pembelajaran tetap berlangsung dengan baik.