Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Yogyakarta

A critical global issue in the 21st century is water shortage, as well as its pollution with noxious metal ions and organic dyes. To extract these pollutants from wastewater, a variety of traditional methods have been employed but they lack reusability/recyclability, are expensive, environmentally unfriendly, unsafe and the remediation process takes a long time. Therefore, to treat these contaminants, nanotechnology (NT) has recently been granted several leeways in terms of making the desirable nanomaterials (NMs) with high surface-to-volume ratios and special surface functionalities. In particular, fly ash (FA) has stood out as one of the greatest exciting new-found affordable and high efficient materials for water decontamination owing to its high porosity, huge surface area, and exceptional features. Hence, this present review study will attempt to compile data from existing literature on the utilization of FA-based adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals (HMs) and dyes from wastewater. Based on the reviewed publications, Langmuir's isotherm models (LIMs) and Freundlich's isotherm models (FIMs) best described the sorption process thus signalling monolayer and multi-layer sorptions. Pseudo-second-order (PSO) model provided the best appropriate means in elucidating the kinetic process and both exothermic and endothermic processes revealed the nature of the thermodynamic process during sorption. Some recommendations in the form of future prospects on how to advance the capacity of the adsorption and effectiveness of FA on the removal of HMs, dyes and other environmental contaminants using innovative technologies such as the nanofiber technology is also been proposed.

Pollutants in water or wastewater raise grave public health problems. This review provides a concise summary of the potential applications of activated carbon derived from various sources. Here is an overview of the activated carbon properties and materials used to produce activated carbon. It also explores different techniques for creating active carbon for improved performance in specific applications, particularly low-cost adsorbents for heavy metal and synthetic dye removal.

Recently, mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and their widespread biomedical applications have attracted great consideration from the scientific community around the world. However, reports have shown that the main populations of the transplanted MSCs are trapped in the liver, spleen, and lung upon administration, highlighting the importance of the development of cell-free therapies. Concerning rising evidence suggesting that the beneficial effects of MSC therapy are closely linked to MSC-released components, predominantly MSC-derived exosomes, the development of an MSC-based cell-free approach is of paramount importance. The exosomes are nano-sized (30-100 nm) lipid bilayer membrane vesicles, which are typically released by MSCs and are found in different body fluids. They include various bioactive molecules, such as messenger RNA (mRNA), microRNAs, proteins, and bioactive lipids, thus showing pronounced therapeutic competence for tissues recovery through the maintenance of their endogenous stem cells, the enhancement of regenerative phenotypic traits, inhibition of apoptosis concomitant with immune modulation, and stimulation of the angiogenesis. Conversely, the specific roles of MSC exosomes in the treatment of various tumors remain challenging. The development and clinical application of novel MSC-based cell-free strategies can be supported by better understanding their mechanisms, classifying the subpopulation of exosomes, enhancing the conditions of cell culture and isolation, and increasing the production of exosomes along with engineering exosomes to deliver drugs and therapeutic molecules to the target sites. In the current review, we deliver a brief overview of MSC-derived exosome biogenesis, composition, and isolation methods and discuss recent investigation regarding the therapeutic potential of MSC exosomes in regenerative medicine accompanied by their double-edged sword role in cancer.

Siderophores are low molecular weight secondary metabolites produced by microorganisms under low iron stress as a specific iron chelator. In the present study, a rhizospheric bacterium was isolated from the rhizosphere of sesame plants from Salem district, Tamil Nadu, India and later identified as Bacillus subtilis LSBS2. It exhibited multiple plant-growth-promoting (PGP) traits such as hydrogen cyanide (HCN), ammonia, and indole acetic acid (IAA), and solubilized phosphate. The chrome azurol sulphonate (CAS) agar plate assay was used to screen the siderophore production of LSBS2 and quantitatively the isolate produced 296 mg/L of siderophores in succinic acid medium. Further characterization of the siderophore revealed that the isolate produced catecholate siderophore bacillibactin. A pot culture experiment was used to explore the effect of LSBS2 and its siderophore in promoting iron absorption and plant growth of Sesamum indicum L. Data from the present study revealed that the multifarious Bacillus sp. LSBS2 could be exploited as a potential bioinoculant for growth and yield improvement in S. indicum.

The purpose of the research is to analyze the behavioral intention to adopt social media in SMEs affected by the COVID-19 crisis, based on the TOE Model. This study uses the TOE framework as a theoretical basis. This research is important because COVID-19 has destroyed most of the SMEs, and SMEs are exposed to social media technology to market their products. The success of social media adoption has helped SMEs to be able to rise from adversity. Respondents in this study were 250 SMEs in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The data analysis technique used is structural equation modeling with AMOS. The results of this study indicate that SMEs affected by the COVID-19 crisis have a high awareness of social media and have a high intention to adopt social media as a way to market their products and connect with customers. The intention to adopt social media is significantly influenced by the technological context, organizational context, environmental context, and social media awareness. The findings of this study suggest that in times of crisis due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Government support is needed. The Government needs to open services for SMEs whose businesses are affected by the pandemic.

The increase of Cr(VI) ion species access in the aquatic system through anthropogenic activity has harmed the ecosystem and human health. In solving this problem, the use and development of inorganic material low-cost based as an effective adsorbent by good physico-chemical stability are one of this research's faces. The activated natural zeolite-magnetic composite (ANZ–Fe3O4) adsorbent material was prepared by using the co-precipitated method. Several adsorptions recognize the performance of removing Cr(VI) from a water sample; parameters such as pH, contact time, adsorbent mass, and temperature were studied. The result shows that the optimum adsorption occurs in pH 2, with a mass of adsorbent are 0.20 g, for 50 min of contact time at a temperature of 298 K. The adsorption mechanism was studied by using a linear and non-linear pseudo-first order (PFO) model, four pseudo-second order (PSO) models, Elovich model, and intraparticle diffusion model. The Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich (DKR), Temkin, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Redlich-Peterson, Harkin-Jura and Javonovic models were use to study the isotherm adsorption. Cr(VI) adsorption on ANZ-Fe3O4 followed with pseudo-second-order model (PSO) with R2 is 0.993. The comparative of linear PSO and non-linear PSO kinetic were wholly studied. The result shows that non-linear PSO model is the best-fit expression of mechanism adsorption of Cr(VI) on ANZ-Fe3O4 than the linear PSO model. The adsorption of Cr(VI) on ANZ-Fe3O4 in line with the Langmuir model with Qmax reaches 2.850 mg/g. The thermodynamics study shows that the adsorption process occurs exothermically and follows the physisorption process.

Beef consumption produces a lot of bone waste. Here, We prepared Bali cow bones-based hydrochar material (BCBHP) using the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) method. The resulting BCBHP material was then characterized using XRD, FTIR, FESEM-EDX, and BET-BJH. Next, the BCBHP was applied to adsorb methyl red in water samples. Adsorption was carried out using a bath system. Adsorption of methyl red persisted optimum for 30 min at pH 6 at 303.15 K, with a capacity of 7.2 mg g−1. The Zeta potential of BCBHP is −24.4 mV suggesting a higher electrostatic attraction between methyl red dye and BCBHP surface. Methyl red adsorption fitted with pseudo-second-order kinetics model. Adsorption of Methyl red dye on BCBHP follows the Freundlich isotherm model and is well described by a heterolayer adsorption pattern. Thermodynamic studies show that adsorption processes are spontaneous, exothermic, and chemisorption reactions. Moreover, BCBHP has an excellent reusability performance that could be used as a promising adsorbent for dye removal in wastewater treatment.

South East Asia dominates the production of palm oil worldwide. During the traditional wet processing, palm oil mill effluent (POME) wastewater is generated which poses serious environmental problems. Wastewater treatment using microalgae was initiated recently because of the advantages to lower nutrient content efficiently while the biomass can be utilized as bulk biomass or value added product. In the present review the utilization of wastewater for microalgal cultivation is discussed with particular attention to the feasibility of utilizing POME as microalgal growth medium. Whereas much recent research was focused on the production of bulk biomass, the potential for the production of value-added compounds has not often been addressed. Various strategies of obtaining high-value products are discussed. These include cultivation systems, algal species selection as well as and their growth strategies (autotrophic, heterotrophic, mixotrophic). In addition, potential problems associated with microalgal cultivation on POME will be evaluated. Finally, the concept of using stepwise strategies to obtain high value added product will be proposed.

Volcano disaster mitigation is a priority in Indonesia's national development plan due to the large number of active volcanoes, high frequency of eruptions and dense population within volcanic hazards zones. As a consequence of these factors and the many decades of experience in mitigation of volcanic risk, Indonesia demonstrates that effective community response is critical to avoid disasters. Understanding of hazards, risks and early-warning systems are the main factors in building an effective community response. The level of understanding of these factors is proportional to a community's independence in taking appropriate actions and is reflected in the community's preparedness. Further, the experience gained from responses to the eruptions of Sinabung and Kelud as well as from other Indonesian volcanoes shows that a local leader plays an important role in mobilizing a community. Such a leader utilizes knowledge of local culture (local wisdom) and an understanding of the community's character to encourage community members to participate and empower themselves. Sharing of information and the formulation of a disaster mitigation plan by government and community also results in a shared commitment to increase participation and community empowerment. Indonesia uses four volcano alert levels to activate community mitigation plans. In order of increasing criticality, these are: Normal, Advisory (Waspada), Watch (Siaga) and Warning (Awas). Implementation of policies, strategies and actions are tied to each level. In addition, mandatory actions by certain stakeholders are required at certain alert levels. These mandatory actions increase the effectiveness of disaster mitigation by both government and community. A comparison of the crisis responses of the Sinabung and Kelud communities is carried out here in order to better understand problems, learn lessons and improve the process of Indonesia's community mitigation policies. Local culture, the start time of community involvement (in normal versus crisis time), degree and level of government involvement, roles of local leaders, local perception of hazards, and political intervention are all factors that influence a community's response at the time of eruption. We stress that an understanding of the “community character,” which includes a number of cultural, social and knowledge parameters is essential for effective crisis management. The responses of Sinabung and Kelud illustrate both the key role of community in disaster mitigation and the synergy that can result from close coordination and collaboration between government and community.

Wastewater produced from many industrial processes is characterized by high levels of turbidity which is usually an indication of the level of pollution. Coagulation coupled with flocculation has been reported to be one of the efficient ways of treating turbid wastewater. Thus, this work evaluated the potential use of Ipomoea batatas leaves extract as a green and novel coagulating and flocculating agent for treating turbid water. The process was modelled and optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural networks coupled with genetic algorithm (ANN-GA). The FTIR results showed that the coagulant–flocculant contained beneficial functional groups which facilitated turbidity removal. The FESEM results indicated a porous matrix while the EDS results showed that carbon (61.2%) and oxygen (29.7%) were the main components with some lesser amounts of potassium (4.7%), phosphorus (2%) and aluminium (1.4%) which had a synergistic effect on the process. Although RSM and ANN modelled the treatment process with relatively high accuracy, the ANN model was however found to perform better than RSM as seen in the better statistical metrics. The ANN model predicted a maximum turbidity removal of 96% with a corresponding initial turbidity, coagulant dosage, rapid mixing time, rapid mixing speed, slow mixing time and slow mixing speed values of 250 NTU, 10 g/L, 2 min, 150 rpm, 10 min and 70 rpm, respectively. Thus, based on these findings, Ipomoea batatas leaves extract could serve as a replacement for the conventional chemical coagulants currently in the market.

Food packaging has shown a considerable deal of interest in the use of nanotechnology. The current landscape of nanotechnology in food packaging involves the incorporation of nanomaterials, such as nanoparticles and nanocomposites, into packaging materials to achieve specific functionalities. These functionalities include improved barrier properties, antimicrobial activity, and sensing capabilities. Nanoparticles, such as silver and titanium dioxide, have been utilized to impart antimicrobial properties, thereby reducing the risk of contamination and extending the shelf life of perishable foods. So, enhanced presentation, innovative packaging, and smart packaging—all of which support the preservation of food quality and traceability throughout the supply chain—are developed using nanoparticles. Therefore, this article primarily emphasized on the synthesis of nanoparticles using various techniques including, electrospinning, mechanical milling, etching and laser ablation etc., and characterization of nanoparticles based on the organic and inorganic sources. Additionally, nanoparticles and nanoemulsion based food packaging and their application has been covered in this study. Apart from this, the toxicological effect of nanoparticles in food packaging has been investigated with associated with food and food product. So, when developing of packaging materials, it's critical to investigate the migration of nanoparticles and their interactions with the polymer matrix since the high surface area to volume ratio might sometimes be the cause of nanoparticle toxicity.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tahapan strategi dan taktik media sosial Rase FM Bandung sebagai upaya meningkatkan eksistensi dalam persaingan media. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah studi deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data penelitian dilakukan dengan wawancara, observasi, dan studi pustaka. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pada tahapan strategi dan taktik media sosial Rase FM terdapat proses situation statement, objectives, define the audience, strategy, tactic, timeline, dan bugdgeting. Simpulan dari penelitian ini pada tahap situation statement Rase FM memahami tentang perkembangan zaman saat ini yang membuat pendengar Rase FM menurun dan Rase FM juga sadar bahwa dengan menggunakan media sosial Rase FM bisa bersaing dengan media yang lain. Tujuan dari penggunaan media sosial Rase FM adalah mendapatkan 200.000 pendengar. Target audiens Rase FM adalah sama seperti segmentasi pendengarnya yaitu dewasa muda menengah ke atas yang berdomisili di sekitar Bandung. Strategi Rase FM adalah menggunakan media sosial sebagai upaya meningkatkan eksistensi dalam persaingan media. Selanjutnya ada banyak taktik yang digunakan oleh Rase FM yang telah peneliti klasifikasi menjadi Share, Optimize, Manage, Engage, dan Evaluasi. Kemudian, Rase FM tidak memiliki timeline dalam pengelolaan media sosialnya. Terakhir, untuk budget yang dikeluarkan oleh Rase FM adalah 150 ribu untuk uang dan sisanya bersifat fasilitas yang dimiliki oleh Rase FM.

Aim/Purpose: This research aims to evaluate and analyze the e variables which influence the quality of e-learning services at the university-level based on the perspectives of students (stakeholders). It seeks to identify factors of e-learning quality and satisfaction and to examine the relationship between the dimensions of e-learning quality, satisfaction, and behavioral intention as perceived by university students. Background: E-learning is an electronic learning approach that supports online teaching and learning. One of key indicators of the success of e-learning development and implementation is the increased satisfaction of e-learning users. However, research focusing on the service quality of e-learning in universities, especially in Indonesia, has not been widely carried out and has not been comprehensive. Researching the quality of e-learning services in universities, especially in Indonesia, will help to increase the gross enrollment rate (GRE) in tertiary education Methodology: This research uses quantitative methods. Research data were obtained by distributing a questionnaire at one of state universities in Indonesia. The study was based on an extension of a service quality model consisting of teacher quality perception represented by factors of assurance, empathy, responsiveness, and reliability, the quality of the Learning Management System (LMS) represented by usability and informativeness, and the quality of lecture materials represented by learning contents. Data collected were analyzed with SmartPLS, using a partial least squares-structural equation model (PLS-SEM). Contribution: This research contributes to knowledge in the field of information systems, especially the management of e-learning as an online learning media. Most e-learning research only involves one aspect, for example, teacher quality or service quality. This research investigates several dimensions including teacher quality, LMS quality, and content quality, resulting in a model that incorporates several aspects. Findings: The findings of this research indicate that content quality, teacher quality (empathy, responsiveness, reliability, and assurance), and LMS quality (usability and informativeness) have a significant influence on the quality of e-learning based on the students’ perceptions. However, LMS quality does not have a significant effect on satisfaction. The quality of e-learning and user satisfaction are found to have a significant and positive effect on user intention to engage in e-learning. The findings of this study suggest that satisfaction is very influential and has a higher value than e-learning quality in relation to students’ intention to use e-learning. Recommendations for Practitioners: The significant influence of the constructs investigated in this research could shape strategies and approaches that are adopted to enhance e-learning service quality and increase the success of e-learning development and implementation, resulting in higher interest in e-learning services, especially in Indonesian higher education. Recommendation for Researchers: This work offers a theoretical understanding of e-learning service quality in a higher education institution. We recommend that fellow researchers consider LMS quality, content quality, and user satisfaction as important factors which influence the quality of e-learning services. Impact on Society: For universities, this research provides insights into important indicators of e-learning service quality so that the success of e-learning development and implementation can increase e-learning users’ interest in using e-learning services. Future Research: Future studies focusing on e-learning services should incorporate indicators of LMS quality, content quality, and user satisfaction as important factors that influence the quality of e-learning services. Our research is limited to the e-learning of one university in Indonesia. The research might be expanded to a larger scale, including all regions in Indonesia which are represented by several public and private universities.

The presence of lead in the aquatic environment is a problem with a high potential negative impact on human health. To overcome the lead problem in an aqueous environment, here for the first time we report about the use of kesambi wood (Schleichera oleosa) as a precursor to preparing activated carbon-based adsorbents. Here, the precursor material is prepared to become graphite or Non-Activated Carbon Mesoporous Adsorbents (NACMA) by using the pyrolysis method. NACMA then was chemically activated by using H2SO4 to produce Activated Carbon Mesoporous Adsorbent (ACMA) material. The characteristics of the ACMA and the NACMA then were evaluated by using the FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX and BET-BJH instruments. ACMA then is used to adsorb Pb(II) from an aqueous solution by using a batch system. In this study, 10 kinetics models and 5 adsorption isotherm models were used to study the Pb(II) adsorption mechanism. The results of the kinetic analysis showed that the adsorption of Pb(II) on activated carbon mesoporous adsorbent (ACMA) was following the pseudo-second-order (PSO) model. Meanwhile, the adsorption isotherm follows the Langmuir model with an adsorption capacity of 1.634 mg.g−1. Thermodynamic analysis shows that the adsorption process occurs exothermic and physisorption. In addition, there was also a decrease in the degree of irregularity on the surface of the activated carbon mesoporous adsorbent (ACMA) adsorption system during the adsorption process.

Environmental detection, monitoring and controlling of pathogenic or harmful gases has become an utmost priority. They contribute to major public health problems such as respiratory diseases, cardiovascular dysfunction and diseases, central nervous system (CNS) anomalies and other diseases (cancer, bronchiolitis, asthma etc.). Also, they are associated with frightening global warming thus affecting the ambient environment. Therefore, there is an urgent need to control and mitigate these gases. Notably, the existing conventional gas sensors are painstakingly very slow, labour and capital intensive, invasive and require specialized apparatuses and human capital to operate. A glowing need to develop cheap, fast, efficient, highly sensitive, portable sensors with less power usage and a high degree of reliability has been on the rise. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been extensively explored to develop biosensors owing to fact that they are tubular-nanosized materials with excellent biocompatibility coupled with large surface area, excellent thermal, electrical, mechanical and optical properties. In the recent past, the invention and fabrication of CNTs-based biosensors and their mechanisms have been a subject of intense research studies in the detection and monitoring of gases. Therefore, in this short review, we present an in-depth overview survey of CNTs-based biosensors for gas sensing sourced from published papers and online articles. The paper also highlights challenges associated with CNTs-based gas sensors, possible remedial actions and future work opportunities in this research area.

Purpose: This study aims to analyze green supply chain management (GSCM) and green marketing strategies (GMS) to green purchasing intentions (GPI). This study conducts on craft SMEs in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Design/methodology/approach: This study uses primary data which is obtained through questionnaires. The unit of analysis in this study is organizations and individuals. The sampling technique is purposing sampling, with the criteria of SMEs that conduct environmentally friendly production processes and consumers who have ever bought green products. Data analysis uses structural equation modeling. Research limitations/implications: This study is limited by relatively small sample size. The sample is only environmentally oriented SMEs. Large companies that are also environmentally friendly have not been included as samples in this study, so the results of this study only generalized to SMEs. Future research should accommodate these two types of companies, namely SMEs and companies, so that it can be easier to generalize the findings and allow different tests of GSCM to be applied to SMEs and large companies. This study only analyzed GSCM from two dimensions, namely GP and GCC. Other variables that can be used to explain GSCM are internal environmental, green information systems, eco-design and packaging. Practical implications: GSCM can be started with conducts the right GP and always coordinating with consumers which related to green products. GP (green purchasing) and GCC (green consumer cooperation) as GSCM elements have a strong association in predicting the success of a green marketing strategy. It is expected that SMEs should pay attention to the raw material purchase so that the problem of environmentally friendly raw materials can be truly obtained to enter the production process and produce environmentally friendly products. Originality/value: This study analyzes the relationship between GSCM practices and organizational performance in the green marketing and business strategies context, where there is still a scarcity of studies in this context. Besides that, there is an increase in awareness of green operations and green marketing in Asia, but the relevant studies in Asian countries have not been conducted much, especially in Southeast Asia. The result of this study proves that the GSCM model can increase value along the supply chain by emphasizing green supply chain management and green marketing.

Research is done by someone if there is any problem, a situation which reflects contradiction between the ideal fact and the real one. The elements which create the problem could be found by doing research. There are two kinds of research conceptual map in law. They are: The rational-consistence-interpretative and the empirical-objective constructive. Legal research is based on rational-consistence-interpretative and socio-legal research is based on empirical-objective-constructive. These models are based on different concepts. The elements of legal research are: rationalism, legal positivism, coherence theory, a priori, analysis, deduction, consistency, interpretative, library research, secondary data and qualitative. The elements of socio-legal research are empiricism, historical jurisprudence, correspondence theory, a posteriori, objectivity, constructive, synthesis, induction, field research, primary data and quantitative.\n\nKeywords: conceptual map, legal research, socio legal research

Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is a type of wastewater posing large problems when discharged in the environment. Yet, due to its high nutrient content, POME may offer opportunities for algal growth and subsequent harvesting of high-value products. The marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum is a potential feedstock diatom for bioactive compounds such as the carotenoid fucoxanthin, which has been shown to have pharmaceutical applications. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the growth and fucoxanthin productivity of P. tricornutum grown on POME, as a function of light intensity, temperature, salinity, and nutrient enrichment. High-saturating irradiance (300 μmol photons m−2 s−1) levels at 25 °C showed highest growth rates but decreased the fucoxanthin productivity of P. tricornutum. Box-Behnken response surface methodology revealed that the optimum fucoxanthin productivity was influenced by temperature, salinity, and the addition of urea. Nutrient enrichment by phosphorus did not enhance cell density and fucoxanthin productivity, while urea addition was found to stimulate both. We conclude that POME wastewater, supplemented with urea, can be considered as the potential medium for P. tricornutum to replace commercial nutrients while producing high amounts of fucoxanthin.

The quality of crude palm oil (CPO) is generally determined by the levels of free fatty acids (FFA). This helps in balancing the level of acidity during transportation and storage processes. However, high FFA in CPO is not good for consumer health. One of the methods for adsorbing FFA is adsorption, which is the adhesion of atoms, ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid to a surface. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the effect of contact time (40, 80 and 120 min) and Coconut Coir (CC) bioadsorbent concentrations of 1, 2 and 3 (%, w/v) on the reduction of CPO FFA levels. This began with the activation of CC biochar synthesis by using NaOH and HCl, which produced CC-NaOH and CC-HCl bioadsorbents based on the product of NaOH. Furthermore, the adsorption process was carried out by mixing CPO with CC-NaOH and CC-HCl bioadsorbents in a three-necked flask. After this, the filtrate product was obtained and analyzed for its FFA levels. The results showed that the largest percentage reduction for the effect of bioadsorbent concentration was 3% (w/v) at a contact time of 120 min. It also indicated that this study enabled lower levels of FFA in CPO. Based on the detailed cost estimate, the production cost of the CC-NaOH bioadsorbent was USD 481,874, sold at USD 95/ton with annual sales and net profit (after tax) at USD 684,000 and USD 141,188, respectively. This profit after tax and rate of return on investment was found to be 20.68 and 39.49% of the entire estimation, respectively. It also had a payback period of 2.95 years and a break-even point at a capacity of 43.16%. In addition, the prepared adsorbent showed significant ability as an inexpensive, reproducible and environmentally friendly compound used in reducing the FFA levels of CPO.

This study aims to evaluate the drying kinetics of basil leaves using microwave-assisted drying (MAD) to determine moisture content, moisture ratio, drying rate, and economic analysis at various microwave power levels (136, 264, 440, and 616 W). This study discusses the economic analysis between microwave versus oven drying and this study has not been discussed in other studies. The leaves of basil are: 2.83±0.1831 × 1.42±0.1398 cm (small leaves); 4.08±0.1619 × 1.83±0.1059 cm (medium leaves); 6.16±0.1713 × 2.70±0.2357 cm (large leaves). They evaluated each condition using five thin layer models: Henderson and Pabis, Midilli et al., Hii et al., Verma et al., and Diffusion Approximation. Coffcient of correlation (R2), Chi-square (X2), Sum of Square Error (SSE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and Mean Square Error (MSE) were used as the statistical parameters to determine the best drying kinetics model. The results show that the Hii et al. model is the most appropriate. An economic study was conducted between the selected microwave-assisted drying kinetics model and the optimum oven drying conditions from previous research results. Using 17 microwaves resulted in a Rate of Investment (ROI) of 46.9188%, Break Even Point (BEP) of 37.1189%, and interest rate (i) of 0.0094%. While using the 17 ovens resulted in an ROI calculation of 30.5957%, BEP of 43.6197%, and interest rate (i) of 0.0465%. Thus the microwave-assisted drying is more optimum than the oven drying. This research is expected to be useful for industry or further research in food science and the food industry.