Universidade Federal de Lavras

Sisvar is a statistical analysis system, first released in 1996 although its development began in 1994. The first version was done in the programming language Pascal and compiled with Borland Turbo Pascal 3. Sisvar was developed to achieve some specific goals. The first objective was to obtain software that could be used directly on the statistical experimental course of the Department of Exact Science at the Federal University of Lavras. The second objective was to initiate the development of a genuinely Brazilian free software program that met the demands and peculiarities of research conducted in the country. The third goal was to present statistical analysis software for the Brazilian scientific community that would allow research results to be analyzed efficiently and reliably. All of the initial goals were achieved. Sisvar gained acceptance by the scientific community because it provides reliable, accurate, precise, simple and robust results, and allows users a greater degree of interactivity.

Plant traits-the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants-determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait-based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits-almost complete coverage for 'plant growth form'. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait-environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives.

Sisvar is a statistical analysis system with a large usage by the scientific community to produce statistical analyses and to produce scientific results and conclusions. The large use of the statistical procedures of Sisvar by the scientific community is due to it being accurate, precise, simple and robust. With many options of analysis, Sisvar has a not so largely used analysis that is the multiple comparison procedures using bootstrap approaches. This paper aims to review this subject and to show some advantages of using Sisvar to perform such analysis to compare treatments means. Tests like Dunnett, Tukey, Student-Newman-Keuls and Scott-Knott are performed alternatively by bootstrap methods and show greater power and better controls of experimentwise type I error rates under non-normal, asymmetric, platykurtic or leptokurtic distributions.

The tree flora of southeastern Brazilian Atlantic forests was investigated according to two main aspects: (a) the variations in floristic composition of both rain and semi-deciduous forests were analyzed in terms of geographic and climatic variables by performing multivariate analyses on 125 existing floristic checklists; and (b) the links of both rain and semi-deciduous forests to Amazonian forests and Cerrados (woody savanna) were assessed. All analyses were performed at the species, genus, and family levels. The information obtained for the 125 forest areas was organized into an environmental database containing geographic and climatic records, and a floristic database containing binary presence records for 2532 species, 520 genera, and 106 families. Canonical correspondence analyses (CCA) were utilized to assess the relationship between geographic and climatic variables, and tree flora composition. Venn diagrams and cluster analyses were used to assess the floristic links to Amazonian forests and Cerrados. The following patterns were detected at all three taxonomic levels: (a) the differentiation between rain and semi-deciduous forests is floristically consistent and strongly correlated with rainfall regime, although transitions may be abrupt to gradual; (b) a north–south differentiation exists for both rain and semi-deciduous forests, probably caused by variations in both temperature and rainfall regime; (c) The flora of semi-deciduous forests also changes with increasing distance from the ocean and the associated increasing rainfall seasonality; and (d) elevation and associated temperatures are strongly correlated with the internal differentiation of both rain and semi-deciduous forests. To a considerable extent, the tree flora of semi-deciduous forests is a subset of the rain forest flora, probably extracting species that are able to cope with a longer dry season. There is greater floristic similarity at the species level between Atlantic rain and semi-deciduous forests than between any of these and either Amazonian rain forests or Cerrados. Nevertheless, semi-deciduous forests and Cerrados show stronger links, particularly at the generic and familial levels. Therefore, there is little floristic ground for viewing Atlantic rain forests as being closer to their Amazonian counterparts than to the adjacent semi-deciduous forests. The most appropriate view of rain and semi-deciduous forests in southeastern Brazil is that of a continuum in tree species distribution. We suggest that the definition of Atlantic forests should be as comprehensive as that of Amazonian forests.

This paper presents a special capability of Sisvar to deal with fixed effect models with several restriction in the randomization procedure. These restrictions lead to models with fixed treatment effects, but with several random errors. One way do deal with models of this kind is to perform a mixed model analysis, considering only the error effects in the model as random effects and with different covariance structure for the error terms. Another way is to perform a analysis of variance with several error. These kind of analysis, when the data are balanced, can be done by using Sisvar. The software lead a exact $F$ test for the fixed effects and allow the user to applied multiple comparison procedures or regression analysis for the levels of the fixed effect factors, regarding they are single effects, interaction effects or hierarchical effects. Sisvar is an interesting statistical computer system for using in balanced agricultural and industrial data sets.

ABSTRACT The tree flora of southeastern Brazilian Atlantic forests was investigated according to two main aspects: (a) the variations in floristic composition of bodi rain and semi‐deciduous forests were analyzed in terms of geographic and climatic variables by performing multivariate analyses on 125 existing floristic checklists; and (b) the links of both rain and semi‐deciduous forests to Amazonian forests and Cerrados (woody savanna) were assessed. All analyses were performed at the species, genus, and family levels. The information obtained for the 125 forest areas was organized into an environmental database containing geographic and climatic records, and a floristic database containing binary presence records for 2532 species, 520 genera, and 106 families. Canonical correspondence analyses (CCA) were utilized to assess the relationship between geographic and climatic variables, and tree flora composition. Venn diagrams and cluster analyses were used to assess the floristic links to Amazonian forests and Cerrados. The following patterns were detected at all three taxonomic levels: (a) the differentiation between rain and semi‐deciduous forests is floristically consistent and strongly correlated with rainfall regime, although transitions may be abrupt to gradual; (b) a north–south differentiation exists for both rain and semi‐deciduous forests, probably caused by variations in both temperature and rainfall regime; (c) The flora of semi‐deciduous forests also changes with increasing distance from the ocean and the associated increasing rainfall seasonality; and (d) elevation and associated temperatures are strongly correlated with the internal differentiation of both rain and semi‐deciduous forests. To a considerable extent, the tree flora of semi‐deciduous forests is a subset of the rain forest flora, probably extracting species that are able to cope with a longer dry season. There is greater floristic similarity at the species level between Atlantic rain and semi‐deciduous forests than between any of these and either Amazonian rain forests or Cerrados. Nevertheless, semi‐deciduous forests and Cerrados show stronger links, particularly at the generic and familial levels. Therefore, rhere is little floristic ground for viewing Atlantic rain forests as being closer to their Amazonian counterparts than to the adjacent semi‐deciduous forests. The most appropriate view of rain and semi‐deciduous forests in southeastern Brazil is that of a continuum in tree species distribution. We suggest that the definition of Atlantic forests should be as comprehensive as that of Amazonian forests.

This review suggests that the ecology and patchy global distribution of seasonally dry tropical forest (SDTF) has distinctively structured the evolutionary history and biogeography of woody plant groups that are confined to it. SDTFs have few widespread woody plant species causing high β-diversity between separate areas of forests. These separate areas contain geologically old, monophyletic clades of endemic plant species that often have geographically structured intraspecific genetic variation. These patterns of diversity, endemism, and phylogeny indicate a stable, dispersal-limited SDTF system. SDTF species tend to belong to larger clades confined to this vegetation, exemplifying phylogenetic niche conservatism, and we argue that this is evidence that the SDTF is a metacommunity (biome) for woody plant clades. That phylogenetic, population genetic, biogeographic, and community ecological patterns differ in woody plants from tropical rain forests and savannas suggests a hypothesis that broad ecological settings strongly influence plant diversification in the tropics.

The first stage of chocolate production consists of a natural, seven-day microbial fermentation of the pectinaceous pulp surrounding beans of the tree Theobroma cacao. There is a microbial succession of a wide range of yeasts, lactic-acid, and acetic-acid bacteria during which high temperatures of up to 50 degrees C and microbial products, such as ethanol, lactic acid, and acetic acid, kill the beans and cause production of flavor precursors. Over-fermentation leads to a rise in bacilli and filamentous fungi that can cause off-flavors. The physiological roles of the predominant micro-organisms are now reasonably well understood and the crucial importance of a well-ordered microbial succession in cocoa aroma has been established. It has been possible to use a synthetic microbial cocktail inoculum of just 5 species, including members of the 3 principal groups, to mimic the natural fermentation process and yield good quality chocolate. Reduction of the amount of pectin by physical or mechanical means can also lead to an improved fermentation in reduced time and the juice can be used as a high-value byproduct. To improve the quality of the processed beans, more research is needed on pectinase production by yeasts, better depulping, fermenter design, and the use of starter cultures.

Biochar production and use are part of the modern agenda to recycle wastes, and to retain nutrients, pollutants, and heavy metals in the soil and to offset some greenhouse gas emissions. Biochars from wood (eucalyptus sawdust, pine bark), sugarcane bagasse, and substances rich in nutrients (coffee husk, chicken manure) produced at 350, 450 and 750C were characterized to identify agronomic and environmental benefits, which may enhance soil quality. Biochars derived from wood and sugarcane have greater potential for improving C storage in tropical soils due to a higher aromatic character, high C concentration, low H/C ratio, and FTIR spectra features as compared to nutrient-rich biochars. The high ash content associated with alkaline chemical species such as KHCO 3 and CaCO 3 , verified by XRD analysis, made chicken manure and coffee husk biochars potential liming agents for remediating acidic soils. High Ca and K contents in chicken manure and coffee husk biomass can significantly replace conventional sources of K (mostly imported in Brazil) and Ca, suggesting a high agronomic value for these biochars. High-ash biochars, such as chicken manure and coffee husk, produced at low-temperatures (350 and 450C) exhibited high CEC values, which can be considered as a potential applicable material to increase nutrient retention in soil. Therefore, the agronomic value of the biochars in this study is predominantly regulated by the nutrient richness of the biomass, but an increase in pyrolysis temperature to 750C can strongly decrease the adsorptive capacities of chicken manure and coffee husk biochars. A diagram of the agronomic potential and environmental benefits is presented, along with some guidelines to relate biochar properties with potential agronomic and environmental uses. Based on biochar properties, research needs are identified and directions for future trials are delineated.

The floristic nature of central Brazilian forests, as well as their links to other main forest formations of eastern tropical South America, is assessed by means of multivariate analyses of 106 existing floristic checklists and by the analysis of a series of dot-maps showing the distribution of 55 woody species. Most species of central Brazilian forests seem to conform to two main distribution patterns: (1) species of deciduous and semideciduous forests are dependent essentially on the occurrence of patches of soils of intermediate to high fertility within the cerrado domain and tend to be distributed mostly along a northeast-southwest arch connecting the caatingas to the chaco boundaries; (2) considerable numbers of gallery forest species are dependent on high soil moisture and many appear to link the Amazonian and Atlantic rainforests by crossing the cerrado region in a northwest-southeast route via the dendritic net of gallery forests. Many gallery forest species are habitat generalists, some even occurring in the cerrado vegetation. Nevertheless, significant numbers of gallery endemics are also present. Galleries of the west and north of the Cerrado Province show stronger floristic links to the Amazonian rainforests, while those of the centre and south show stronger affinity with the montane semideciduous forests of southeastern Brazil. Present-day distribution patterns are discussed in the light of the current knowledge of palaeoenvironmental changes in the Neotropics.A natureza florística das florestas do Brasil Central bem como seus laços com outras grandes formaçõs florestais da América do Sul trópico-oriental é avaliada por meio de análises multivariadas de 106 listagens florísticas existentes e pela análise de uma série de mapas de distribuição geográfica de 55 espécies lenhosas. A maioria das espécies das florestas do Brasil Central parece ajustar-se a dois grandes padrões de distribuição: (1) espécies de florestas decíduas e semidecíduas dependem essencialmente da ocorrência de manchas de solos de média a alta fertilidade dentro do domínio dos cerrados e tendem a se distribuir principalmente ao longo de um arco nordeste-sudoeste que conecta as caatingas às fronteiras do chaco; (2) um considerável número de espécies de florestas de galeria depende basicamente de alta umidade no solo e muitas delas parecem distribuir-se das florestas pluviais da Amazônia até as Atlânticas, cruzando a região do cerrado numa rota noroeste-sudeste através da rede dendrítica de florestas de galeria. Muitas espécies de floresta de galeria são generalistas quanto ao habitat, sendo inclusive compartilhadas com os cerrados. Um significativo número, entretanto, é endêmico das florestas de galena. As galerias do oeste e norte da Província do Cerrado mostram uma ligação florística mais forte com as florestas pluviais da Amazônia, ao passo que as do centro e sul mostram uma estreita afinidade com as florestas semideciduas montanas do sudeste brasileiro. Os padrões de distribuição geográfica atuais que emergiram das análises são discutidos sob a luz do presente conhecimento sobre as mudanças paleoambientais nos Neótropicos.

Abstract Much effort has been devoted to developing, constructing and refining fish passage facilities to enable target species to pass barriers on fluvial systems, and yet, fishway science, engineering and practice remain imperfect. In this review, 17 experts from different fish passage research fields (i.e., biology, ecology, physiology, ecohydraulics, engineering) and from different continents (i.e., North and South America, Europe, Africa, Australia) identified knowledge gaps and provided a roadmap for research priorities and technical developments. Once dominated by an engineering‐focused approach, fishway science today involves a wide range of disciplines from fish behaviour to socioeconomics to complex modelling of passage prioritization options in river networks. River barrier impacts on fish migration and dispersal are currently better understood than historically, but basic ecological knowledge underpinning the need for effective fish passage in many regions of the world, including in biodiversity hotspots (e.g., equatorial Africa, South‐East Asia), remains largely unknown. Designing efficient fishways, with minimal passage delay and post‐passage impacts, requires adaptive management and continued innovation. While the use of fishways in river restoration demands a transition towards fish passage at the community scale, advances in selective fishways are also needed to manage invasive fish colonization. Because of the erroneous view in some literature and communities of practice that fish passage is largely a proven technology, improved international collaboration, information sharing, method standardization and multidisciplinary training are needed. Further development of regional expertise is needed in South America, Asia and Africa where hydropower dams are currently being planned and constructed.

O que se buscou através do presente trabalho foi trazer novos elementos para a discussão sobre o ensino, a escola moderna e a relação educando-educador. Ao invés de colocar conceitos e idéias como verdades incontestáveis, procurou-se dar uma noção geral de teorias interessantes, que hoje são comuns dentro das organizações empresariais (centros de excelência na sociedade capitalista) e que têm boas chances de serem aplicadas com sucesso também nas instituições educacionais (escolas). Cabe aos educadores pesquisarem, discutirem e adaptarem tais técnicas, incorporando-as aos elementos já presentes no ensino-aprendizagem (definição de objetivos, resolução de problemas, aquisição de conhecimentos interdisciplinares e humanização do ensino), através da articulação entre as práticas que hoje regem o seu comportamento em sala de aula (Escolas Herbatiana, Skinneriana e Rogeriana; Enfoque Sistêmico da Instrução; Pedagogia de Paulo Freire) com outras mais modernas, algumas das quais apresentadas neste trabalho (Teoria das Inteligências Múltiplas, Teoria da Inteligência Emocional, Trinômio Inteligência Analítica-Inteligência Criativa-Inteligência Prática e Teoria do Pensamento Criativo).

Characterizations of land-cover dynamics are among the most important applications of Earth observation data, providing insights into management, policy and science. Recent progress in remote sensing and associated digital image processing offers unprecedented opportunities to detect changes in land cover more accurately over increasingly large areas, with diminishing costs and processing time. The advent of high-spatial-resolution remote-sensing imagery further provides opportunities to apply change detection with object-based image analysis (OBIA), that is, object-based change detection (OBCD). When compared with the traditional pixel-based change paradigm, OBCD has the ability to improve the identification of changes for the geographic entities found over a given landscape. In this article, we present an overview of the main issues in change detection, followed by the motivations for using OBCD as compared to pixel-based approaches. We also discuss the challenges caused by the use of objects in change detection and provide a conceptual overview of solutions, which are followed by a detailed review of current OBCD algorithms. In particular, OBCD offers unique approaches and methods for exploiting high-spatial-resolution imagery, to capture meaningful detailed change information in a systematic and repeatable manner, corresponding to a wide range of information needs.

The high species richness of tropical forests has long been recognized, yet there remains substantial uncertainty regarding the actual number of tropical tree species. Using a pantropical tree inventory database from closed canopy forests, consisting of 657,630 trees belonging to 11,371 species, we use a fitted value of Fisher's alpha and an approximate pantropical stem total to estimate the minimum number of tropical forest tree species to fall between ∼ 40,000 and ∼ 53,000, i.e., at the high end of previous estimates. Contrary to common assumption, the Indo-Pacific region was found to be as species-rich as the Neotropics, with both regions having a minimum of ∼ 19,000-25,000 tree species. Continental Africa is relatively depauperate with a minimum of ∼ 4,500-6,000 tree species. Very few species are shared among the African, American, and the Indo-Pacific regions. We provide a methodological framework for estimating species richness in trees that may help refine species richness estimates of tree-dependent taxa.

Carbon storage is widely acknowledged as one of the most valuable forest ecosystem services. Deforestation, logging, fragmentation, fire, and climate change have significant effects on tropical carbon stocks; however, an elusive and yet undetected decrease in carbon storage may be due to defaunation of large seed dispersers. Many large tropical trees with sizeable contributions to carbon stock rely on large vertebrates for seed dispersal and regeneration, however many of these frugivores are threatened by hunting, illegal trade, and habitat loss. We used a large data set on tree species composition and abundance, seed, fruit, and carbon-related traits, and plant-animal interactions to estimate the loss of carbon storage capacity of tropical forests in defaunated scenarios. By simulating the local extinction of trees that depend on large frugivores in 31 Atlantic Forest communities, we found that defaunation has the potential to significantly erode carbon storage even when only a small proportion of large-seeded trees are extirpated. Although intergovernmental policies to reduce carbon emissions and reforestation programs have been mostly focused on deforestation, our results demonstrate that defaunation, and the loss of key ecological interactions, also poses a serious risk for the maintenance of tropical forest carbon storage.

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Recent debates on the number of plant species in the vast lowland rain forests of the Amazon have been based largely on model estimates, neglecting published checklists based on verified voucher data. Here we collate taxonomically verified checklists to present a list of seed plant species from lowland Amazon rain forests. Our list comprises 14,003 species, of which 6,727 are trees. These figures are similar to estimates derived from nonparametric ecological models, but they contrast strongly with predictions of much higher tree diversity derived from parametric models. Based on the known proportion of tree species in neotropical lowland rain forest communities as measured in complete plot censuses, and on overall estimates of seed plant diversity in Brazil and in the neotropics in general, it is more likely that tree diversity in the Amazon is closer to the lower estimates derived from nonparametric models. Much remains unknown about Amazonian plant diversity, but this taxonomically verified dataset provides a valid starting point for macroecological and evolutionary studies aimed at understanding the origin, evolution, and ecology of the exceptional biodiversity of Amazonian forests.

Abstract Most large rivers in South America are fragmented by large dams, and a common management strategy to mitigate impacts has been construction of fish passes. Recent studies, however, indicate that downstream passage of adults and young fish is nil or minimal. Better understanding of this phenomenon is needed if fishways are to provide any tangible conservation value in South America. We propose, in this article, that large reservoirs impose a different kind of barrier to migrating fish: impoundments create a diffuse gradient of hydraulic/limnological conditions that affects fish behaviour and functions as an extensive environmental filter that discourages downstream movements. To develop this idea, we characterize the barriers created by dams and reservoirs by describing their distinct nature, the effects on fish migration and potential solutions. We show, for example, that dams generally prevent upstream movements, whereas reservoirs impede mainly downstream movements. In this context, we explain how fish passes, in some instances, can partially mitigate fragmentation caused by dams, but there is no technical solution to solve the barrier effect of reservoirs. In addition, we present a body of empirical evidence that supports the theory that large reservoirs are important barriers to fish migration in South America, we offer an overview of the size of reservoirs to show that impoundments typically have large dimensions, and we discuss the significance of this theory for other regions. Based on current and proposed river regulation scenarios, we conclude that conservation of Neotropical migratory fish will be much more complicated than previously believed.

Terrestrial ecosystems, comprising vegetation and soil in uplands and wetlands, significantly impact the global carbon (C) cycle and, under natural conditions, are a sink of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). However, conversion of natural to managed ecosystems (i.e., agroecosystems, urban lands, and mined lands) depletes ecosystem C stocks, aggravates gaseous emissions, and exacerbates radiative forcing. Thus, the onset of agriculture around 8000 BC presumably transformed these sinks into a source of greenhouse gases (GHGs) (Ruddiman 2003), mostly CO2, CH4, and nitrous oxide (N2O), and depleted the terrestrial (soil, vegetation, and peatlands) C stocks. Ruddiman (2005) estimated the depletion of the terrestrial C stock (soil and vegetation) by 456 Pg (502.65 × 109 tn) since the onset of agriculture. Of this, the historic depletion of soil organic carbon (SOC) stock is estimated at 130 to 135 Pg (143.3 × 109 to 148.8 × 109 tn) (Sanderman et al. 2017; Lal 2018). Therefore, recarbonization of some of the terrestrial biosphere (soil and vegetation) is an important strategy to mitigate the anthropogenic climate change (ACC) and enhance other ecosystem services because of the link between SOC stock and atmospheric concentration of CO2 (Trenberth and Smith 2005).

Here we show how agricultural practices by indigenous peoples as well as forest recovery relate to the structure and composition of Amazon soil bacterial communities. Soil samples were collected in different land use systems and bacterial community composition and diversity were explored by T-RFLP, cloning and sequencing, and data were analyzed with multivariate techniques. The main differences in bacterial community structure were related to changes in the soil attributes that, in turn, were correlated to land use. Community structure changed significantly along gradients of base saturation, [Al3+] and pH. The relationship with soil attributes accounted for about 31% of the variation of the studied communities. Clear differences were observed in community composition as shown by the differential distribution of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria. Similarity between primary and secondary forest communities indicates the recovery of bacterial community structure during succession. Pasture and crop soil communities were among the most diverse, showing that these land use types did not deplete bacterial diversity under the conditions found in our sites.