United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Afghanistan

With close to three million teachers, Indonesia has one of the largest and most diverse cadres of teachers in the world. The evolving nature of its education system and the increasingly complex challenges facing individual teachers and the teaching profession as a whole are of immense importance to the nation’s future development. In 2005 the Indonesian government approved a comprehensive Teacher and Lecturer Law that radically reformed the nation’s teacher management and development process. This book explores this uniquely comprehensive reform by focusing on the nature of Indonesia’s teaching profession before and after the Teacher Law; the educational and political economy context of the law; the structures, strategies, and processes that arose from the law including a comprehensive system of teacher appraisal and salary increases which effectively doubled the income of certified teachers; the political and economic factors which distorted the reform process; its impact on teacher knowledge, skills, and motivation and student outcomes; and the (in)efficiencies derived from the reform in terms of the system’s financing and the distribution of its teachers. This book’s framework promotes an approach to teacher reforms through improving the nature of recruitment into the profession; pre-service education; induction, mentoring, and probation; formal certification; continuing professional development; teacher performance appraisal; and ongoing career development. It should therefore be of particular interest to Ministries of Education and development agencies contemplating similar comprehensive reforms. The lessons and recommendations from this analysis include the following: • The doubling of teacher income has increased the status of the teaching profession and attracted better candidates to apply to teacher training institutions. • The mere fact of certification and the consequent doubling of teacher income have not achieved the better teaching and learning that was expected. • A quality assurance framework needs to be put in place from the beginning of any reform process. • The costs of extending the certification program to all teachers are associated with significant trade-offs within the education sector. Estimates suggest that spending on teacher compensation will need to absorb a much larger share of the education budget and require reductions in spending in other areas.

<titre>R&#233;sum&#233;</titre> Qu&#8217;est-ce que la &#171;&#160;gouvernance d&#233;mocratique&#160;&#187;&#160;? Celle-ci a des applications discordantes&#160;; la gouvernance d&#8217;entreprise, la gouvernance locale, la bonne gouvernance des pays en d&#233;veloppement, la gouvernance mondiale ou la gouvernance europ&#233;enne entretiennent des rapports tr&#232;s divers avec la d&#233;mocratie. En plus, les rapprochements avec le n&#233;o-corporatisme ou le mod&#232;le consociatif sont peu pertinents. Reste alors une piste &#224; explorer non sans une pointe d&#8217;humour&#160;: les r&#233;gimes &#224; pluralisme limit&#233;, d&#233;finis par Linz par r&#233;f&#233;rence &#224; l&#8217;autoritarisme franquiste. Ces r&#233;gimes visent l&#8217;optimum de Pareto, en n&#8217;admettant dans le cercle du pouvoir que des acteurs coopt&#233;s illustrant certes un certain pluralisme, mais, comme dans la gouvernance, un pluralisme ferm&#233; aux acteurs dysfonctionnels non coopt&#233;s. Cette gouvernance autoritaire pr&#233;figure-t-elle le r&#233;gime d&#233;mocratique de l&#8217;avenir&#160;?

z: Yer tarihine tanklk etmi, yerin jeolojikjeomorfolojik evriminin kayt ve kantlarn barndran jeoparklar, sz konusu doal deerlerin korunup gelecek kuaklara aktarlmasnda byk neme sahiplerdir. Jeoparklar bu zelliklerinin yannda bulun duklar alanda yre halknn sosyo-ekonomik kltrel kalknmasn hedeflemeleri nedeniyle srdrlebilir kalknma alan ve enstrman konumundadrlar

Abstract A longitudinal study of plasma and hair zinc concentration analysis was performed in 51 and 38 pregnant women, respectively. Plasma zinc levels were followed from first trimester to the end of second trimester, whereas hair zinc concentrations were measured in all trimesters. They were all measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Both plasma and hair zinc levels declined significantly during the second trimesters There was also a significant difference in plasma zinc levels between the “well‐nourished” and “poorly nourished” groups ( P &lt; 0.001 and P &lt; 0.05)Similar changes could not be observed for hair zinc concentrations, probably because of the fact that all pregnant women were from Ankara rather than from villages, where the dietary habit is frequently associated with zinc deficiency. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 16:175–179, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

Engraving sites are rare in mainland and Island Southeast Asia (ISEA) where painted art dominates the prehistoric artistic record. Here we report two new engraving sites from the Tutuala region of Timor-Leste comprising mostly humanoid forms carved into speleothem columns in rock-shelters. Engraved face motifs have previously been reported from Lene Hara Cave in this same region, and one was dated to the Pleistocene–Holocene transition using the Uranium–Thorium method. We discuss the engravings in relation to changes in technology and material culture that took place in the terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene archaeological records in this region of Timor as well as neighbouring islands. We suggest that the engravings may have been produced as markers of territorial and social identity within the context of population expansion and greater inter-group contacts at this time.

Vers l’autochtonisation : pratiques éducatives inspirantes à l’ère de la réconciliation. Un article de la revue Éducation et francophonie (Vers l’autochtonisation : pratiques éducatives inspirantes à l’ère de la réconciliation) diffusée par la plateforme Érudit.

The tragic civil war in Afghanistan, since April 1978, has dealt a severe and destructive blow to the physical and social fabric of cities of the country. The regrettable victims in this conflict, however, which were entrapped, are the historic neighbourhoods in the cities, where fierce street-to-street fighting and use of heavy weaponry resulted in the utter destruction of their fine residential fabric and left some of the valuable historic buildings in ruin.

Batllama ile Trk edebiyatnda yazn trleri arasnda yerini alan roman,

de São Paulo, para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências -Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações em Internacionais.

(2002). Exceptional Measures for a Site of Exceptional Value. Museum International: Vol. 54, No. 1-2, pp. 104-109.

The challenge of nation-building is more acute in Belarus than in any of the ex-Soviet republics. For want of a sense of identity, a common history and future destiny, the nation's independence could be lost

(2003). A Short Histiry of the Iraq National Museum. Museum International: Vol. 55, No. 3-4, pp. 97-102.

Este glosario del compilador Eduardo Martinez abarca la planificacion y gestion de ciencia y tecnologia.

Mega forest fires ravaged Türkiye’s Western Mediterranean region, leading to significant ecological and human losses in two weeks from July to August 2021. Sandras Mountain in Muğla was a major hotspot. This study investigates the research question ‘In what ways do discrepancies between socio-cultural relations and the administrative context influence the dynamics of forest fires, especially concerning the country’s remote forestry system and local responses to the disaster?’ The data is collected using qualitative methodology, through interviews and participant observations in 2021, with follow-up research in 2022 and 2023. The research findings indicate that the centralised forest paradigm excludes local actors and has been largely insufficient in fire management. Reducing fire damage also depends on local communities’ knowledge of the terrain and fire dynamics. Improving disaster response outcomes requires integrating local expertise and engaging with the community in fire response and mitigation strategies.

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This article considers covid-19 and precarity in South Africa’s minibus taxi industry. Covid-19 and the resulting national lockdown interrupted the operations of the industry (like other businesses) in South Africa. During the lockdown (from level 5 to level 1), some taxi operators complained that the lockdown resulted in them losing profit. Taxi drivers also complained that they are making less money through taxi fares (noting that each day they give collected fares to taxi owners and keep some of the money for petrol). The labour inspectors of the Department of Employment and Labour (DOEL) continue to find it difficult to exercise their role of inspecting working conditions in the industry. Despite the fact that the DOEL issued a Sectoral Determination for the taxi industry (Basic Condition of Employment Act 95 of 1997, Sectoral Determination 11: Taxi Sector 2005), which specifies basic employment conditions, the industry is still predominantly informal and employees have no job protection. Taxi drivers remain exempt from job-related benefits such as the Unemployment Insurance Fund (UIF), which makes it impossible for them to benefit during difficult times such as Covid-19 and unemployment. Therefore, the virus and the lockdown revealed further the precariousness of taxi drivers and the concerns around making profit by taxi owners.

Abstract. Although unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) mapping and photogrammetry have become common and relatively accessible for surveying and mapping cultural heritage sites, conducting surveys to model sites in conflict/post conflict zones remains challenging. This is particularly true for sites in a country like Afghanistan, where limited accessibility, the presence of Unexploded ordnance (UXOs), portability of the equipment, cost efficiency, as well as absence of data connectivity and Ground Control Point establishment pose major challenges. In this paper, we discuss the adopted strategy and implemented methodology to create a 3D model from both inside and outside of a section of the fortified citadel of Shahr-e Zohak which is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Property of the Cultural Landscape and Archaeological Remains of the Bamiyan Valley in Afghanistan. In particular, we examine in this paper what acquisition strategy was set for this site by going through the reasoning for selecting specific equipment and drones, the flight parameters, the camera settings, as well as how we prepared the dataset at the flight planning stage to allow merging GPS referenced data from the external flights of the UAV with non-GPS referenced data from the flights inside the domes and built structures. Succinctly, we go through the modelling strategy and parameters that have generated optimal results using both Agisoft Metashape and Bentley Itwin Capture.Our results show that using Skydio’s X10 and S2 drones and setting a low Ground to surface distance (between 1 and 5 meters) and high overlap (75%-95%) allowed us to achieve 3D models with an average accuracy of 1 millimetre per pixel for a 120m long and 30m wide section of the fortified citadel of Shahr-i Zohak. These results also show that it is indeed possible to use UAV based photogrammetry to generate 3D models that can be used for damage assessments which is particularly useful in areas where it is difficult or impossible to bring international experts or institutions to conduct this work on site. Finally, this research highlights the capabilities as well as limitations of this method and provide practical guidelines for future works in comparably challenging environments.

Abstract The principle of democracy is one of equal dignity for all cultures. But today the relationship between culture and politics, though close, often appears tense and occasionally contradictory. The introduction to this issue of Diogenes sketches the work done by UNESCO in the frame of the ‘Pathways of Thought' Programme, particularly relating to the way in which a pluralist identity is created in multicultural nations, and to the relationship between non-material heritage, democracy and the quest for new forms of governance.

In the run-up to Union Budget 2019, the cabinet committees have been set up to address the focus areas of growth and job creation across sectors. Expectations are rising to bring in reforms aimed at creating a tax and business friendly regime and enhancing foreign investments. In spite of some severe socio-economic challenges, India has proved its ability to break through global economy during the past decade. With a constantly rising growth rate, several of the strongest industry and agriculture markets worldwide and important exports and import, the nation is now considered as one of the fastest-growing economy and is expected to be one of the top three economic powers in the world. However, a growth of over 8 per cent will require “continued reform and a widening of their scope” aimed at resolving issues related to credit and investment, and enhancing the competitiveness of exports. “The Indian economy is likely to recover from the impact of demonetization and GST, and growth should revert slowly to a level consistent with its proximate factors — that is, to about 7.5 per cent a year.

Introduction: Diabetes (DM) is a type of metabolic disorder that its types are generated by collectingof genetic and environmental risk agents. Here, the association between HSPB1 polymorphism as a genetic risk factor and DM was investigated. Methods: Total 690 participants from MASHAD cohort study population were recruited into the study.Anti-HSP27-level was assessed followed by genotyping using Taqman®-probes-based assay. Anthropometric, demographic and hematological/biochemical characteristics were evaluated. Kaplan-Meier curves were utilized, while logistic regression models were used to assess the association of the genetic variant with clinical characteristics of population. Results: Finds was shown there are meaningful differences among groups of age, height, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, FBG,TG, HDL-C, and hs-CRP, and was no big -significant difference between theexists in different HSP27 SNP in the two studied groups (with and without DM), also was no remarkable relation between genetic forms of HSPB1and T2DM. This investigation was the first research that analyzed the relationship between the genetic type of the HSPB1 gene (rs2868371) and Type 2 diabetes (DM2). In our population, the CC genotype (68.1%) had a higher prevalence versus GC (26.6%) and GG (5.3%) genotypes and the data shown that no genetic difference of HSPB1 gene polymorphism (rs2868371) was related with DM2. Conclusion: HSPB1 polymorphism, rs2868371, was not associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus.