Universidade de Santiago de Compostela

AUTORES: Daniel J Klionsky1745,1749*, Kotb Abdelmohsen840, Akihisa Abe1237, Md Joynal Abedin1762, Hagai Abeliovich425,
\nAbraham Acevedo Arozena789, Hiroaki Adachi1800, Christopher M Adams1669, Peter D Adams57, Khosrow Adeli1981,
\nPeter J Adhihetty1625, Sharon G Adler700, Galila Agam67, Rajesh Agarwal1587, Manish K Aghi1537, Maria Agnello1826,
\nPatrizia Agostinis664, Patricia V Aguilar1960, Julio Aguirre-Ghiso784,786, Edoardo M Airoldi89,422, Slimane Ait-Si-Ali1376,
\nTakahiko Akematsu2010, Emmanuel T Akporiaye1097, Mohamed Al-Rubeai1394, Guillermo M Albaiceta1294,
\nChris Albanese363, Diego Albani561, Matthew L Albert517, Jesus Aldudo128, Hana Alg€ul1164, Mehrdad Alirezaei1198,
\nIraide Alloza642,888, Alexandru Almasan206, Maylin Almonte-Beceril524, Emad S Alnemri1212, Covadonga Alonso544,
\nNihal Altan-Bonnet848, Dario C Altieri1205, Silvia Alvarez1497, Lydia Alvarez-Erviti1395, Sandro Alves107,
\nGiuseppina Amadoro860, Atsuo Amano930, Consuelo Amantini1554, Santiago Ambrosio1458, Ivano Amelio756,
\nAmal O Amer918, Mohamed Amessou2089, Angelika Amon726, Zhenyi An1538, Frank A Anania291, Stig U Andersen6,
\nUsha P Andley2079, Catherine K Andreadi1690, Nathalie Andrieu-Abadie502, Alberto Anel2027, David K Ann58,
\nShailendra Anoopkumar-Dukie388, Manuela Antonioli832,858, Hiroshi Aoki1791, Nadezda Apostolova2007,
\nSaveria Aquila1500, Katia Aquilano1876, Koichi Araki292, Eli Arama2098, Agustin Aranda456, Jun Araya591,
\nAlexandre Arcaro1472, Esperanza Arias26, Hirokazu Arimoto1225, Aileen R Ariosa1749, Jane L Armstrong1930,
\nThierry Arnould1773, Ivica Arsov2120, Katsuhiko Asanuma675, Valerie Askanas1924, Eric Asselin1867, Ryuichiro Atarashi794,
\nSally S Atherton369, Julie D Atkin713, Laura D Attardi1131, Patrick Auberger1787, Georg Auburger379, Laure Aurelian1727,
\nRiccardo Autelli1992, Laura Avagliano1029,1755, Maria Laura Avantaggiati364, Limor Avrahami1166, Suresh Awale1986,
\nNeelam Azad404, Tiziana Bachetti568, Jonathan M Backer28, Dong-Hun Bae1933, Jae-sung Bae677, Ok-Nam Bae409,
\nSoo Han Bae2117, Eric H Baehrecke1729, Seung-Hoon Baek17, Stephen Baghdiguian1368,
\nAgnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna2, Hua Bai90, Jie Bai667, Xue-Yuan Bai1133, Yannick Bailly884,
\nKithiganahalli Narayanaswamy Balaji473, Walter Balduini2002, Andrea Ballabio316, Rena Balzan1711, Rajkumar Banerjee239,
\nG abor B anhegyi1052, Haijun Bao2109, Benoit Barbeau1363, Maria D Barrachina2007, Esther Barreiro467, Bonnie Bartel997,
\nAlberto Bartolom e222, Diane C Bassham550, Maria Teresa Bassi1046, Robert C Bast Jr1273, Alakananda Basu1798,
\nMaria Teresa Batista1578, Henri Batoko1336, Maurizio Battino970, Kyle Bauckman2085, Bradley L Baumgarner1909,
\nK Ulrich Bayer1594, Rupert Beale1553, Jean-Fran¸cois Beaulieu1360, George R. Beck Jr48,294, Christoph Becker336,
\nJ David Beckham1595, Pierre-Andr e B edard749, Patrick J Bednarski301, Thomas J Begley1135, Christian Behl1419,
\nChristian Behrends757, Georg MN Behrens406, Kevin E Behrns1627, Eloy Bejarano26, Amine Belaid490,
\nFrancesca Belleudi1041, Giovanni B enard497, Guy Berchem706, Daniele Bergamaschi983, Matteo Bergami1401,
\nBen Berkhout1441, Laura Berliocchi714, Am elie Bernard1749, Monique Bernard1354, Francesca Bernassola1880,
\nAnne Bertolotti791, Amanda S Bess272, S ebastien Besteiro1351, Saverio Bettuzzi1828, Savita Bhalla913,
\nShalmoli Bhattacharyya973, Sujit K Bhutia838, Caroline Biagosch1159, Michele Wolfe Bianchi520,1378,1381,
\nMartine Biard-Piechaczyk210, Viktor Billes298, Claudia Bincoletto1314, Baris Bingol350, Sara W Bird1128, Marc Bitoun1112,
\nIvana Bjedov1258, Craig Blackstone843, Lionel Blanc1183, Guillermo A Blanco1496, Heidi Kiil Blomhoff1812,
\nEmilio Boada-Romero1297, Stefan B€ockler1464, Marianne Boes1423, Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia1835, Lawrence H Boise286,287,
\nAlessandra Bolino2063, Andrea Boman693, Paolo Bonaldo1823, Matteo Bordi897, J€urgen Bosch608, Luis M Botana1308,
\nJoelle Botti1375, German Bou1405, Marina Bouch e1038, Marion Bouchecareilh1331, Marie-Jos ee Boucher1901,
\nMichael E Boulton481, Sebastien G Bouret1926, Patricia Boya133, Micha€el Boyer-Guittaut1345, Peter V Bozhkov1141,
\nNathan Brady374, Vania MM Braga469, Claudio Brancolini1997, Gerhard H Braus353, Jos e M Bravo-San Pedro299,393,508,1374,
\nLisa A Brennan322, Emery H Bresnick2022, Patrick Brest490, Dave Bridges1939, Marie-Agn es Bringer124, Marisa Brini1822,
\nGlauber C Brito1311, Bertha Brodin631, Paul S Brookes1872, Eric J Brown352, Karen Brown1690, Hal E Broxmeyer480,
\nAlain Bruhat486,1339, Patricia Chakur Brum1893, John H Brumell446, Nicola Brunetti-Pierri315,1171,
\nRobert J Bryson-Richardson781, Shilpa Buch1777, Alastair M Buchan1819, Hikmet Budak1022, Dmitry V Bulavin118,505,1789,
\nScott J Bultman1792, Geert Bultynck665, Vladimir Bumbasirevic1470, Yan Burelle1356, Robert E Burke216,217,
\nMargit Burmeister1750, Peter B€utikofer1473, Laura Caberlotto1987, Ken Cadwell896, Monika Cahova112, Dongsheng Cai24,
\nJingjing Cai2099, Qian Cai1018, Sara Calatayud2007, Nadine Camougrand1343, Michelangelo Campanella1700,
\nGrant R Campbell1525, Matthew Campbell1249, Silvia Campello556,1876, Robin Candau1769, Isabella Caniggia1983,
\nLavinia Cantoni560, Lizhi Cao116, Allan B Caplan1656, Michele Caraglia1051, Claudio Cardinali1043, Sandra Morais Cardoso1579, Jennifer S Carew208, Laura A Carleton874, Cathleen R Carlin101, Silvia Carloni2002,
\nSven R Carlsson1267, Didac Carmona-Gutierrez1643, Leticia AM Carneiro312, Oliana Carnevali971, Serena Carra1318,
\nAlice Carrier120, Bernadette Carroll900, Caty Casas1324, Josefina Casas1116, Giuliana Cassinelli324, Perrine Castets1462,
\nSusana Castro-Obregon214, Gabriella Cavallini1841, Isabella Ceccherini568, Francesco Cecconi253,555,1884,
\nArthur I Cederbaum459, Valent ın Ce~na199,1281, Simone Cenci1323,2064, Claudia Cerella444, Davide Cervia1996,
\nSilvia Cetrullo1478, Hassan Chaachouay2028, Han-Jung Chae187, Andrei S Chagin634, Chee-Yin Chai626,628,
\nGopal Chakrabarti1502, Georgios Chamilos1601, Edmond YW Chan1142, Matthew TV Chan181, Dhyan Chandra1003,
\nPallavi Chandra548, Chih-Peng Chang818, Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang1653, Ta Yuan Chang345, John C Chatham1434,
\nSaurabh Chatterjee1910, Santosh Chauhan527, Yongsheng Che62, Michael E Cheetham1263, Rajkumar Cheluvappa1783,
\nChun-Jung Chen1153, Gang Chen598,1676, Guang-Chao Chen9, Guoqiang Chen1078, Hongzhuan Chen1077, Jeff W Chen1514,
\nJian-Kang Chen370,371, Min Chen249, Mingzhou Chen2104, Peiwen Chen1823, Qi Chen1674, Quan Chen172,
\nShang-Der Chen138, Si Chen325, Steve S-L Chen10, Wei Chen2125, Wei-Jung Chen829, Wen Qiang Chen979, Wenli Chen1113,
\nXiangmei Chen1133, Yau-Hung Chen1157, Ye-Guang Chen1250, Yin Chen1447, Yingyu Chen953,955, Yongshun Chen2135,
\nYu-Jen Chen712, Yue-Qin Chen1145, Yujie Chen1208, Zhen Chen339, Zhong Chen2123, Alan Cheng1702,
\nChristopher HK Cheng184, Hua Cheng1728, Heesun Cheong814, Sara Cherry1836, Jason Chesney1703,
\nChun Hei Antonio Cheung817, Eric Chevet1359, Hsiang Cheng Chi140, Sung-Gil Chi656, Fulvio Chiacchiera308,
\nHui-Ling Chiang958, Roberto Chiarelli1826, Mario Chiariello235,567,577, Marcello Chieppa835, Lih-Shen Chin290,
\nMario Chiong1285, Gigi NC Chiu878, Dong-Hyung Cho676, Ssang-Goo Cho650, William C Cho982, Yong-Yeon Cho105,
\nYoung-Seok Cho1064, Augustine MK Choi2095, Eui-Ju Choi656, Eun-Kyoung Choi387,400,685, Jayoung Choi1563,
\nMary E Choi2093, Seung-Il Choi2116, Tsui-Fen Chou412, Salem Chouaib395, Divaker Choubey1574, Vinay Choubey1936,
\nKuan-Chih Chow822, Kamal Chowdhury730, Charleen T Chu1856, Tsung-Hsien Chuang827, Taehoon Chun657,
\nHyewon Chung652, Taijoon Chung978, Yuen-Li Chung1194, Yong-Joon Chwae18, Valentina Cianfanelli254,
\nRoberto Ciarcia1775, Iwona A Ciechomska886, Maria Rosa Ciriolo1876, Mara Cirone1042, Sofie Claerhout1694,
\nMichael J Clague1698, Joan Cl aria1457, Peter GH Clarke1687, Robert Clarke361, Emilio Clementi1045,1398, C edric Cleyrat1781,
\nMiriam Cnop1366, Eliana M Coccia574, Tiziana Cocco1459, Patrice Codogno1375, J€orn Coers271, Ezra EW Cohen1533,
\nDavid Colecchia235,567,577, Luisa Coletto25, N uria S Coll123, Emma Colucci-Guyon516, Sergio Comincini1829,
\nMaria Condello578, Katherine L Cook2073, Graham H Coombs1929, Cynthia D Cooper2076, J Mark Cooper1395,
\nIsabelle Coppens601, Maria Tiziana Corasaniti1387, Marco Corazzari485,1884, Ramon Corbalan1566,
\nElisabeth Corcelle-Termeau251, Mario D Cordero1899, Cristina Corral-Ramos1289, Olga Corti507,1109, Andrea Cossarizza1767,
\nPaola Costelli1993, Safia Costes1518, Susan L Cotman721, Ana Coto-Montes946, Sandra Cottet566,1688, Eduardo Couve1301,
\nLori R Covey1015, L Ashley Cowart762, Jeffery S Cox1536, Fraser P Coxon1427, Carolyn B Coyne1846, Mark S Cragg1919,
\nRolf J Craven1679, Tiziana Crepaldi1995, Jose L Crespo1300, Alfredo Criollo1285, Valeria Crippa558, Maria Teresa Cruz1576,
\nAna Maria Cuervo26, Jose M Cuezva1277, Taixing Cui1907, Pedro R Cutillas987, Mark J Czaja27, Maria F Czyzyk-Krzeska1572,
\nRuben K Dagda2068, Uta Dahmen1404, Chunsun Dai800, Wenjie Dai1187, Yun Dai2059, Kevin N Dalby1940,
\nLuisa Dalla Valle1822, Guillaume Dalmasso1340, Marcello D’Amelio557, Markus Damme188, Arlette Darfeuille-Michaud1340,
\nCatherine Dargemont950, Victor M Darley-Usmar1433, Srinivasan Dasarathy205, Biplab Dasgupta202, Srikanta Dash1254,
\nCrispin R Dass242, Hazel Marie Davey8, Lester M Davids1560, David D avila227, Roger J Davis1731, Ted M Dawson604,
\nValina L Dawson606, Paula Daza1898, Jackie de Belleroche470, Paul de Figueiredo1180,1182,
\nRegina Celia Bressan Queiroz de Figueiredo135, Jos e de la Fuente1023, Luisa De Martino1775,
\nAntonella De Matteis1171, Guido RY De Meyer1443, Angelo De Milito631, Mauro De Santi2002,

BACKGROUND: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors reduce the risk of hospitalization for heart failure in patients regardless of the presence or absence of diabetes. More evidence is needed regarding the effects of these drugs in patients across the broad spectrum of heart failure, including those with a markedly reduced ejection fraction. METHODS: In this double-blind trial, we randomly assigned 3730 patients with class II, III, or IV heart failure and an ejection fraction of 40% or less to receive empagliflozin (10 mg once daily) or placebo, in addition to recommended therapy. The primary outcome was a composite of cardiovascular death or hospitalization for worsening heart failure. RESULTS: of body-surface area per year, P<0.001), and empagliflozin-treated patients had a lower risk of serious renal outcomes. Uncomplicated genital tract infection was reported more frequently with empagliflozin. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients receiving recommended therapy for heart failure, those in the empagliflozin group had a lower risk of cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure than those in the placebo group, regardless of the presence or absence of diabetes. (Funded by Boehringer Ingelheim and Eli Lilly; EMPEROR-Reduced ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03057977.).

ABSTRACT Aim Beta diversity (variation of the species composition of assemblages) may reflect two different phenomena, spatial species turnover and nestedness of assemblages, which result from two antithetic processes, namely species replacement and species loss, respectively. The aim of this paper is to provide a unified framework for the assessment of beta diversity, disentangling the contribution of spatial turnover and nestedness to beta‐diversity patterns. Innovation I derive an additive partitioning of beta diversity that provides the two separate components of spatial turnover and nestedness underlying the total amount of beta diversity. I propose two families of measures of beta diversity for pairwise and multiple‐site situations. Each family comprises one measure accounting for all aspects of beta diversity, which is additively decomposed into two measures accounting for the pure spatial turnover and nestedness components, respectively. Finally, I provide a case study using European longhorn beetles to exemplify the relevance of disentangling spatial turnover and nestedness patterns. Main conclusion Assigning the different beta‐diversity patterns to their respective biological phenomena is essential for analysing the causality of the processes underlying biodiversity. Thus, the differentiation of the spatial turnover and nestedness components of beta diversity is crucial for our understanding of central biogeographic, ecological and conservation issues.

Abstract Somatic mutations in cancer genomes are caused by multiple mutational processes, each of which generates a characteristic mutational signature 1 . Here, as part of the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium 2 of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we characterized mutational signatures using 84,729,690 somatic mutations from 4,645 whole-genome and 19,184 exome sequences that encompass most types of cancer. We identified 49 single-base-substitution, 11 doublet-base-substitution, 4 clustered-base-substitution and 17 small insertion-and-deletion signatures. The substantial size of our dataset, compared with previous analyses 3–15 , enabled the discovery of new signatures, the separation of overlapping signatures and the decomposition of signatures into components that may represent associated—but distinct—DNA damage, repair and/or replication mechanisms. By estimating the contribution of each signature to the mutational catalogues of individual cancer genomes, we revealed associations of signatures to exogenous or endogenous exposures, as well as to defective DNA-maintenance processes. However, many signatures are of unknown cause. This analysis provides a systematic perspective on the repertoire of mutational processes that contribute to the development of human cancer.

We present the results from three gravitational-wave searches for coalescing compact binaries with component masses above <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><a:mrow><a:mn>1</a:mn><a:mtext> </a:mtext><a:mtext> </a:mtext><a:msub><a:mrow><a:mi>M</a:mi></a:mrow><a:mrow><a:mo stretchy="false">⊙</a:mo></a:mrow></a:msub></a:mrow></a:math> during the first and second observing runs of the advanced gravitational-wave detector network. During the first observing run (<d:math xmlns:d="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><d:mi>O</d:mi><d:mn>1</d:mn></d:math>), from September 12, 2015 to January 19, 2016, gravitational waves from three binary black hole mergers were detected. The second observing run (<f:math xmlns:f="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><f:mi>O</f:mi><f:mn>2</f:mn></f:math>), which ran from November 30, 2016 to August 25, 2017, saw the first detection of gravitational waves from a binary neutron star inspiral, in addition to the observation of gravitational waves from a total of seven binary black hole mergers, four of which we report here for the first time: GW170729, GW170809, GW170818, and GW170823. For all significant gravitational-wave events, we provide estimates of the source properties. The detected binary black holes have total masses between <h:math xmlns:h="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><h:mrow><h:msubsup><h:mrow><h:mn>18.6</h:mn></h:mrow><h:mrow><h:mo>−</h:mo><h:mn>0.7</h:mn></h:mrow><h:mrow><h:mo>+</h:mo><h:mn>3.2</h:mn></h:mrow></h:msubsup><h:mtext> </h:mtext><h:mtext> </h:mtext><h:msub><h:mrow><h:mi>M</h:mi></h:mrow><h:mrow><h:mo stretchy="false">⊙</h:mo></h:mrow></h:msub></h:mrow></h:math> and <k:math xmlns:k="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><k:msubsup><k:mn>84.4</k:mn><k:mrow><k:mo>−</k:mo><k:mn>11.1</k:mn></k:mrow><k:mrow><k:mo>+</k:mo><k:mn>15.8</k:mn></k:mrow></k:msubsup><k:mtext> </k:mtext><k:mtext> </k:mtext><k:msub><k:mrow><k:mi>M</k:mi></k:mrow><k:mrow><k:mo stretchy="false">⊙</k:mo></k:mrow></k:msub></k:math> and range in distance between <n:math xmlns:n="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><n:msubsup><n:mn>320</n:mn><n:mrow><n:mo>−</n:mo><n:mn>110</n:mn></n:mrow><n:mrow><n:mo>+</n:mo><n:mn>120</n:mn></n:mrow></n:msubsup></n:math> and <p:math xmlns:p="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><p:mrow><p:msubsup><p:mrow><p:mn>2840</p:mn></p:mrow><p:mrow><p:mo>−</p:mo><p:mn>1360</p:mn></p:mrow><p:mrow><p:mo>+</p:mo><p:mn>1400</p:mn></p:mrow></p:msubsup><p:mtext> </p:mtext><p:mtext> </p:mtext><p:mi>Mpc</p:mi></p:mrow></p:math>. No neutron star–black hole mergers were detected. In addition to highly significant gravitational-wave events, we also provide a list of marginal event candidates with an estimated false-alarm rate less than 1 per 30 days. From these results over the first two observing runs, which include approximately one gravitational-wave detection per 15 days of data searched, we infer merger rates at the 90% confidence intervals of <r:math xmlns:r="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><r:mrow><r:mn>110</r:mn><r:mo>−</r:mo><r:mn>3840</r:mn><r:mtext> </r:mtext><r:mtext> </r:mtext><r:msup><r:mrow><r:mi>Gpc</r:mi></r:mrow><r:mrow><r:mo>−</r:mo><r:mn>3</r:mn></r:mrow></r:msup><r:mtext> </r:mtext><r:msup><r:mrow><r:mi mathvariant="normal">y</r:mi></r:mrow><r:mrow><r:mo>−</r:mo><r:mn>1</r:mn></r:mrow></r:msup></r:mrow></r:math> for binary neutron stars and <u:math xmlns:u="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><u:mrow><u:mn>9.7</u:mn><u:mo>−</u:mo><u:mn>101</u:mn><u:mtext> </u:mtext><u:mtext> </u:mtext><u:msup><u:mrow><u:mi>Gpc</u:mi></u:mrow><u:mrow><u:mo>−</u:mo><u:mn>3</u:mn></u:mrow></u:msup><u:mtext> </u:mtext><u:msup><u:mrow><u:mi mathvariant="normal">y</u:mi></u:mrow><u:mrow><u:mo>−</u:mo><u:mn>1</u:mn></u:mrow></u:msup></u:mrow></u:math> for binary black holes assuming fixed population distributions and determine a neutron star–black hole merger rate 90% upper limit of <x:math xmlns:x="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><x:mrow><x:mn>610</x:mn><x:mtext> </x:mtext><x:mtext> </x:mtext><x:msup><x:mrow><x:mi>Gpc</x:mi></x:mrow><x:mrow><x:mo>−</x:mo><x:mn>3</x:mn></x:mrow></x:msup><x:mtext> </x:mtext><x:msup><x:mrow><x:mi mathvariant="normal">y</x:mi></x:mrow><x:mrow><x:mo>−</x:mo><x:mn>1</x:mn></x:mrow></x:msup></x:mrow></x:math>. Published by the American Physical Society 2019

Abstract Cancer is driven by genetic change, and the advent of massively parallel sequencing has enabled systematic documentation of this variation at the whole-genome scale 1–3 . Here we report the integrative analysis of 2,658 whole-cancer genomes and their matching normal tissues across 38 tumour types from the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We describe the generation of the PCAWG resource, facilitated by international data sharing using compute clouds. On average, cancer genomes contained 4–5 driver mutations when combining coding and non-coding genomic elements; however, in around 5% of cases no drivers were identified, suggesting that cancer driver discovery is not yet complete. Chromothripsis, in which many clustered structural variants arise in a single catastrophic event, is frequently an early event in tumour evolution; in acral melanoma, for example, these events precede most somatic point mutations and affect several cancer-associated genes simultaneously. Cancers with abnormal telomere maintenance often originate from tissues with low replicative activity and show several mechanisms of preventing telomere attrition to critical levels. Common and rare germline variants affect patterns of somatic mutation, including point mutations, structural variants and somatic retrotransposition. A collection of papers from the PCAWG Consortium describes non-coding mutations that drive cancer beyond those in the TERT promoter 4 ; identifies new signatures of mutational processes that cause base substitutions, small insertions and deletions and structural variation 5,6 ; analyses timings and patterns of tumour evolution 7 ; describes the diverse transcriptional consequences of somatic mutation on splicing, expression levels, fusion genes and promoter activity 8,9 ; and evaluates a range of more-specialized features of cancer genomes 8,10–18 .

The summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 2,717 new measurements from 869 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. Particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified Theories, Neutrino Mixing, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Cosmology, Particle Detectors, Colliders, Probability and Statistics. Most of the 120 reviews are updated, including many that are heavily revised. The is divided into two volumes. Volume 1 includes the Summary Tables and 97 review articles. Volume 2 consists of the Particle Listings and contains also 23 reviews that address specific aspects of the data presented in the Listings. The complete (both volumes) is published online on the website of the Particle Data Group () and in a journal. Volume 1 is available in print as the . A with the Summary Tables and essential tables, figures, and equations from selected review articles is available in print, as a web version optimized for use on phones, and as an Android app. The 2024 edition of the Review of Particle Physics should be cited as: S. Navas et al. (Particle Data Group), Phys. Rev. D 110, 030001 (2024) © 2024 2024

autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field.

Characterization of the genetic landscape of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias (ADD) provides a unique opportunity for a better understanding of the associated pathophysiological processes. We performed a two-stage genome-wide association study totaling 111,326 clinically diagnosed/'proxy' AD cases and 677,663 controls. We found 75 risk loci, of which 42 were new at the time of analysis. Pathway enrichment analyses confirmed the involvement of amyloid/tau pathways and highlighted microglia implication. Gene prioritization in the new loci identified 31 genes that were suggestive of new genetically associated processes, including the tumor necrosis factor alpha pathway through the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex. We also built a new genetic risk score associated with the risk of future AD/dementia or progression from mild cognitive impairment to AD/dementia. The improvement in prediction led to a 1.6- to 1.9-fold increase in AD risk from the lowest to the highest decile, in addition to effects of age and the APOE ε4 allele.

Summary 1. Beta diversity, that is, the variation in species composition among sites, can be the result of species replacement between sites (turnover) and species loss from site to site (nestedness). 2. We present betapart , an R package for computing total dissimilarity as Sørensen or Jaccard indices, as well as their respective turnover and nestedness components. 3. betapart allows the assessment of spatial patterns of beta diversity using multiple‐site dissimilarity measures accounting for compositional heterogeneity across several sites or pairwise measures providing distance matrices accounting for the multivariate structure of dissimilarity. 4. betapart also allows computing patterns of temporal difference in assemblage composition, and its turnover and nestedness components. 5. Several example analyses are shown, using the data included in the package, to illustrate the relevance of separating the turnover and nestedness components of beta diversity to infer different mechanisms behind biodiversity patterns.

We report on gravitational-wave discoveries from compact binary coalescences detected by Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo in the first half of the third observing run (O3a) between 1 April 2019 <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><a:mrow><a:mn>15</a:mn><a:mo>∶</a:mo><a:mn>00</a:mn></a:mrow></a:math> UTC and 1 October 2019 <c:math xmlns:c="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><c:mrow><c:mn>15</c:mn><c:mo>∶</c:mo><c:mn>00</c:mn></c:mrow></c:math> UTC. By imposing a false-alarm-rate threshold of two per year in each of the four search pipelines that constitute our search, we present 39 candidate gravitational-wave events. At this threshold, we expect a contamination fraction of less than 10%. Of these, 26 candidate events were reported previously in near-real time through gamma-ray coordinates network notices and circulars; 13 are reported here for the first time. The catalog contains events whose sources are black hole binary mergers up to a redshift of approximately 0.8, as well as events whose components cannot be unambiguously identified as black holes or neutron stars. For the latter group, we are unable to determine the nature based on estimates of the component masses and spins from gravitational-wave data alone. The range of candidate event masses which are unambiguously identified as binary black holes (both objects <e:math xmlns:e="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><e:mo>≥</e:mo><e:mn>3</e:mn><e:mtext> </e:mtext><e:mtext> </e:mtext><e:msub><e:mi>M</e:mi><e:mo stretchy="false">⊙</e:mo></e:msub></e:math>) is increased compared to GWTC-1, with total masses from approximately <h:math xmlns:h="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><h:mn>14</h:mn><h:mtext> </h:mtext><h:mtext> </h:mtext><h:msub><h:mi>M</h:mi><h:mo stretchy="false">⊙</h:mo></h:msub></h:math> for GW190924_021846 to approximately <k:math xmlns:k="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><k:mn>150</k:mn><k:mtext> </k:mtext><k:mtext> </k:mtext><k:msub><k:mi>M</k:mi><k:mo stretchy="false">⊙</k:mo></k:msub></k:math> for GW190521. For the first time, this catalog includes binary systems with significantly asymmetric mass ratios, which had not been observed in data taken before April 2019. We also find that 11 of the 39 events detected since April 2019 have positive effective inspiral spins under our default prior (at 90% credibility), while none exhibit negative effective inspiral spin. Given the increased sensitivity of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo, the detection of 39 candidate events in approximately 26 weeks of data (approximately 1.5 per week) is consistent with GWTC-1. Published by the American Physical Society 2021

The LHCb experiment is dedicated to precision measurements of CP violation and rare decays of B hadrons at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN (Geneva). The initial configuration and expected performance of the detector and associated systems, as established by test beam measurements and simulation studies, is described.

The application of anaerobic digestion technology is growing worldwide because of its economic and environmental benefits. As a consequence, a number of studies and research activities dealing with the determination of the biogas potential of solid organic substrates have been carrying out in the recent years. Therefore, it is of particular importance to define a protocol for the determination of the ultimate methane potential for a given solid substrates. In fact, this parameter determines, to a certain extent, both design and economic details of a biogas plant. Furthermore, the definition of common units to be used in anaerobic assays is increasingly requested from the scientific and engineering community. This paper presents some guidelines for biomethane potential assays prepared by the Task Group for the Anaerobic Biodegradation, Activity and Inhibition Assays of the Anaerobic Digestion Specialist Group of the International Water Association. This is the first step for the definition of a standard protocol.

This is the third European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation [ECCO] consensus guideline that addresses ulcerative colitis [UC]. It has been drafted by 28 ECCO members from 14 European countries. It is derived from and updates the previous ECCO consensus advice on UC.1–3 All the authors recognise and are grateful to previous ECCO members who contributed to creating the previous consensus guidelines1–6 on which some of the text is based. Attention is also drawn to other ECCO consensus guidelines which have contributed to this endeavour, on extra-intestinal manifestations [EIMs],7 malignancy,8 imaging,9 small bowel endoscopy,10 opportunistic infections [OIs],11 surgery,12 endoscopy,13 pathology,14 anaemia,15 reproduction and pregnancy,16 and paediatric UC.17 The guideline has been condensed into two papers, the first detailing definitions, classification, diagnosis, imaging, pathology, and management of special situations [EIMs, pregnancy, cancer surveillance, surgery, and ileo-anal pouch disorders of UC]; and the second describing current therapeutic management [treatment of active disease and maintenance of medically induced remission]. The strategy to define consensus was similar to that previously described in other ECCO consensus guidelines [available at www.ecco-ibd.eu]. Briefly, an open call for participants was made, with participants selected by the Guidelines’ Committee of ECCO [known as GuiCom] on the basis of their publication record and a personal statement. Working parties were established to review the consensus statements published in 2012,1–3 after which a recommendation was issued on whether they required revision based upon advances in the published literature. There was agreement that extensive review of histopathology, endoscopy, OI, anaemia, EIMs, surgery, and pregnancy was not required, as these subjects are reviewed in other recent ECCO guidelines7,11–16; rather, abbreviated text and selected statements from these guidelines specific to UC are provided. Paediatric UC is dealt with in a separate ECCO initiative17 which is currently being updated. Provisional ECCO statements and supporting text were written following a comprehensive literature review, then refined following two voting rounds which included national representative participation by ECCO’s 35 member countries. The level of evidence was graded according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine [www.cebm.net]. The ECCO statements were finalised by the authors at a meeting in Barcelona in October 2015 and represent consensus with agreement of at least 80% of participants. Consensus statements are intended to be read in context with their qualifying comments and not in isolation. The supporting text was then finalised under the direction of each working group leader [FM, FC, AD, PG, FR], including an updated literature search to October 2016 of the most relevant [eight] journals, before being integrated by a consensus leader [MH]. This consensus guideline is pictorially represented within the freely available ECCO e-Guide [http://www.e-guide.ecco-ibd.eu/]. UC is a lifelong disease arising from an interaction between genetic and environmental factors, observed predominantly in developed countries. Its precise aetiology is unknown, and therefore curative medical therapy is not yet available. Within Europe there is an east-west and north-south gradient, but the incidence appears to have increased in southern and eastern countries during recent years.18–20 Patients may live with a considerable symptom burden and high risk of disability21 despite medical treatment.22 Clinicians must advise and treat patients on the basis of currently available information. Despite robust evidence from rigorously conducted randomised trials, the strict and somewhat necessarily restrictive inclusion and exclusion criteria in trial design may limit translation of such evidence to ‘real-world’ patients. Ulcerative colitis [UC] is a chronic inflammatory condition that causes continuous mucosal inflammation of the colon, usually without granulomas on biopsy. It affects the rectum and to a variable extent the colon in a continuous fashion, and is characterised by a relapsing and remitting course.23 Inflammatory bowel disease unclassified [IBDU] is the term best suited for a minority of cases in which a definitive distinction between UC, Crohn’s disease, or other causes of colitis cannot be made after taking into account the history, endoscopic appearance, histopathology of multiple mucosal biopsies, and appropriate radiology.23,24 Indeterminate colitis is a term reserved for pathologists to describe a colectomy specimen with overlapping features of UC and Crohn’s disease.24,25 Detailed information on definitions can be found in Supplementary material, available as Supplementary data at ECCO-JCC online.1,23,24,26–39 Distribution of UC [adapted from Silverberg et al.23]. Disease activity in UC [adapted from Truelove & Witts32]. Montréal classification of disease activity in UC [adapted from Silverberg et and et Disease extent whether therapy and and of It is by the extent at as and extensive colitis of inflammation the management and the of for a therapy in the of or is usually the for and therapy with is appropriate for extensive of colitis the risk of of or cancer and the and the of Patients with extensive colitis have the risk of with have a risk similar to the Patients with colitis an their risk that of patients with extensive colitis as disease patients with and extensive colitis are to have patients with not such It be that the extent at may the extent of disease as with and are to the extent of information and risk for of or colitis may in of patients with Disease and of of disease have not been imaging, and endoscopic including histopathology, on management is as and at of a inflammatory of disease It be to the of active colitis by and before which may causes of that active disease such as mucosal Crohn’s disease, or bowel and patients with active disease including to Patients with an appropriate also have to a from of patients are in at during a a of a relapsing after of Disease activity in the first after to an increased of of active a an was between the to first and the of a the the was patients a for the maintenance of in patients with at patients from to at and from to at in the of described the in patients in the first following of UC between and the most recent the of patients an during the first after was a or within the first but and an activity at least during the first is also UC, a chronic inflammatory was in and were in of patients with an inflammatory after of with who without such an were in with and mucosal The of bowel inflammation is also a risk for in patients with extensive Detailed information on the of can be found in Supplementary material, available as Supplementary data at ECCO-JCC and and are of have been with of The is not as in UC as is in Crohn’s disease for the of disease in colitis have been established for and patients a to following for colitis with to a is for and have been but has been to be to The most are and other such as and have also at has for and of disease a with endoscopic and to can be as a for in patients with inflammatory bowel disease of was with an increased risk of It must be that of these is specific for UC, they represent active with disease there is of The consensus group that the best to define is a of with and mucosal at classification of ulcerative colitis according to at is of as disease has a according to the of is as the for and of patients with UC to have disease and and with All current available for UC have an in with The risk of in patients with UC the of is an in patients with UC, as the risk for The of genetic or is not for the classification of ulcerative colitis Detailed information on can be found in Supplementary material, available as Supplementary data at ECCO-JCC of ulcerative colitis are upon extent and of disease and and and are bowel and colitis UC in and the may be made at small in incidence has been in some after the of UC appears to The inflammation in the rectum and in a and to a variable extent of the colon, or mucosal The extent of inflammation may or but after disease the of inflammation to the extent of previous in the of The that UC continuous inflammation been by of a in and of patients with active UC the of mucosal disease, and may according to disease in for extensive UC from most cases of Patients with active disease also of and patients with usually with and may in UC, or the of Crohn’s The of UC is usually are for or before medical advice is with a in with including and EIMs, in or and may the in of cases and can in of of ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease the risk for ulcerative colitis for before and the risk and of UC may to ulcerative colitis of patients with UC have an increased risk of the The risk of UC is in but is also in and of UC as as in of patients with Crohn’s disease in a and the of but may not the of the have a risk of the disease, which is extensive and to with who have or but the data are and during or are to a risk of UC in The of is to that of but not to the of is after the of UC, the on the of disease is and is to may the evidence from and a trial that with is medical the of and and extra-intestinal with and of inflammatory bowel disease or and previous be The of UC is in the context of or of colitis be and be and and for and and may be may be in patients with or disease on on the extent and of of patients with or activity is usually from on Patients with a may and bowel for of ulcerative colitis not It is established by imaging, and endoscopic including be with review after an may be The of UC is characterised by of and of continuous in of the as a by The that of patients a in The of of is usually during the first and may be characterised as continuous UC without or the recent the of patients with UC in from at the of to after of It is to the diagnosis, and of disease, as these and disease It is to the to to a diagnosis, but mucosal active UC as the of of the may to Crohn’s disease or be during the first and and The be including be and be diagnosis, have a inflammatory and and a for is an of of chronic inflammation may be in or The may as a of the chronic inflammatory or chronic active disease, and which the of an UC, and with the of with patients with an is with an and have been as to the for colectomy in after a of extensive colitis an increased risk of is specific to UC from or other causes of be to and for may be according to the medical history, for the of for or other or with are required at and may be required to disease is in patients with colitis This for and is a and has been with and ECCO guidelines with disease be in the of or of can in UC, not in patients with may not disease can or It be in patients who The for relevant in patients with colitis has not been but most of in the inclusion with on histopathology not necessarily but multiple are usually including information on can be reviewed in the ECCO Consensus on and in a recent The most are and are in to of patients with UC and in of patients with Crohn’s the current of these their for the of UC and for therapeutic is not such as and have been as of inflammation in appears to be the most the of in patients for in the of disease with endoscopic and in the of and to with the to between of a in the of UC a to inflammation and to be a to a of patients by and has been described in with a or inflammation in the rectum is to to inflammation in the is to as a and may be observed in patients with the of and or a in of the small bowel in to an is The of patients with inflammation to be similar to with of the as a is in to of patients with inflammation has been with a and a risk of after pouch a recent a similar in patients with an of inflammation with with a in of disease and of or inflammation from the into is and is observed in to of patients with extensive may in patients without which the that that from a of into the Patients with to be to a of which may an increased risk of colon in not to be with pouch of the small bowel be in cases of to UC from Crohn’s bowel by or or endoscopy, as reviewed in the ECCO consensus on in Crohn’s and small bowel in is not is the of an to Crohn’s disease in to an is for endoscopic disease activity in ulcerative colitis are available. The of a endoscopic is to of ulcerative colitis patients and to a for inflammatory bowel disease to is for patients criteria for to which may to increased and The classification of UC was by Truelove and in This classification is to be the for of in of to and the of patients with colitis have inflammatory or and with a for and of be to and to the extent of disease and for features that to The extent of disease with the of in a of the extent of disease was in and in The of mucosal by or two of small bowel is with a to the of colitis and may be required is as a on with high in which histopathology be with a within before is in patients with colitis is not in in patients on criteria for colitis with mucosal on the of these and of which can be by is of is appropriate at for or ulcerative colitis or colectomy Despite the of disease in risk of and of the of after has been a mucosal after of was with a risk of in of the patients with mucosal with of without of patients who endoscopic as a of inflammation at and on during of in to of patients that to endoscopic in patients with UC, who were the disease and endoscopic after and and then at the third were to patients with or between and in the of and colectomy were of mucosal was the with and a disease patients with UC with and in that with endoscopic as with to after patients in The most endoscopic of ulcerative colitis is with of inflammation and ulcerative colitis is by mucosal and at the and in a and The between and is usually and may within in in the endoscopic of disease activity is and have been to the of endoscopic and are within the for UC, which is for trial The Ulcerative Colitis of the and the of and each with or of This is the first endoscopic of in The is the of in the of the colon at the of the a of to the of a a was made to the of the a to a of that the of the from to for ulcerative for The endoscopic features of inflammation are and at least of the active colitis is characterised by a of to the of the and with a and mucosal to colitis is characterised by and in et to Crohn’s disease, in UC are in The of is a disease, mucosal can in of and The of in UC has therefore been the of information on colon can be found in Supplementary material, available as Supplementary data at ECCO-JCC Detailed information on can be found in Supplementary material, available as Supplementary data at ECCO-JCC in ulcerative multiple endoscopic be to by be are not or the is not UC, a an increased risk for and the be by a second is the most in the of and then management in a is to a the mucosal to the and extra-intestinal is for diagnosis, of disease and of and The following and updates of the ECCO guideline on UC is a chronic inflammatory to the of features have been and they can be into mucosal and information on on the can be found in Supplementary material, available as Supplementary data at ECCO-JCC a of ulcerative a of two from at least the colon the and the be be by including endoscopic of disease and current be by in or an before the features found in UC are observed in of patients within of the first of The distinction from colitis which is characterised by and is therefore a is the with the for the of ulcerative colitis and the of a inflammatory not ulcerative colitis at an after an may to and a definitive by features or has been as the with the for UC It can be in of patients within after this the of is but may into a the disease mucosal or mucosal and an or mucosal during the of disease least after The of ulcerative colitis is based upon the of and mucosal and a inflammatory with with active inflammation and The of features for UC has not been of UC is in of cases two or of the following features an and in the of of inflammation from to a of ulcerative colitis may the of of these is in the of from patients to an UC a of continuous inflammation that in the rectum and with a in The between the and the is can disease, the extent of during the of the disease or after may such as from continuous to inflammation of the of these features is to in the of to Crohn’s disease, the may features to and as as of and increased inflammation is usually not observed disease is characterised by the of active mucosal features to chronic mucosal such as and as as may mucosal is characterised by the of and inflammatory the can some features of such as with and of usually the of is from endoscopic mucosal inflammation may in cases with disease and has been with of mucosal inflammation following has been can be to between and active disease, as as to the of disease have been for this in therapeutic of or mucosal a definitions of from inflammation with to of the as in with of an increased with of or a high of been with a risk of The of histopathology to and to the level of inflammation may have in therapeutic mucosal is from endoscopic mucosal have a for diagnosis, with the at and endoscopic activity in and disease, but for The of histopathology as the or to disease activity is in to and may be in and with There and updates of the ECCO guideline on and is in UC, found in of for of et criteria for on the level of patients without or evidence of active disease, is an appropriate the of a to may be with the of or evidence of the criteria for of chronic disease are and the level is between and a of and of chronic disease is The most of in UC are of chronic disease, and a of or anaemia, and are but also be is by the as a in to a of in and in All UC patients be for anaemia, and this a and be with and is with and The level of with and is by the of and in et is in ulcerative colitis patients is Detailed information on and can be found in Supplementary material, available as Supplementary data at ECCO-JCC is the second most in UC, in of can be as and of with ulcerative colitis is based on of inflammation and exclusion of other specific of classification for has been but not is and affects in an This is and and is with disease is a and which affects small is of UC and can for to of is on the basis of features of inflammatory with or features of and The of is made according to the is the current as can inflammation before and The of management is the of of and of trial in patients is of the UC usually within Patients may from and Patients with usually or for symptom for be with a and are to be in with patients with active to or of are The and of and in are The of not as the to the risk of the with not is based on which be in patients with active UC, to or with disease and are the statements to in et Patients on therapy and or with a of be or other as these can statements & in et of is made on a be is usually based on that of the ulcerative are required in cases and can be with or usually affects the of the the and has a It is to disease and is based on that of the are usually or or may be can be with or and or are by a as most on the and to The of with disease activity is are to be the first of has been and has to in therefore be a to is not or are an but advice is to on and inflammation can be found in Supplementary material, available as Supplementary data at ECCO-JCC UC It can be and usually to and of the not to an and may has to UC, is has an and is The of to of to an usually of or or and have each been to be of in cases statements & in et the most condition UC chronic and are also in these patients. of the to treat UC have the to is a risk for and colon is as a in patients with for is and small is a be statements to in et was to the of and to the risk of in but therapy has been to to or the was with a disease and therefore be the of to disease with is the statements to in et or after of in UC patients is in et and in et on and disease can be found in Supplementary material, available as Supplementary data at ECCO-JCC Ulcerative colitis patients at risk of opportunistic infections are with in and with and a of infections be is an risk for opportunistic infections to are according to the for Disease and is as a by a that has under for can be or UC patients are not but may have as a of their medical in et is an risk for and in the risk of in a of for All for the of OI, and the of at a may an increased risk of This risk is of the and of but may be by the of OI, have not been to the risk of All ulcerative colitis patients be for at patients with also be is in patients with ulcerative colitis of is in inflammatory bowel disease, by the disease and by the be after of the may be required to of be in patients at risk and for at least after has patients who are with high to of the of in to of with therapy in ulcerative colitis be but therapy is not is the increased risk of UC patients be to is not a for in et UC patients also be for the be by not a with or is but they can the of in on or can be found in Supplementary material, available as Supplementary data at ECCO-JCC information on and can be found in Supplementary material, available as Supplementary data at ECCO-JCC of in patients with is increased and is in the be by a of history, and according to and national be at and before therapy are to the and are in of is to and be in patients being with with the Patients with therapy before patients with active UC and be after of in et of active therapy must be and for at least in et be to UC patients before and be before can to after & in et UC patients taking who be for infections and UC patients therapy infections with in et active infections are is statements to in et the risk of and infections with in et The to or infections in et therapy be during and disease be before Ulcerative colitis is an risk for with and are in to disease It to be established this to patients with ulcerative be disease, has been to be in patients without ulcerative colitis and is therefore disease, of be by risk and are of is in has been to be in of to and a of to an increased risk for with patients with inflammatory bowel disease are to can be found in Supplementary material, available as Supplementary data at ECCO-JCC There is evidence that ulcerative colitis affects of in with ulcerative colitis the for UC patients are to have similar as the but patients from of as they to not to be by UC can and in et causes and is in patients to a the of are and pouch in patients may to and by to an or in et The in after pouch is to that of subjects in et at a of disease, the risk of is the as in at a of active disease the risk of activity during pregnancy may the of ulcerative colitis Patients be to during to the most appropriate a with and is in et Disease activity at or during pregnancy is with and The risk of in from with ulcerative colitis not to be increased to most ulcerative colitis is of risk to the for and information on of can be found in Supplementary material, available as Supplementary data at ECCO-JCC of ulcerative colitis be in patients who to in to the risk of during pregnancy during pregnancy a high risk of and and are best and without to these UC patients who be to their to disease and pregnancy in et to their during pregnancy, with and be as the a is an in specific situations be in a with for UC during pregnancy can to during the first and to in the third but is to represent a risk for the in et information on endoscopy, and can be found in Supplementary material, available as Supplementary data at ECCO-JCC is that UC is with an increased risk of the risk between et described a including and that after of disease the risk was that the incidence of in UC patients was the risk of may have been has a incidence of at at and at This may the increased of the of that inflammation or the to maintenance therapy or The risk of cancer in ulcerative colitis is increased with the is with disease extent and or inflammatory activity has been that is disease a of may by this in patients who are at colitis or in patients with Patients with extensive colitis the risk of colitis patients an risk is not increased in patients with UC to the without may be an for and a of cancer an risk for cancer The most risk for are an increased risk of to and disease may be of previous inflammatory and have also been found to be a risk of is with an increased the risk

Hydrophilic nanoparticulate carriers have important potential applications for the administration of therapeutic molecules. The recently developed hydrophobic-hydrophilic carriers require the use of organic solvents for their preparation and have a limited protein-loading capacity. To address these limitations a new approach for the preparation of nanoparticles made solely of hydrophilic polymers is presented. The preparation technique, based on an ionic gelation process, is extremely mild and involves the mixture of two aqueous phases at room temperature. One phase contains the polysaccharide chitosan (CS) and a diblock copolymer of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide (PEO-PPO) and, the other, contains the polyanion sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP). Size (200–1000 nm) and zeta potential (between +20 mV and +60 mV) of nanoparticles can be conveniently modulated by varying the ratio CS/PEO-PPO. Furthermore, using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model protein it was shown that these new nanoparticles have a great protein loading capacity (entrapment efficiency up to 80% of the protein) and provide a continuous release of the entrapped protein for up to 1 week. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

OBJECTIVE: The aim was to formulate practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia. PARTICIPANTS: The Task Force consisted of Endocrine Society-appointed experts, a methodologist, and a medical writer. EVIDENCE: This evidence-based guideline was developed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system to describe both the strength of recommendations and the quality of evidence. CONSENSUS PROCESS: One group meeting, several conference calls, and e-mail communications enabled consensus. Committees and members of The Endocrine Society, The European Society of Endocrinology, and The Pituitary Society reviewed and commented on preliminary drafts of these guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: Practice guidelines are presented for diagnosis and treatment of patients with elevated prolactin levels. These include evidence-based approaches to assessing the cause of hyperprolactinemia, treating drug-induced hyperprolactinemia, and managing prolactinomas in nonpregnant and pregnant subjects. Indications and side effects of therapeutic agents for treating prolactinomas are also presented.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk of lung cancer associated with exposure at home to the radioactive disintegration products of naturally occurring radon gas. DESIGN: Collaborative analysis of individual data from 13 case-control studies of residential radon and lung cancer. SETTING: Nine European countries. SUBJECTS: 7148 cases of lung cancer and 14,208 controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Relative risks of lung cancer and radon gas concentrations in homes inhabited during the previous 5-34 years measured in becquerels (radon disintegrations per second) per cubic metre (Bq/m3) of household air. RESULTS: The mean measured radon concentration in homes of people in the control group was 97 Bq/m3, with 11% measuring > 200 and 4% measuring > 400 Bq/m3. For cases of lung cancer the mean concentration was 104 Bq/m3. The risk of lung cancer increased by 8.4% (95% confidence interval 3.0% to 15.8%) per 100 Bq/m3 increase in measured radon (P = 0.0007). This corresponds to an increase of 16% (5% to 31%) per 100 Bq/m3 increase in usual radon--that is, after correction for the dilution caused by random uncertainties in measuring radon concentrations. The dose-response relation seemed to be linear with no threshold and remained significant (P = 0.04) in analyses limited to individuals from homes with measured radon < 200 Bq/m3. The proportionate excess risk did not differ significantly with study, age, sex, or smoking. In the absence of other causes of death, the absolute risks of lung cancer by age 75 years at usual radon concentrations of 0, 100, and 400 Bq/m3 would be about 0.4%, 0.5%, and 0.7%, respectively, for lifelong non-smokers, and about 25 times greater (10%, 12%, and 16%) for cigarette smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, though not separately, these studies show appreciable hazards from residential radon, particularly for smokers and recent ex-smokers, and indicate that it is responsible for about 2% of all deaths from cancer in Europe.

A graph-based segmentation technique has been tailored to segment airborne LiDAR points which, unlike images, are irregularly distributed. In our method, every LiDAR point is labeled as a node and interconnected as a graph extended to its neighborhood, defined in a 4-D feature space: the spatial coordinates (x,y,z) and the reflection intensity. The interconnections between pairs of neighboring nodes are weighted based on the distance in the feature space. The segmentation consists of an iterative process of classification of nodes into homogeneous groups based on their similarity. This approach is intended to be part of a complete system for the classification of structures from LiDAR point clouds in applications needing fast response times. In this sense, a study of the performance/accuracy trade-off has been performed, extracting some conclusions about the benefits of the proposed solution. In addition, an interlaced graph-based approach is proposed to increase the reliability in general purpose segmentations.

ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) is a general-purpose, heavy-ion detector at the CERN LHC which focuses on QCD, the strong-interaction sector of the Standard Model. It is designed to address the physics of strongly interacting matter and the quark-gluon plasma at extreme values of energy density and temperature in nucleus-nucleus collisions. Besides running with Pb ions, the physics programme includes collisions with lighter ions, lower energy running and dedicated proton-nucleus runs. ALICE will also take data with proton beams at the top LHC energy to collect reference data for the heavy-ion programme and to address several QCD topics for which ALICE is complementary to the other LHC detectors. The ALICE detector has been built by a collaboration including currently over 1000 physicists and engineers from 105 Institutes in 30 countries, Its overall dimensions are 16 x 16 x 26 m(3) with a total weight of approximately 10 000 t. The experiment consists of 18 different detector systems each with its own specific technology choice and design constraints, driven both by the physics requirements and the experimental conditions expected at LHC. The most stringent design constraint is to cope with the extreme particle multiplicity anticipated in central Pb-Pb collisions. The different subsystems were optimized to provide high-momentum resolution as well as excellent Particle Identification (PID) over a broad range in momentum, up to the highest multiplicities predicted for LHC. This will allow for comprehensive studies of hadrons, electrons, muons, and photons produced in the collision of heavy nuclei. Most detector systems are scheduled to be installed and ready for data taking by mid-2008 when the LHC is scheduled to start operation, with the exception of parts of the Photon Spectrometer (PHOS), Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) and Electro Magnetic Calorimeter (EMCal). These detectors will be completed for the high-luminosity ion run expected in 2010. This paper describes in detail the detector components as installed for the first data taking in the summer of 2008.

A classification for peri-implant diseases and conditions was presented. Focused questions on the characteristics of peri-implant health, peri-implant mucositis, peri-implantitis, and soft- and hard-tissue deficiencies were addressed. Peri-implant health is characterized by the absence of erythema, bleeding on probing, swelling, and suppuration. It is not possible to define a range of probing depths compatible with health; Peri-implant health can exist around implants with reduced bone support. The main clinical characteristic of peri-implant mucositis is bleeding on gentle probing. Erythema, swelling, and/or suppuration may also be present. An increase in probing depth is often observed in the presence of peri-implant mucositis due to swelling or decrease in probing resistance. There is strong evidence from animal and human experimental studies that plaque is the etiological factor for peri-implant mucositis. Peri-implantitis is a plaque-associated pathological condition occurring in tissues around dental implants, characterized by inflammation in the peri-implant mucosa and subsequent progressive loss of supporting bone. Peri-implantitis sites exhibit clinical signs of inflammation, bleeding on probing, and/or suppuration, increased probing depths and/or recession of the mucosal margin in addition to radiographic bone loss. The evidence is equivocal regarding the effect of keratinized mucosa on the long-term health of the peri-implant tissue. It appears, however, that keratinized mucosa may have advantages regarding patient comfort and ease of plaque removal. Case definitions in day-to-day clinical practice and in epidemiological or disease-surveillance studies for peri-implant health, peri-implant mucositis, and peri-implantitis were introduced. The proposed case definitions should be viewed within the context that there is no generic implant and that there are numerous implant designs with different surface characteristics, surgical and loading protocols. It is recommended that the clinician obtain baseline radiographic and probing measurements following the completion of the implant-supported prosthesis.