Universidad Iberoamericana León

La Ley General de Acceso de las Mujeres a una Vida Libre de Violencia, al igual que muchos otros avances en políticas públicas dentro de nuestro país, es el resultado de una serie de hechos históricos en el mundo que fueron claves para el reconocimiento de las mujeres a nivel global. Una de esas grandes aportaciones, la cual ayudó a combatir y prevenir la violencia contra las mujeres, se generó durante la IV Conferencia Nacional de la Mujer realizada en Beijing en el año 1995.

El presente trabajo reporta un ejercicio de revisión del concepto de convivencia escolar con vistas a apoyar su clarificación y, por tanto, contribuir al desarrollo de un lenguaje común en la región latinoamericana. Para ello las autoras conducen un trabajo documental orientado a identificar los principales enfoques teóricos en la literatura de convivencia. Posteriormente analizan cuatro estudios enfocados a sistematizar los enfoques prevalecientes en el estudio de la convivencia escolar. Como resultado, proponen un concepto de convivencia desde la perspectiva de la justicia social adaptada a la educación y lo operacionalizan en tres ámbitos de la vida escolar: pedagógico-curricular, oganizativo-administrativo y socio-comunitario. Esta noción comprehensiva de la convivencia escolar podría apoyar la realización de investigaciones futuras, propuestas educativas y evaluaciones de convivencia escolar que ofrezcan una respuesta a la violencia y a la persistente exclusión social que existe en la región latinoamericana.

Abstract Agaves are a group of succulent plants that thrive in arid or semiarid environments. Indeed, genes associated with their resilience are a potential resource for genetic engineering of other agronomically important crops grown in adverse climates. Agave is mainly used for the production of distilled (spirits) and non‐distilled alcoholic beverages, including tequila, mezcal, bacanora, raicilla, and pulque, all of which have special connections to Mexican history and culture, and contribute to the Mexican economy. In recent years, there has been growing interest to maximize the use of agave plant materials for other purposes, as the bulk of their biomass pre‑ and post‐production is wasted. In traditional practice, during the passage from fields to factories, only agave cores are used, and the leaves and bagasse are not always harnessed. To place this in perspective, during the period from 2010 to 2019, 2674.7 × 10 6 L of tequila was produced in Mexico, which required 9 607 400 tons of agave cores. This generated approximately the same amount of leaves and 3 842 960 tons of bagasse. The economic base of agave plants can be expanded if expended biomass could be transformed into products that are useful for applications in food, forage, ensilage, agriculture, medicine, energy, environment, textiles, cosmetics, and esthetics. This review focuses on the current utility of agave plants, as well as our perspective for future studies and uses of this formidable plant. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry

Results are presented for the large-scale use of a tissue vaccine, inactivated with beta-propiolactone and containing aluminium hydroxide adjuvant, against viral haemorrhagic disease of rabbits. The kinetics of haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies over eighteen months, the response of vaccinated animals to challenge infection with field virus between six and fifteen months after vaccination, the serological response to revaccination, and the immunological mechanisms involved in primary vaccination and revaccination were investigated.

Heavy metals (HM) can be accumulated along the food chain; their presence in food is a global concern for human health because some of them are toxic even at low concentrations. Unprocessed or minimally processed foods are good sources of different nutrients, so their safety and quality composition should be guaranteed in the most natural form that is obtained for human consumption. The objective of this scoping review (ScR) is to summarize the existing evidence about the presence of HM content (arsenic (As), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), methylmercury (MeHg), and aluminum (Al)) in unprocessed or minimally processed foods for human consumption worldwide during the period of 2011–2020. As a second objective, we identified reported HM values in food with respect to Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) International Food Standards for Maximum Limits (MLs) for contaminants in food. This ScR was conducted in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology and PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR); advance searches were performed in PubMed, ScienceDirect and FAO AGRIS (Agricultural Science and Technology Information) databases by two reviewers who independently performed literature searches with specific eligibility criteria. We classified individual foods in food groups and subgroups according to the Global Individual Information Food Consumption Data Tool (FAO/WHO GIFT). We homologated all the reported HM units to parts per million (ppm) to determine the weighted mean HM concentration per country and food group/subgroup of the articles included. Then, we compared HM concentration findings with FAO/WHO MLs. Finally, we used a Geographic Information System (GIS) to present our findings. Using our search strategy, we included 152 articles. Asia was the continent with the highest number of publications (n = 79, 51.3%), with China being the country with the largest number of studies (n = 34). Fish and shellfish (n = 58), followed by vegetables (n = 39) and cereals (n = 38), were the food groups studied the most. Fish (n = 42), rice (n = 33), and leafy (n = 28) and fruiting vegetables (n = 29) were the most studied food subgroups. With respect to the HM of interest, Cd was the most analyzed, followed by Pb, As, Hg and Al. Finally, we found that many of the HM concentrations reported exceeded the FAO/OMS MLs established for Cd, Pb and As globally in all food groups, mainly in vegetables, followed by the roots and tubers, and cereals food groups. Our study highlights the presence of HM in the most natural forms of food around the world, in concentrations that, in fact, exceed the MLs, which affects food safety and could represent a human health risk. In countries with regulations on these topics, a monitoring system is recommended to evaluate and monitor compliance with national standards. For countries without a regulation system, it is recommended to adopt international guidelines, such as those of FAO, and implement a monitoring system that supervises national compliance. In both cases, the information must be disseminated to the population to create social awareness. This is especially important to protect the population from the consumption of internal production and for the international markets of the globalized world.

This paper shows an integrated assessment for energy planning and climate change mitigation in Mexico, as an international case study. The Mexico 2050 Calculator was used to run a number of low carbon future scenarios by 2050. The calculator consists of a whole-systems model, which combines the main sectors of the Mexican economy into a single visual tool. By integrating energy and carbon dynamics across all sectors and carrying out a sensitivity analysis of the entire model, we compare four low carbon energy scenarios to assess current energy policy strategies in the country. The methodology proposed in this paper can also be applied to any other nation, particularly to those with similar models already available. Our findings show the relative impact of each sector and their various interactions for achieving Mexico’s ratified climate commitments. The paper also includes policy recommendations and highlights the need for scaling-up energy efficiency policy efforts in industry and transport, for having a higher focus on agricultural and land use policies, and for promoting integrated renewable energy policies.

Históricamente, la protección a los Derechos Humanos se ha conceptualizado única y exclusivamente como una obligación inherente a los Estados, esto encuentra especial justificación si tenemos en cuenta que, a lo largo de la historia, han sido los Estados los principales agentes que se han encargado de violentar dichos derechos. Es el propio Estado el cual, abusando del poder que detenta, ha provocado un enorme daño a la integridad y, principalmente, a la dignidad de la persona. Ejemplos tenemos de sobra: el Holocausto, la I y II Guerras Mundiales, entre muchos otros conflictos, los cuales, han generado la necesidad de establecer límites al poder que ejercen, pero, ¿qué pasa con otros agentes que son ajenos al Estado y que al igual que éstos gozan de cierto poder que les da ventaja en cuanto al grueso de la población? Este es el caso de las empresas y la industria, a las cuales Alejandro Teitelbaum (2010) las ha denominado “la institución dominante del siglo XXI” y que con el paso del tiempo han evolucionado la forma en la que se ejerce el poder y se violentan los derechos humanos.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the structure of knowledge networks and the geographical patterns of knowledge networking in mature industrial clusters. To such end, it is assumed that proximity is not really what matters in innovation, but rather the embeddedness of firms into localised networks, enhancing collective learning and knowledge diffusion. Design/methodology/approach The research is contextualized in the footwear industry and applies the microeconomics of innovation (grounded in the resource based view and social capital approach) and industrial clusters/districts as theoretical frameworks. Methodologically, the paper adopts an exploratory perspective and employs a qualitative approach to conduct a cross‐case analysis of the Leon‐Guanajuato cluster (Mexico) and the Vinalopo cluster (Spain). Findings Firstly, this paper endorses recent research trends suggesting that knowledge is unevenly and selectively distributed among clustered firms. Secondly, it evidences how internal resources determine a firm's access to valuable repositories of knowledge. Thirdly, key knowledge players are usually involved in extra‐clusters networking, indicating that mere reliance on localized knowledge may result in declining trajectories. Research limitations/implications Because the case study approach and qualitative methodologies are used, readers are advised not to generalize the findings. The research on the subject matter is offered as a means to substantiate or refute the latest research premises, and provide evidence on the selected clusters. Originality/value This paper shows how knowledge networks differ depending on geographical specific characteristics and the resources of the main players. Managers‐owners should be conscious that being close to one another is not enough. It should be combined with both solid internal resources and access to repositories of knowledge outside the cluster. Policy makers should prepare customized public programs based on the particular structure of each cluster.

Background: Obesity and dyslipidemias are risk factors for developing cardiovascular diseases, the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The pathogenesis of these diseases involves environmental factors, such as nutrition, but other aspects like genetic polymorphisms confer susceptibility to developing obesity and dyslipidemias. In this sense, nutrigenetics is being used to study the influence of genetic variations on the circulating lipid responses promoted by certain nutrients or foods to provide specific dietary strategies considering the genetic factors in personalized nutrition interventions. Objective: To identify throughout a systematic review the potential nutrigenetic recommendations that demonstrate a strong interaction between gene-diet and circulating lipid variations. Methods: This systematic review used the PRISMA-Protocol for manuscript research and preparation using PubMed and ScienceDirect databases. Human studies published in English from January 2010 to December 2020 were included. The main results were outcomes related to gene-diet interactions and plasmatic lipids variation. Results: About 1,110 articles were identified, but only 38 were considered to fulfill the inclusion criteria established based on the reported data. The acquired information was organized based on gene-diet interaction with nutrients and components of the diet and dietary recommendation generated by each interaction: gene-diet interaction with dietary fats, carbohydrates or dietary fiber, gene-diet interaction with nutraceutical or dietary supplementation, and gene-diet interaction with proteins. Conclusion: Findings included in this systematic review indicated that a certain percentage of dietary macronutrients, the consumption of specific amounts of polyunsaturated or monounsaturated fatty acids, as well as the ingestion of nutraceuticals or dietary supplements could be considered as potential strategies for the development of a wide range of nutrigenetic interventions since they have a direct impact on the blood levels of lipids. In this way, specific recommendations were identified as potential tools in developing precision diets and highlighted the importance of personalized nutrition. These recommendations may serve as a possible strategy to implement as dietary tools for the preventive treatment and control alterations in lipid metabolism. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021248816, identifier [CRD42021248816].

Ready to eat breakfast cereals (REBCs) and yoghurts provide important nutrients to children’s diets, but concerns about their high sugar content exist. Food reformulation could contribute to sugar reduction, but policies across countries are not uniform. We aimed to compare the sugar content and nutritional quality of child-orientated REBCs and yoghurts in Latin American countries with the UK. In a cross-sectional study, nutritional information, marketing strategies, and claims were collected from the food labels and packaging of products available in Guatemala, Mexico, Ecuador and the UK. Nutritional quality was assessed using the UK Ofcom Nutrient Profiling System. In total, 262 products were analysed (59% REBCs/41% yoghurts). REBCs in the UK had a lower sugar content (mean ± SD) (24.6 ± 6.4) than products in Ecuador (34.6 ± 10.8; p < 0.001), Mexico (32.6 ± 7.6; p = 0.001) and Guatemala (31.5 ± 8.3; p = 0.001). Across countries, there were no differences in the sugar content of yoghurts. A large proportion (83%) of REBCs and 33% of yoghurts were classified as “less healthy”. In conclusion, the sugar content of REBCs in Latin America is higher than those of the UK, which could be attributed to the UK voluntary sugar reduction programme. Sugar reformulation policies are required in Guatemala, Mexico and Ecuador.

El modelo socioeconómico imperante en el mundo privilegia decididamente al individuo sobre la sociedad, lo cual ha venido agravando las desigualdades entre pobres y ricos. Sin desconocer las bondades que dicho modelo ofrece, como el impulso emprendedor y generador de empleos, no deja de ser ineficaz, y en ciertos aspectos perversos, en la búsqueda de la igualdad social. Ante esta realidad, surgen grupos, instituciones, asociaciones, empresas que se aventuran en búsqueda de formatos novedosos que se podrían englobar bajo el concepto de “emprendimiento social”; tales son los casos de los Parques Tecnológicos, Unreasonable Institute y la empresa Vetelia.

Las reflexiones aquí expuestas se orientan a argumentar que gestionar la seguridad\nescolar es un asunto que puede ser entendido como eminentemente\neducativo y cuya realización tiene como núcleo principal la manera en que se\nestructura y organiza la propia escuela y sus tareas, involucrando la decisión y\nla actuación de los distintos estamentos que participan en ella: alumnos, docentes,\ndirectivos, padres y madres de familia. Las principales conclusiones y\nhallazgos de estudios dedicados a analizar las estrategias desarrolladas en distintos\npaíses para prevenir y atender la violencia en las escuelas serán aquí retomados\npara puntualizar lo que desde la escuela es posible y necesario hacer\nen la prevención de la violencia.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is significant problem involving eating behavior and peripheral metabolic conditions. The effect of carbohydrate and fat restriction on appetite regulation, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and leptin in children has not been defined. Our objective was to compare the effect of both diets. METHODS: One hundred and twenty children with body mass index (BMI) higher than the equivalent of 30 kg/m(2) for an adult, as corrected for gender and age were randomly assigned to (n = 60) a low-carbohydrate (L-CHO) diet or (n = 60) a low-fat (L-F) diet for 2 months. Fifty-three (88.3 %) subjects on the low-carbohydrate-diet and 45 (75 %) on the low-fat diet completed the study. Anthropometric measures, leptin and FGF21 levels were measured before and after the intervention. Comparison of the data for both of the diet groups was carried out using the t-test for independent variables. Intragroup comparisons before and after of each of the dietary treatments were performed using ANOVA for repeated measures. Factors associated with FGF21, leptin levels and satiety, were analyzed by multiple regression. RESULTS: After both of the diets, weight, leptin, food responsiveness, and enjoyment of food significantly decreased and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) increased, but FGF21 decreased. Before and after both of the interventions FGF21 was associated with triglycerides. Before the diet, satiety was associated with lower screen time (p < 0.04) and insulin levels (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Both dietary restrictions improved the metabolic and hormonal parameters of obese children. FGF21 is an indicator of a beneficial metabolic response in younger children. After 2 months an adaptation of the eating behavior to food restriction was observed.

La deseabilidad social se ha conceptuado a través de los años principalmente como una tendencia a contestar un cuestionario de personalidad dando una imagen demasiado favorable de uno mismo. El estudio tuvo como objetivo evidenciar que la Deseabilidad Social es una medida sustantiva de personalidad que refleja una necesidad de aprobación social (NAS), más que un sesgo en las respuestas individuales. Para la realización del estudio colaboraron 1,235 participantes provenientes del D.F. Michoacán y Coahuila, de los cuales el 56% eran mujeres, con una media de edad de 28 años, de la población general. Se aplicaron 12 escalas psicológicas que con base en la literatura sugerían convergencia y divergencia tanto teórica como empírica respecto a las dos dimensiones identificadas como NAS-Positiva y NAS-Negativa, incluidas la exageración, honestidad, auto-estima y auto-monitoreo. Se identificó la red nomológica entre las variables de interés y las variables criterio. Tanto la NAS-Positiva y NAS-Negativa resultaron estar diferenciadas principalmente de la exageración y del automonitoreo. Finalmente se identificaron algunas variables asociadas a la NAS haciendo coincidente algunos hallazgos previos tales como que la agradabilidad, la regulación emocional, la orientación religiosa y el autocontrol son buenos predictores de ambos tipos de NAS.

Core Ideas Decision‐making criteria are needed to optimize silage production in barley and triticale. The critical factors, yield, forage quality, and dry matter interact in the grain‐filling period. Optimization of factors is required and the indicator for harvest may differ between species. Comparison on a growing degree day scale during grain filling provided an assessment of dynamics. Triticale needed more degree days than barley to optimize yield and dry matter shown by dough stage. Harvest time for small‐grain forage is impacted by changes in yield, dry matter concentration (DMC) and forage quality during grain‐filling. Little information exists for hulless and two‐rowed barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) and triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) grown in Alberta. Two barley and two triticale cultivars were grown at three planting dates and two locations over 2 yr at Lacombe, AB, Canada. Forage was harvested five times after boot stage at 7‐ and 10‐d intervals for barley and triticale, respectively. Relationships were developed by regressing variables with growing degree days (GDD) after the boot stage for triticale cultivars, combined, and each barley cultivar (‘Falcon’ and ‘Gadsby’). Comparisons were made at GDD positions. Triticale out‐yielded and dried slower than barley and had higher DMC for 560 GDD after the boot stage; Gadsby out‐yielded Falcon. The soft dough stage (DS 85) indicated optimum yield, 93% of relative dry matter yield (RDMY) at less than 400 g kg −1 DMC for barley and triticale, but occurred at 400 and 500 GDD after the boot stage, respectively. Triticale had lower in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) and higher fiber levels than barley at boot stage; but triticale IVTD decreased slower than barley and Falcon declined faster than Gadsby. Starch accumulated more rapidly for Gadsby than Falcon, while triticale increased slowly initially, then rapidly later in the grain filling period. Delaying harvest by 100 GDD for triticale compared to barley (both at DS 85) resulted in the higher triticale yield, while allowing more starch to accumulate.

Household food insecurity (FI) remains a major public health challenge worldwide. Data about perceived FI and its risk factors in Mexican university students are lacking. We aimed to assess FI’s prevalence and factors affecting it among university students’ households in Mexico. This cross-sectional analysis involved 7671 university students’ households using the 2018 Mexican National of Household Income and Expenditure Survey data. Variables analyzed included sociodemographic characteristics, and the 12-item validated Mexican Scale for Food Security (EMSA). Multivariable logistic regression modelling was performed to identify FI risk factors. The overall household FI prevalence was 30.8%. According to FI severity, prevalence rates were 16.3% for mild-FI, 8.8% for moderate-FI, and 5.7% for severe-FI. Low socioeconomic status (OR = 2.72; 95%CI: 2.09–3.54), low education level of household’s head (OR = 2.36; 95%CI: 1.90–2.94), self-ascription to an indigenous group (OR = 1.59; 95%CI: 1.41–1.79), attending public university (OR = 1.27; 95%CI: 1.13–1.43), female-headed household (OR = 1.26; 95%CI: 1.13–1.40), having worked recently (OR = 1.19; 95%CI: 1.07–1.33), and being in second year of studies (OR = 1.17; 95%CI: 1.03–1.33), were significantly related to FI. Our results confirm that FI is highly prevalent among Mexican university students’ households and that sociodemographic factors are essential in addressing this concern. Findings highlight the need for preventive programs and policies to alleviate FI.

El estudio que se presenta tuvo como objetivo diseñar y validar un instrumento para la medición de la convivencia escolar en estudiantes de secundaria en el contexto mexicano; con base en el desarrollo de un conjunto de indicadores de convivencia democrática, inclusiva y pacífica. Participaron 1,254 estudiantes del estado de Baja California, México, quienes contestaron un banco inicial de 183 ítems. Se analizaron los ítems de manera independiente para cada una de las dimensiones. Se practicaron análisis de unidimensionalidad (Rasch-Masters), factorial exploratorio (rotación Varimax de componentes principales) y de consistencia interna. Los resultados mostraron estructuras factoriales interpretables y con propiedades métricas apropiadas. Al analizar los factores resultantes de cada dimensión, se observa congruencia con la definición operacional del constructo. Se concluye que, con base en el contenido de las dimensiones y las propiedades métricas de éstas, se puede afirmar que el instrumento diseñado resulta válido para la evaluación de la convivencia escolar.

Este trabajo reporta el análisis documental realizado para responder la solicitud de la Secretaría de Educación de Guanajuato (México) de elaborar un modelo para atender, prevenir y erradicar la violencia escolar. El análisis de documentos de política pública, a la luz de la teoría de convivencia, permitió poner en diálogo dos enfoques distintos: uno sobre prevención de la violencia, que desemboca en el control de comportamientos antisociales, y otro de convivencia, orientado a la creación de ambientes enriquecedores y desarrollo de capacidades. Se identificaron principios de fondo compartidos y nociones equivalentes desde ambas perspectivas. Asimismo, se observaron algunas divergencias, vacíos e inconsistencias que fueron atendidos. El modelo propuesto desplazó la violencia como eje de la política pública para situar la convivencia como núcleo principal de atención. Recuperando aportaciones de la sociología, la filosofía, la teoría de conflictos en escuelas, la pedagogía y la gestión escolar, el modelo de convivencia resultante propone tres niveles de intervención: contención, resolución de conflictos y transformación de prácticas pedagógicas y de gestión orientadas hacia la inclusión, la equidad y la participación. El modelo representa un dispositivo accesible para analizar políticas públicas, elaborar autodiagnósticos escolares y diseñar propuestas de formación en convivencia o realizar investigaciones.

Nowadays, high security levels are required to transmit critical information for government, private and personal sectors. As a countermeasure, the Quantum Key Distribution systems are the best option in order to protect this information because it provides unconditional security. In addition, increasing the transmission distance is a highlight. Therefore, the Free-Space Optical Quantum Key Distribution systems (FSO-QKD) present an innovative way for sharing secure information between two parties located at ground stations, spacecraft or aircraft. However, these scenarios present several challenges regarding the hardware, protocols and techniques used that must be solved in order to enhance the performance parameters (security level, distance link, final secret key rate, among others) for any QKD system; although, in particular, a high transmission performance is required for both the classical and quantum channels. These issues impose the roadmap and trends in the research, academic and manufacturing sectors around the world.

This article analyzes the socio-environmental conflicts around two large mining projects in Mazapil, Zacatecas: Peñasquito and Tayahua. The objective is to illustrate the complex connection of political relations between the different actors involved in these conflicts and how these relations evolve over time. The methodology focuses on participatory observation in Zacatecas and employs the technique of actor mapping. The results reveal that organized groups of local residents have taken diverse stances and strategies to confront mega-mining in Mazapil, from opposition to negotiation and collaboration. It is concluded that opposition, negotiation, and collaboration stances can have a tense coexistence within the same territory. Thus, the category of complex social-environmental conflicts of multiple postures is introduced to overcome the limitations associated with classification schemes that seek to categorize socio-environmental conflicts in accordance with the binomial of opposition versus negotiation. One limitation of this research is that it does not explore development alternatives on the local level; this is pending for future projects.