Universidade de Caxias do Sul

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Este artigo traz à discussão duas perspectivas de análise discursiva que propomos como complementares e interdependentes: a visão biopolítica e o olhar semântico-polifônico. Nossa proposta constitui-se uma experiência de aproximação, guardadas as diferenças teóricas, da Filosofia e da Semântica Linguística aplicadas à Educação. Dado o contexto educacional do Brasil frente à implementação da Base Nacional Comum Curricular, elaboramos uma análise biopolítica e semântico-polifônica dos objetivos da BNCC. Começamos por examinar o documento no contexto biopolítico educacional e, na sequência, submetemos os enunciados que expressam seus objetivos no documento à descrição polifônica do sentido. Ambos os eixos de análise visam pôr à mostra o que está pressuposto e, portanto, não explicitado no discurso da BNCC. Ao fim, pensamos ter demonstrado como esses dois referenciais podem ser usados de forma integrada, para alertar sobre a necessidade de uma leitura e a consequente compreensão que transcenda os limites do texto manifesto e busque os ditos mais ou menos velados de um documento de importância substancial para a educação no Brasil contemporâneo.

In this work, the relationship between cellulose crystallinity, the influence of extractive content on lignocellulosic fiber degradation, the correlation between chemical composition and the physical properties of ten types of natural fibers were investigated by FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetry techniques. The results showed that higher extractive contents associated with lower crystallinity and lower cellulose crystallite size can accelerate the degradation process and reduce the thermal stability of the lignocellulosic fibers studied. On the other hand, the thermal decomposition of natural fibers is shifted to higher temperatures with increasing the cellulose crystallinity and crystallite size. These results indicated that the cellulose crystallite size affects the thermal degradation temperature of natural fibers. This study showed that through the methods used, previous information about the structure and properties of lignocellulosic fibers can be obtained before use in composite formulations.

Adventitious rooting (AR) is a multifactorial response leading to new roots at the base of stem cuttings, and the establishment of a complete and autonomous plant. AR has two main phases: (a) induction, with a requirement for higher auxin concentration; (b) formation, inhibited by high auxin and in which anatomical changes take place. The first stages of this process in severed organs necessarily include wounding and water stress responses which may trigger hormonal changes that contribute to reprogram target cells that are competent to respond to rooting stimuli. At severance, the roles of jasmonate and abscisic acid are critical for wound response and perhaps sink strength establishment, although their negative roles on the cell cycle may inhibit root induction. Strigolactones may also inhibit AR. A reduced concentration of cytokinins in cuttings results from the separation of the root system, whose tips are a relevant source of these root induction inhibitors. The combined increased accumulation of basipetally transported auxins from the shoot apex at the cutting base is often sufficient for AR in easy-to-root species. The role of peroxidases and phenolic compounds in auxin catabolism may be critical at these early stages right after wounding. The events leading to AR strongly depend on mother plant nutritional status, both in terms of minerals and carbohydrates, as well as on sink establishment at cutting bases. Auxins play a central role in AR. Auxin transporters control auxin canalization to target cells. There, auxins act primarily through selective proteolysis and cell wall loosening, via their receptor proteins TIR1 (transport inhibitor response 1) and ABP1 (Auxin-Binding Protein 1). A complex microRNA circuitry is involved in the control of auxin response factors essential for gene expression in AR. After root establishment, new hormonal controls take place, with auxins being required at lower concentrations for root meristem maintenance and cytokinins needed for root tissue differentiation.

BACKGROUND: The Chronic Kidney Disease in Children Study (CKiD) equation for children and the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation for adults are recommended serum creatinine (SCr)-based calculations for estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR). However, these equations, as well as their combination, have limitations, notably the problem of implausible changes in GFR during the transition from adolescence to adulthood and overestimation of GFR in young adults. The full age spectrum (FAS) equation addresses these issues but overestimates GFR when SCr levels are low. OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a modified FAS SCr-based equation combining design features of the FAS and CKD-EPI equations. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis with separate pooled data sets for development and validation. SETTING: = 13) with measured GFR available. PATIENTS: 11 251 participants in 7 studies (development and internal validation data sets) and 8378 participants in 6 studies (external validation data set). MEASUREMENTS: Clearance of an exogenous marker (reference method), SCr level, age, sex, and height were used to develop a new equation to estimate GFR. RESULTS: ] in adults) across the FAS (2 to 90 years) and SCr range (40 to 490 µmol/L [0.45 to 5.54 mg/dL]) and with fewer estimation errors exceeding 30% (6.5% [CI, 3.8% to 9.1%] in children and 3.1% [CI, 2.5% to 3.6%] in adults) compared with the CKiD and CKD-EPI equations. LIMITATION: No Black patients were included. CONCLUSION: The new EKFC equation shows improved accuracy and precision compared with commonly used equations for estimating GFR from SCr levels. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet).

Importance: It is unknown whether angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) have a positive, neutral, or negative effect on clinical outcomes in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Objective: To determine whether discontinuation compared with continuation of ACEIs or ARBs changed the number of days alive and out of the hospital through 30 days. Design, Setting, and Participants: A randomized clinical trial of 659 patients hospitalized in Brazil with mild to moderate COVID-19 who were taking ACEIs or ARBs prior to hospitalization (enrolled: April 9-June 26, 2020; final follow-up: July 26, 2020). Interventions: Discontinuation (n = 334) or continuation (n = 325) of ACEIs or ARBs. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was the number of days alive and out of the hospital through 30 days. Secondary outcomes included death, cardiovascular death, and COVID-19 progression. Results: Among 659 patients, the median age was 55.1 years (interquartile range [IQR], 46.1-65.0 years), 14.7% were aged 70 years or older, 40.4% were women, and 100% completed the trial. The median time from symptom onset to hospital admission was 6 days (IQR, 4-9 days) and 27.2% of patients had an oxygen saturation of less than 94% of room air at baseline. In terms of clinical severity, 57.1% of patients were considered mild at hospital admission and 42.9% were considered moderate. There was no significant difference in the number of days alive and out of the hospital in patients in the discontinuation group (mean, 21.9 days [SD, 8 days]) vs patients in the continuation group (mean, 22.9 days [SD, 7.1 days]) and the mean ratio was 0.95 (95% CI, 0.90-1.01). There also was no statistically significant difference in death (2.7% for the discontinuation group vs 2.8% for the continuation group; odds ratio [OR], 0.97 [95% CI, 0.38-2.52]), cardiovascular death (0.6% vs 0.3%, respectively; OR, 1.95 [95% CI, 0.19-42.12]), or COVID-19 progression (38.3% vs 32.3%; OR, 1.30 [95% CI, 0.95-1.80]). The most common adverse events were respiratory failure requiring invasive mechanical ventilation (9.6% in the discontinuation group vs 7.7% in the continuation group), shock requiring vasopressors (8.4% vs 7.1%, respectively), acute myocardial infarction (7.5% vs 4.6%), new or worsening heart failure (4.2% vs 4.9%), and acute kidney failure requiring hemodialysis (3.3% vs 2.8%). Conclusions and Relevance: Among patients hospitalized with mild to moderate COVID-19 and who were taking ACEIs or ARBs before hospital admission, there was no significant difference in the mean number of days alive and out of the hospital for those assigned to discontinue vs continue these medications. These findings do not support routinely discontinuing ACEIs or ARBs among patients hospitalized with mild to moderate COVID-19 if there is an indication for treatment. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04364893.

The purpose of this Consensus Statement is to provide a global, collaborative, representative and inclusive vision for educating an interprofessional healthcare workforce that can deliver sustainable healthcare and promote planetary health. It is intended to inform national and global accreditation standards, planning and action at the institutional level as well as highlight the role of individuals in transforming health professions education. Many countries have agreed to ‘rapid, far-reaching and unprecedented changes’ to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 45% within 10 years and achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, including in healthcare. Currently, however, health professions graduates are not prepared for their roles in achieving these changes. Thus, to reduce emissions and meet the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), health professions education must equip undergraduates, and those already qualified, with the knowledge, skills, values, competence and confidence they need to sustainably promote the health, human rights and well-being of current and future generations, while protecting the health of the planet.The current imperative for action on environmental issues such as climate change requires health professionals to mobilize politically as they have before, becoming strong advocates for major environmental, social and economic change. A truly ethical relationship with people and the planet that we inhabit so precariously, and to guarantee a future for the generations which follow, demands nothing less of all health professionals.This Consensus Statement outlines the changes required in health professions education, approaches to achieve these changes and a timeline for action linked to the internationally agreed SDGs. It represents the collective vision of health professionals, educators and students from various health professions, geographic locations and cultures. ‘Consensus’ implies broad agreement amongst all individuals engaged in discussion on a specific issue, which in this instance, is agreement by all signatories of this Statement developed under the auspices of the Association for Medical Education in Europe (AMEE).To ensure a shared understanding and to accurately convey information, we outline key terms in a glossary which accompanies this Consensus Statement (Supplementary Appendix 1). We acknowledge, however, that terms evolve and that different terms resonate variably depending on factors such as setting and audience. We define education for sustainable healthcare as the process of equipping current and future health professionals with the knowledge, values, confidence and capacity to provide environmentally sustainable services through health professions education. We define a health professional as a person who has gained a professional qualification for work in the health system, whether in healthcare delivery, public health or a management or supporting role and education as ‘the system comprising structures, curricula, faculty and activities contributing to a learning process’. This Statement is relevant to the full continuum of training – from undergraduate to postgraduate and continuing professional development.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate personal and institutional factors related to depression and anxiety prevalence of students from 22 Brazilian medical schools. METHODS: The authors performed a multicenter study (August 2011 to August 2012), examining personal factors (age, sex, housing, tuition scholarship) and institutional factors (year of the medical training, school legal status, location and support service) in association with scores of Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). RESULTS: Of 1,650 randomly selected students, 1,350 (81.8 %) completed the study. The depressive symptoms prevalence was 41 % (BDI > 9), state-anxiety 81.7 % and trait-anxiety in 85.6 % (STAI > 33). There was a positive relationship between levels of state (r = 0,591, p < 0.001) and trait (r = 0,718, p < 0.001) anxiety and depression scores. All three symptoms were positively associated with female sex and students from medical schools located in capital cities of both sexes. Tuition scholarship students had higher state-anxiety but not trait-anxiety or depression scores. Medical students with higher levels of depression and anxiety symptoms disagree more than their peers with the statements "I have adequate access to psychological support" and "There is a good support system for students who get stressed". CONCLUSIONS: The factors associated with the increase of medical students' depression and anxiety symptoms were female sex, school location and tuition scholarship. It is interesting that tuition scholarship students showed state-anxiety, but not depression and trait-anxiety symptoms.

Introduction: Remote patient monitoring or telemonitoring aims at improving patient care through digitally transmitted health-related data. That allows early detection of disease decompensation and intervention, patient education and improves patient–physician relationship. Despite its relevance, there are no comprehensive reviews evaluating the variables discussed by clinical studies on telemonitoring. Methods: A systematic literature search of PubMed was performed to identify studies about telemonitoring published between 2000 and 2018. These had to be case reports with >5 cases, comparative or clinical studies/trials. The following variables were evaluated: year of publication, author's country, discussed topic, objective of study, follow-up time, number of telemonitoring patients, primary outcome, use of teleconsultation and tele-education, presence of a control group, effectiveness of telemonitoring, telemonitoring strategies, and level of evidence. Results: After screening 947 records, 272 articles were included. The review showed a growing number of publications over the years, with 43.0% being published between 2015 and 2018, providing generally positive results (76.8%). The United States was responsible for 38.2% of articles. Cardiovascular disease was the topic of 47.8% of studies, whereas surgical pathologies and postoperative care represented only 2.6%. Wireless devices or smartphone apps were the most popular strategy (75.7%), with 17.6% of studies employing tele-education and 24.6% employing teleconsultation measures. Most publications were OCEBM Level of Evidence 2 (73.5%). Conclusion: Telemonitoring appears to maximize patient care and effectiveness of treatment. The number of publications illustrates the growing interest in the matter. Telemonitoring has yet to be evaluated in the setting of postoperative care and surgical pathologies.

The antioxidant hesperidin, a major flavonoid in sweet orange and lemon, was evaluated using chemical and biological systems. The chemical assay evaluates the hesperidin capacity to sequester 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH*). Biological studies were done using the eukaryotic cells of superoxide-dismutase proficient and deficient strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae treated with hesperidin and the stressing agents hydrogen peroxide or paraquat (methylviologen; 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride). Hesperidin was able to reduce significantly the level of the free radical DPPH* with similar efficacy of trolox (positive control). When the yeast cells were exposed to the flavonoid hesperidin before the stressing agents, there was a significant increase in the survival of all strains. Paraquat induced higher catalase and superoxide dismutase than did hydrogen peroxide, which only increased catalase activity. Previous addition of hesperidin to these treatments was able to reduce significantly both enzymatic levels. These observations clearly demonstrate that hesperidin provides strong cellular antioxidant protection against the damaging effects induced by paraquat and peroxide hydrogen.

We determined masses for the 7167 DA and 507 DB white dwarf stars classified as single and non-magnetic in Data Release 4 of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). We obtained revised Teff and log g determinations for the most massive stars by fitting the SDSS optical spectra with a synthetic spectra grid derived from model atmospheres extending to log g= 10.0. We also calculate radii from evolutionary models and create volume-corrected mass distributions for our DA and DB samples. The mean mass for the DA stars brighter than g= 19 and hotter than Teff= 12 000 K is ⁠. For the 150 DBs brighter than g= 19 and hotter than Teff= 16 000 K, we find ⁠. It appears the mean mass for DB white dwarf stars may be significantly larger than that for DAs. We also report the highest mass white dwarf stars ever found, up to ⁠.

Abstract In this study, the relationship between wood cellulose crystallinity, influence of extractives on wood degradation, correlation between chemical composition, and physical properties of four wood species were investigated by chemical analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry. The chemical analysis showed that Dipteryx odorata and Mezilaurus itauba (ITA) contained a higher quantity of extractives and lower quantities of holocellulose and lignin than Eucalyptus grandis (EUG) and Pinus elliottii . FTIR spectroscopy indicated that higher extractives content in ITA might be associated with more intense bands at 2920, 2850, and 1510 cm −1 . The lower values for hydrogen bond energy and hydrogen bond intensity showed that EUG contained more absorbed water than the other species. Thermogravimetry confirm that lower extractive contents leads to a better wood thermal stability. This study showed that through the methods used previous information about structure and properties of wood can be obtained before use it in composite formulations. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012

Pelotas is a city in the extreme south of Brazil, near the border of Uruguay, with 214 000 urban inhabitants in 1982. At the time, we were assistant professors, each working in one of the two medical schools in the city, and both undergoing post-graduate training at the University of London. We were inspired by the findings of the British perinatal study, and one of us (FCB) decided to do a similar study for his doctoral thesis. The lack of reliable data on perinatal mortality in Brazil, due to poor registration of births and deaths—particularly stillbirths—justified the launch of the study. Funding from the International Development Research Center (Canada) was obtained for the perinatal survey, which led to FCB's PhD thesis.1,2 While perinatal data collection was underway, we obtained a grant to visit a sub-sample of these newborns at the age of 12 months. Later funds were obtained for two visits to the entire cohort, at the approximate ages of 2 and 4 years. Little did we imagine that our study would eventually become one of the largest and longest running birth cohorts in the developing world.3 Initially, the study focus was on perinatal, infant, and early childhood morbidity and mortality. We were particularly interested in breastfeeding patterns and nutritional status, as well as social and environmental factors. Deaths of cohort members were identified by regular visits to all hospitals, cemeteries, offices of civil registrations, and local health authorities, since 1982. By mid-childhood, the study shifted in emphasis to child care, utilization of health services, selected morbidity indicators, and child development. A random sub-sample of 360 four-year-olds was selected for an in-depth study of psychomotor development. In adolescence, issues related to sexual and reproductive behaviours (including teenage pregnancies), habits such as smoking and alcohol drinking, mental health, and education became the focus of the investigation. A sub-study investigated oral health in a random sample of 900 adolescents, and an ethnographic study of 96 cohort members, stratified by sex and socioeconomic status, has included repeated in-depth visits from the age of 15 to 23 years, aimed at understanding the role of adolescent development in influencing high-risk behaviours. In more recent phases, with cohort members being young adults, the main emphasis has shifted to risk factors for chronic disease (including smoking, diet, physical exercise, and overweight), reproductive history, and mental health. During the whole of 1982, the three maternity hospitals in the city were visited daily and 7392 births were recorded. Of these, 6011 infants were born to mothers living in the urban area of Pelotas. Using data from birth registration and from a city census, we identified another 46 children who were delivered at home in 1982, so that our hospital sample accounts for 99.2% of all births in the city. The 5914 live born infants constitute our original cohort. Brazil is a country with wide social disparities, and a population-based sample covering the entire social spectrum allows the detailed study of long-term consequences of poverty on health. Follow-up procedures have been somewhat haphazard, depending on the availability of funding. Table 1 summarizes the main visits to the cohort. Earlier publications provide further details about each visit.4,5 Main phases of the Pelotas birth cohort study (reproduced with minor changes from ref. 5, with permission) This includes those known to have died for the 1983, 1984, 1986, 2000, and 2005 visits, and 27% of those known to have died for the 1997 and 2001 visits. Main phases of the Pelotas birth cohort study (reproduced with minor changes from ref. 5, with permission) This includes those known to have died for the 1983, 1984, 1986, 2000, and 2005 visits, and 27% of those known to have died for the 1997 and 2001 visits. In early 1983, the available funding was barely sufficient for visiting one-third of the cohort children. We opted for examining those born from January to April 1982, who were ∼1 year old at the time. This visit was funded by the World Health Organization. Using the addresses available from hospital records, we examined 1457 children who, added to those known to have died, comprised ∼80% of the target group (Table 1). We became quite worried about the loss of one-fifth of the cohort in a single year, and decided to change the search strategy in the next visits. The 1984 and 1986 visits were planned well in advance, and received substantial funding from the United Kingdom's Department for International Development (then known as Overseas Development Administration). The objective was to examine every cohort child who was still living in the urban area. Rather than relying on addresses, in early 1984 we decided to visit every household in the city in search of children born in 1982. This led to 87% of the original cohort being traced, a substantial improvement over the follow-up rate obtained a year earlier. Of those located, 45% of families had already changed addresses since the cohort child had been born, indicating a very high rate of mobility. The same approach was used in early 1986, leading to a follow-up rate of 84%. At that stage, we had a massive amount of data to analyse as a small research unit. Because our primary interest was in child health, we assumed that the cohort study had been completed and set out to write up our results and become involved in other studies. There was no new data collection until 1995, when we were approached by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) to collect information on issues related to adolescent sexuality. Limited funds were available, and the addresses obtained in 1986 were used to trace a random sample of 1100 cohort members. Only 70% of them could be located. This visit renewed our interest in the cohort, and in 1997 we decided to apply a similar approach to that used in the city censuses of 1984 and 1986. As funds—this time from the Brazilian government—were not available to cover the whole city, we systematically selected 70 census tracts (27% of the total) and visited every household in those tracts. This led to 72% of the cohort members expected to be living in those tracts to be traced. A special opportunity for follow-up was provided by the compulsory Army recruitment examination, held in 2000. All cohort males who were still living in the city were legally required to attend a local Army base to undergo a physical examination in August and September. Our research team was deployed to the base and was able to examine 79% of males from the cohort. Funds from the Brazilian government supported this examination. 2001 marked the end of adolescence for the cohort. We had special interest in investigating the high rates of teenage childbearing in the cohort, and obtained funding from the World Health Organization for this purpose. Using the national computerized birth registration system put in place in the late 1990s, we identified over 400 of cohort women who had delivered an infant up to March 2001, and visited them at home. To obtain a comparison group for a case–control analysis, we revisited all households in the 70 census tracts from the 1997 sample and examined all cohort subjects living in these tracts. An extensive interview was carried out with women and a shorter version with men, who had already been examined in the Army in 2000. The follow-up rate was 69%. At this time, it was evident that we had the largest running birth cohort outside high-income countries, and our interest was renewed. We were able to obtain substantial funding from the Wellcome Trust to visit the whole cohort once again. From October 2004 to August 2005, we visited all 98 000 households in the city and located 3924 cohort members. The system for monitoring mortality had identified 282 deaths. For those who had not been located and were not known to have died, we used the last known address and existing databases (including universities, secondary schools, telephone directories) for another attempt. This allowed us to interview 4297 subjects. Added to those known to have died, these represent a follow-up rate of ∼77% in relation to the original cohort. We have carried out several analyses of attrition rates according to baseline characteristics.5 The pattern of follow-up varies slightly according to the search strategy used, but in general subjects born to middle-class families are easier to trace than those born in either the upper or lower ends of the social distribution. There are no consistent differences in follow-up according to sex, birthweight, or skin colour. Subjects born to unmarried mothers are consistently harder to trace than those born in wedlock. The 1982 questionnaire was extremely short. Owing to our lack of experience, we worried about having several sheets of paper that might become separated and decided to used the longest sheet of paper commercially available (a bit longer than A4 size) and restrict the questionnaire to both sides of this sheet. All the information contained in this form took 80 columns in a punch card, which also made it rather convenient. Table 2 shows the main categories of variables collected in the early phases of the study. In the hospital interview, mothers answered questions on socioeconomic, demographic, and health-related variables. Their infants were weighed with regularly calibrated paediatric scales (Filizolla, Brazil) to the nearest 10 g. Birth length was not recorded. Mothers were weighed and measured. Main variables collected in the early phases of the cohort study (1982–86) (reproduced with minor changes from ref. 5, with permission) Main variables collected in the early phases of the cohort study (1982–86) (reproduced with minor changes from ref. 5, with permission) As we grew more confident, our questionnaires grew longer—possibly too much so—and the examinations more thorough. Table 3 shows the main categories of variables included in recent visits. The questionnaires now include two forms, one applied by an interviewer and another self-applied confidential form that is identified only by a questionnaire number. Main variables collected in the late phases of the cohort study (1995–2005) (reproduced with minor changes from ref. 5, with permission) Males only (Army examination in 2000). Main variables collected in the late phases of the cohort study (1995–2005) (reproduced with minor changes from ref. 5, with permission) Males only (Army examination in 2000). In 2000, biological materials were collected from males (blood samples from which sera were extracted and frozen at −70°C) and in 2005 for both sexes (extracted DNA samples as well as sera). In 2000, males were weighed with an electronic Tanita Body Fat Analyzer scale (model TBF-305; Tokyo, Japan), which also provided information on body composition through bio-impedance. These results were validated in a sub-sample of 48 subjects by comparison with total body water estimated through isotopic methods.6 Ethical requirements evolved considerably during the study period. In the early phases, verbal consent was obtained, and there were no local ethical review committees. Recent phases comply with current requirements of ethical review and include written informed consent. Special provisions are made for the ethical use of biological materials. A full list of all publications to date from the study is available as supplementary data at IJE Online. The first publications from the cohort addressed perinatal issues, highlighting the magnitude of the problems of perinatal mortality and low birthweight, and describing risk factors for these outcomes.1,7,8 The extremely high rate of caesarean sections (28%) was also highlighted in the publications,9 as were infant mortality levels, causes, and risk factors.10–12 Infant feeding patterns and their influence on health has been a major theme in our study.13–16 Given the prospective nature of our data, it has been possible to avoid some of the biases arising from using recalled breastfeeding duration in retrospective cohorts, and to investigate the long-term effects of breastfeeding on health and educational attainment, while adjusting for several early life factors.17–19 During the childhood phase, we investigated issues related to malnutrition and infection,20,21 as well as the associations between health and nutrition outcomes with maternal education22 and birth spacing.23 A cross-cutting theme in our cohort study has been the effect of social inequalities on health.24 In 1988, our book entitled ‘Epidemiology of Inequality’ came out in Portuguese, addressing social differentials in terms of perinatal, infant, and childhood outcomes.25 Five thousand copies were sold, and the Spanish version was published by the Pan-American Health Organization in 1992. More recent publications address issues of adolescent health, including the current epidemics of overweight,26 adolescent pregnancy,27 and asthma.28 Much of our current work is aimed at investigating the effects of low birthweight (which we can separate into intrauterine growth restriction and preterm delivery) and growth in childhood on several outcomes. These include blood pressure,29 overweight,26 and lung function.28 Analyses are forthcoming on blood lipids, glycaemia, body composition, oral health, and educational achievement. Cohorts from low-income and middle-income countries are needed because findings are likely to differ from those obtained in developed countries. Some exposures may have different characteristics—for example, most physical activity among males in our cohort is from occupation, rather than from leisure time activities. Another example is breastfeeding—whereas non-breastfed babies in high-income countries are likely to receive infant formula, in our setting cow's milk is the main breast milk substitute so the results of comparisons of breastfed and artificially fed infants may differ between populations. Also, some exposures—for example low birthweight or childhood malnutrition—are much more common than in developed countries, and their long-term effects can be studied with greater precision. Finally, confounding factors may act in different directions in rich and poor countries. For example, while breastfeeding tends to be associated with high socioeconomic status in wealthy populations, the reverse is often the case in low-income and middle-income countries. As a consequence, residual confounding—a critical issue in the study of the effects of breastfeeding on adult health—may operate in different directions. A review by Harpman et al.3 identified our study as the largest and longest running prospective birth cohort study in a developing country. About 4000 variables are available for subjects seen in all phases of the study, including anthropometric measurements not only at birth but also at different ages in childhood. Other strengths include the population base and relatively high follow-up rates. Although the latter are considerably lower than some of the studies from developed countries, we have had to face the challenge of tracing people actively, rather than passively through national databases. Our success is largely related to the characteristics of the city. Pelotas is a middle-size city with relatively low rates of in-migration and out-migration. The number of annual births provides sufficient statistical power for the study, while being still logistically manageable. Also, concerns with personal and home security are not as manifest as in larger Latin American cities and refusals are rare. On the negative side, there are many things that we—given the benefit of hindsight—would have done differently. At the perinatal interview, we should have measured birth length and assessed gestational age through physical examination (∼20% of the mothers were unable to recall the dates of their last menstrual period). We collected data on family income as a grouped variable rather than recording it as a continuous variable. In retrospect, obtaining information on the whole cohort at a smaller number of visits would probably have been better than using sub-samples. To date, we have data on the entire cohort for the original perinatal interview, the 1984, 1986, and 2004–05 follow-up visits, as well as for the 2000 Army examination for males. The 1983, 1995, 1997, and 2001 visits were based on sub-samples, with different sampling approaches. This means that only a few hundred subjects have complete data from all follow-up visits. Some lessons were learned from the Pelotas cohort that may be relevant to other studies. A critical issue in all cohorts is that of attrition. Two successful strategies were used in our study: household sampling and Army enlistment. The first entailed visiting all, or a sample of, the city's households to identify individuals born in 1982, and later tracing them to their cohort records. The second included taking advantage of the compulsory Army enlistment process. Attempts at locating cohort members using available addresses, both in 1983 and in 1995, led to high rates of attrition. Lessons can also be learned regarding administrative and financial aspects of the study. Funding agency fatigue means that few are prepared to support more than one to two rounds of the study. This precluded a more regular schedule of visits, and sampling fractions were sometimes determined by availability of funds rather than by scientific principles, as for example in the 1983 and 1995 follow-ups. Large birth cohort studies present specific funding issues that should deserve special treatment by grant-making agencies. As cohort members reach adult age, it is likely that they will increasingly move out of the city, where job opportunities are scarce. This may lead to higher attrition in the near future. Alternative approaches will have to be conceived, including passive follow-up through death certificates and nested case–control studies, among others. Nevertheless, the large amount of data already available from the study will certainly lead to many additional analyses on health, behaviour, and development in childhood and adolescence. Eleven years after the first cohort, we started another study—the 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort—including all births in the city. The original plan was to launch it in 1992, a decade later than the first study, but of course funding was delayed. This study is underway and 87% of them were traced at the age of 12 years. 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Abstract This work aims to evaluate the performance of glass/sisal hybrid composites focusing on mechanical (flexural and impact) and dynamic mechanical analyses (DMTA). Hybrid composites with different fiber loadings and different volume ratios between glass and sisal were studied. The effect of the fiber length has also been investigated. The densities of the composites were compared with the theoretical values, showing agreement with the rule of mixtures. The results obtained in the flexural and impact analysis revealed that, in general, the properties were always higher for higher overall reinforcement content. By DMTA, an increase in the storage and loss modulus was found, as well as a shift to higher values for higher glass loading and overall fiber volume. It was also noticed an increase in the efficiency of the filler and the calculated activation energy for the relaxation process in the glass transition region. The fiber length did not significantly change the results observed in all analyses carried out in this work. The calculated adhesion factor increased for higher glass loadings, meaning the equation may not be applied for the system studied and there are other factors, besides adhesion influencing energy dissipation of the composites. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010

The basidiomycete fungus Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer is the causal agent of Witches' Broom Disease of Cacao (Theobromacacao L.) which is the main factor limiting cacao production in the Americas. Pod losses of up to 90% are experienced in affected areas as evidenced by the 50% drop in production in Bahia province, Brazil following the arrival of the C. perniciosa in the area in 1989. The disease has proven particularly difficult to control and many farmers in affected areas have given up cacao cultivation. In order to evaluate the potential of endophytes as a biological control agent of this phytopathogen, the endophytic fungal community of resistant and susceptible cacao plants as well as affected branches was studied between 2001 and 2002. The fungal community was identified by morphological traits and rDNA sequencing as belonging to the genera Acremonium, Blastomyces, Botryosphaeria, Cladosporium, Colletotrichum, Cordyceps, Diaporthe, Fusarium, Geotrichum, Gibberella, Gliocladium, Lasiodiplodia, Monilochoetes, Nectria, Pestalotiopsis, Phomopsis, Pleurotus, Pseudofusarium, Rhizopycnis, Syncephalastrum, Trichoderma, Verticillium and Xylaria. These fungi were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo by their ability to inhibit C. perniciosa. Among these, some were identified as potential antagonists, but only one fungus (Gliocladium catenulatum) reduced the incidence of Witches' Broom Disease in cacao seedlings to 70%.

People around the world are increasingly facing the pressing challenges of today's interconnected environmental, social, and health crises. The COVID-19 pandemic has been an important wake-up call reminding us that we need a healthy planet to ensure the health of all people.1 The emerging field of planetary health is a framework for understanding these interconnections and identifying solutions to the complex challenges confronting our civilization. Building on the unique role and responsibility of education institutions in shaping our futures, embedding planetary health education in curricula is an essential step to achieving the transformative change needed.

Background: We recently published and validated the new serum creatinine (Scr)-based full-age-spectrum equation (FAS crea ) for estimating the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) for healthy and kidney-diseased subjects of all ages. The equation was based on the concept of normalized Scr and shows equivalent to superior prediction performance to the currently recommended equations for children, adolescents, adults and older adults. Methods: Based on an evaluation of the serum cystatin C (ScysC) distribution, we defined normalization constants for ScysC ( Q cysC = 0.82 mg/L for ages <70 years and Q cysC = 0.95 mg/L for ages ≥70 years). By replacing Scr/ Q crea in the FAS crea equation with ScysC/ Q cysC , or with the average of both normalized biomarkers, we obtained new ScysC-based (FAS cysC ) and combined Scr-/ScysC-based FAS equations (FAS combi ). To validate the new FAS cysC and FAS combi we collected data on measured GFR, Scr, ScysC, age, gender, height and weight from 11 different cohorts including n = 6132 unique white subjects (368 children, aged ≤18 years, 4295 adults and 1469 older adults, aged ≥70 years). Results: In children and adolescents, the new FAS cysC equation showed significantly better performance [percentage of patients within 30% of mGFR (P30) = 86.1%] than the Caucasian Asian Paediatric Adult Cohort equation (P30 = 76.6%; P < 0.0001), or the ScysC-based Schwartz equation (P30 = 68.8%; P < 0.0001) and the FAS combi equation outperformed all equations with P30 = 92.1% (P < 0.0001). In adults, the FAS cysC equation (P30 = 82.6%) performed equally as well as the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation (CKD-EPI cysC ) (P30 = 80.4%) and the FAS combi equation (P30 = 89.9%) was also equal to the combined CKD-EPI equation (P30 = 88.2%). In older adults, FAS cysC was superior (P30 = 88.2%) to CKD-EPI cysC (P30 = 84.4%; P < 0.0001) and the FAS combi equation (P30 = 91.2%) showed significantly higher performance than the combined CKD-EPI equation (P30 = 85.6%) (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: The FAS equation is not only applicable to all ages, but also for all recommended renal biomarkers and their combinations.

Humanismo do outro homem: perspectivas de uma formação a partir da sensibilidade e da ética com Emmanuel Levinas Resumo: As teorias da formação alcançam grande expressividade com o desenvolvimento dos ideais do humanismo moderno. Trata-se de um projeto civilizatório que visa elevar a humanidade ao seu mais alto grau de perfectibilidade. A história e a filosofia do século XX, no entanto, desautorizaram a crença no humanismo e colocaram os seus fundamentos em crise. Essa crise estende-se a tudo que foi edificado sobre o humanismo, inclusive o projeto de uma formação para o esclarecimento e para a perfectibilidade. O que o artigo propõe é uma leitura sobre a resposta à crise do humanismo a partir da filosofia da subjetividade de Levinas. Assim, assume-se o afastamento do discurso humanista da modernidade para apresentar uma perspectiva à formação orientada pela sensibilidade e pelo acolhimento a outrem. Numa revisão do conceito de formação, o texto volta sua atenção para uma ética do acolhimento à alteridade: um humanismo do outro homem. Palavras-chave: Formação; Humanismo; Sensibilidade; Ética; Emmanuel Levinas. Humanism of the other man: perspectives of a formation from the sensitivity and the ethics with Emmanuel Levinas Abstract: The theories of formation reach great expressiveness with the development of the ideals of modern humanism. It is a civilizing project that aims to elevate humanity to its highest degree of perfectibility. The history and philosophy of the twentieth century, however, disallowed the belief in humanism and submitted its foundations to the crisis. This crisis extends to everything that has been built on humanism, including the design of a formation for enlightenment and perfectibility. What is proposed is a reading on the response to the crisis of humanism from the Levinas' philosophy of subjectivity. Thus, the article takes away from the humanist discourse of modernity, and presents a perspective for the formation now oriented by sensitivity and acceptance of others. In a review of the concept of formation, the text turns its attention to an ethic of welcoming to otherness: a humanism of the other man. Keywords: Formation; Humanism; Sensitivity; Ethic; Emmanuel Levinas. Humanismo del otro hombre: perspectivas de una formación a partir de la sensibilidad y de la ética con Emmanuel Levinas Resumen: Las teorías de la formación logran gran expresividad con el desarrollo de los ideales del humanismo moderno. Se trata de un proyecto civilizatorio que pretende elevar la humanidad a su más alto grado de perfectibilidad. La historia y la filosofía del siglo XX, sin embargo, desautorizaron la creencia en el humanismo y plantearon sus fundamentos en crisis. Esta crisis se extiende a todo lo que ha sido edificado sobre el humanismo, incluso el proyecto de una formación para el esclarecimiento y la perfectibilidad. Lo que el artículo propone es una lectura sobre la respuesta a la crisis del humanismo a partir de la filosofía de la subjetividad de Levinas. Así, se asume el alejamiento del discurso humanista de la modernidad para presentar una perspectiva a la formación orientada por la sensibilidad y la acogida a otro. Revisando el concepto de formación, el texto vuelve su atención hacia una ética de la acogida a la alteridad: un humanismo del otro hombre. Palabras clave: Formación; Humanismo; Sensibilidad; Ética; Emmanuel Levinas. Data de registro: 04/02/2019 Data de aceite: 30/10/2019

This study focuses on the use of waste cotton fiber from the textile industry to produce composites with unsaturated polyester and to evaluate the performance of glass (G) / cotton (C) fiber laminates, particularly their mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties. Distinct stacking sequences were studied but the overall fiber content was kept constant. In general, hybrid laminates exhibited intermediate mechanical properties compared to those of the pure laminates, and optimum performance was obtained when the glass fiber mats were placed on the surfaces of the composite. Furthermore, some hybrid laminates exhibited superior dynamic mechanical performance, even compared to the pure glass laminate. Lower tan delta peak height (related to better fiber-matrix interaction) values and higher Tg were reported for the [C/G/G¯]s and [G/C/C¯]s samples which, together with the [G/C/G¯]s sample, exhibited the best results for reinforcement effectiveness and loss modulus peak height. Therefore, it is found possible to partially replace the glass fiber by waste cotton fiber considering that the final product may be optimized for mechanical property, which requires glass fiber at the surface of the laminate, or for dynamic mechanical properties, that allows higher cotton fiber content.

The Brazilian Atlantic Forest is one of the world's major biodiversity hotspots and is threatened by a severe habitat loss. Yet little is known about the processes that originated its remarkable richness of endemic species. Here we present results of a large-scale survey of the genetic variation at the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of the pitviper, jararaca lancehead (Bothrops jararaca), and two closely related insular species (Bothrops insularis and Bothrops alcatraz), endemic of this region. Phylogenetic and network analyses revealed the existence of two well-supported clades, exhibiting a southern and a northern distribution. The divergence time of these two phylogroups was estimated at 3.8 million years ago, in the Pliocene, a period of intense climatic changes and frequent fragmentation of the tropical rainforest. Our data also suggest that the two groups underwent a large size expansion between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago. However, the southern group showed a more marked signal of population size fluctuation than the northern group, corroborating evidences that southern forests may have suffered a more pronounced reduction in area in the late Pleistocene. The insular species B. alcatraz and B. insularis presented very low diversity, each one sharing haplotypes with mainland individuals placed in different subclades. Despite their marked morphological and behavioural uniqueness, these two insular species seem to have originated very recently and most likely from distinct costal B. jararaca populations, possibly associated with late Pleistocene or Holocene sea level fluctuations.