University of Palangka Raya

Previous studies have described the development of control methods against bacterial wilt diseases caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. This review focused on recent advances in control measures, such as biological, physical, chemical, cultural, and integral measures, as well as biocontrol efficacy and suppression mechanisms. Biological control agents (BCAs) have been dominated by bacteria (90%) and fungi (10%). Avirulent strains of R. solanacearum, Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus spp., and Streptomyces spp. are well-known BCAs. New or uncommon BCAs have also been identified such as Acinetobacter sp., Burkholderia sp., and Paenibacillus sp. Inoculation methods for BCAs affect biocontrol efficacy, such as pouring or drenching soil, dipping of roots, and seed coatings. The amendment of different organic matter, such as plant residue, animal waste, and simple organic compounds, have frequently been reported to suppress bacterial wilt diseases. The combined application of BCAs and their substrates was shown to more effectively suppress bacterial wilt in the tomato. Suppression mechanisms are typically attributed to the antibacterial metabolites produced by BCAs or those present in natural products; however, the number of studies related to host resistance to the pathogen is increasing. Enhanced/modified soil microbial communities are also indirectly involved in disease suppression. New promising types of control measures include biological soil disinfection using substrates that release volatile compounds. This review described recent advances in different control measures. We focused on the importance of integrated pest management (IPM) for bacterial wilt diseases.

Proses pengumpulan data dalam penelitian survey merupakan hal yang sangat penting. Penelitian berbasis survey membutuhkan instrumen pengumpulan data berupa kuesioner. Selama ini peneliti atau surveyor melakukan pengumpulan data secara manual yaitu dengan mencetak kuesioner dan menyebarkannya dengan mendatangi satu persatu responden. Hal ini memakan waktu yang lama dan biaya yang besar sehingga menjadi masalah utama yang dihadapi dalam pengumpulan data dengan kuesioner. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut dibutuhkan suatu aplikasi yang dapat membantu surveyor dalam melakukan survey secara online. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang dan membangun aplikasi kuesioner online berbasis web dengan meggunakan metode waterfall dengan tahapan analysis, design, implementation, testing dan maintanance. Pemodelan sistem dan basis data meggunakan Data Flow Diagram (DFD) dan Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD). Bahasa Pemrograman yang digunakan yaitu, HTML, PHP, CSS, Java Script, dan untuk databasenya menggunakan MySQL. Skala pengukuran yang digunakan dalam perancangan kuesioner menggunakan skala likert dan skala guttman. Aplikasi ini memiliki 3 hak akses yaitu, admin, surveyor dan pengunjung/responden. Dengan adanya aplikasi diharapkan ini proses pengumpulan data dengan kuesioner dapat lebih efektif dan efisien.

Leaf nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations are correlated in plants. Higher-level phylogenetic effects can influence leaf N and P. By contrast, little is known about the phylogenetic variation in the leaf accumulation of most other elements in plant tissues, including elements with quantitatively lesser roles in metabolism than N, and elements that are nonessential for plant growth. Here the leaf composition of 42 elements is reported from a statistically unstructured data set comprising over 2000 leaf samples, representing 670 species and 138 families of terrestrial plants. Over 25% of the total variation in leaf element composition could be assigned to the family level and above for 21 of these elements. The remaining variation corresponded to differences between species within families, to differences between sites which were likely to be caused by soil and climatic factors, and to variation caused by sampling techniques. While the majority of variation in leaf mineral composition is undoubtedly associated with nonevolutionary factors, identifying higher-level phylogenetic variation in leaf elemental composition increases our understanding of terrestrial nutrient cycles and the transfer of toxic elements from soils to living organisms. Identifying mechanisms by which different plant families control their leaf elemental concentration remains a challenge.

Abstract A 9.5 m core from an inland peatland in Kalimantan, Indonesia, reveals organic matter accumulation started around 26 000 cal. yr BP, providing the oldest reported initiation date for lowland ombrotrophic peat formation in SE Asia. The core shows clear evidence for differential rates of peat formation and carbon storage. A short period of initial accumulation is followed by a slow rate during the LGM, with fastest accumulation during the Holocene. Between ∼13 000 and 8000 cal. yr BP, > 450 cm of peat were deposited, with highest rates of peat (> 2 mm yr −1 ) and carbon (> 90 g C m −2 yr −1 ) accumulation between 9530 and 8590 cal. yr BP. These data suggest that Kalimantan peatlands acted as a large sink of atmospheric CO 2 at this time. Slower rates of peat (0.15–0.38 mm yr −1 ) and carbon (7.4–24.0 g C m −2 yr −1 ) accumulation between ∼8000 and 500 cal. yr BP coincide with rapid peat formation in coastal locations elsewhere in SE Asia. The average LORCA (long‐term apparent carbon accumulation rate) for the 9.5 m core is 56 g C m −2 yr −1 . These data suggest that studies of global carbon sources, sinks and their dynamics need to include information on the past and present sizeable peat deposits of the tropics. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Abstract Tropical peatlands, which coexist with swamp forests, have accumulated vast amounts of carbon as soil organic matter. Since the 1970s, however, deforestation and drainage have progressed on an enormous scale. In addition, El Niño and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) drought and large‐scale fires, which grow larger under the drought condition, are accelerating peatland devastation. That devastation enhances decomposition of soil organic matter and increases the carbon release to the atmosphere as CO 2 . This phenomenon suggests that tropical peatlands have already become a large CO 2 source, but related quantitative information is limited. Therefore, we evaluated the CO 2 balance of a tropical peat swamp forest in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, using 3 years of CO 2 fluxes measured using the eddy covariance technique from 2002 through 2004. The forest was disturbed by drainage; consequently, groundwater level (GL) was reduced. The net ecosystem CO 2 production (NEP) measurements showed seasonal variation, which was slightly positive or almost zero in the early dry season, and most‐negative late in the dry season or early the rainy season. This seasonality is attributable to the seasonal pattern of climate, tree phenology and fires. Slightly positive NEP resulted from smaller ecosystem respiration (RE) and larger gross primary production (GPP) under conditions of high photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and large leaf area index (LAI). The most‐negative NEP resulted from smaller GPP and larger RE. The smaller GPP was related to high vapor pressure deficit (VPD), small LAI and low PPFD because of smoke from fires. The larger RE was related to low GL. Annual NEP values were estimated respectively as −602, −382 and −313 g C m −2 yr −1 for 2002, 2003 and 2004. These negative NEP values show that the tropical peat swamp forest, disturbed by drainage, functioned as a CO 2 source. That source intensity was highest in 2002, an ENSO year, mainly because of low PPFD caused by dense smoke emitted from large fires.

During the 1997/98 El Niño-induced drought peatland fires in Indonesia may have released 13-40% of the mean annual global carbon emissions from fossil fuels. One major unknown in current peatland emission estimations is how much peat is combusted by fire. Using a light detection and ranging data set acquired in Central Kalimantan, Borneo, in 2007, one year after the severe peatland fires of 2006, we determined an average burn scar depth of 0.33 +/- 0.18 m. Based on this result and the burned area determined from satellite imagery, we estimate that within the 2.79 million hectare study area 49.15 +/- 26.81 megatons of carbon were released during the 2006 El Niño episode. This represents 10-33% of all carbon emissions from transport for the European Community in the year 2006. These emissions, originating from a comparatively small area (approximately 13% of the Indonesian peatland area), underline the importance of peat fires in the context of green house gas emissions and global warming. In the past decade severe peat fires occurred during El Niño-induced droughts in 1997, 2002, 2004, 2006, and 2009. Currently, this important source of carbon emissions is not included in IPCC carbon accounting or in regional and global carbon emission models. Precise spatial measurements of peat combusted and potential avoided emissions in tropical peat swamp forests will also be required for future emission trading schemes in the framework of Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation in developing countries.

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have become the focus of rapid research due to their unique optical and electronic properties. There has been a noticeable increase in papers relating to AuNPs, with over 71,000 publications between 2019 and 2024. AuNPs possess exceptional stability, low resistance, high conductivity, and extensive light interaction, making them well-suited for biological sensing applications. This literature study begins by examining different approaches for synthesizing AuNPs, including chemical, physical, and biological methods, before exploring their use as biosensors. A comprehensive examination of the various detection methods, including localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), luminescence, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and electrochemical properties, is facilitated through an exploration of the fundamental principles and classification of biosensors. We primarily focus on using AuNPs in medical diagnostics, highlighting current advancements in disease detection with AuNPs-based biosensors for conditions like COVID-19, dengue fever, and diabetes. The review emphasizes current research achievements in AuNPs synthesis and the bright prospects for their use in biocompatible and efficient biosensor applications.

Present tropical peat deposits are the outcome of net carbon removal from the atmosphere and form one of the largest terrestrial organic carbon stores on the Earth. Reclamation of pristine tropical peatland areas in Southeast Asia increased strikingly during the last half of the 20th century. Drainage due to land-use change is one of the main driving factors accelerating carbon loss from the ecosystem. Dams were built in drainage-affected peatland area canals in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, in order to evaluate major patterns in gaseous carbon dioxide and methane fluxes and in peat hydrology immediately before and after hydrologic restoration. The sites included peat swamp forest and deforested burned area, both affected by drainage for nearly 10 years. Higher annual minimum soil water table levels prevailed on both sites after restoration; the deforested site water table level prevailed considerably longer near the peat surface, and the forest water table level remained for a longer period in the topmost 30 cm peat profile after restoration. Forest soil gas fluxes were clearly higher in comparison to the deforested area. Cumulative forest floor CO2 emissions (7305-7444 g x m(-2) x yr(-1); 166.0-169.2 mol CO2 x m(-2) x yr(-1)) and the deforested site CO2 emissions (2781-2608 g x m(-2) x yr(-1); 63.2-59.3 mol CO2 x m(-2) x yr(-1)) did not markedly reflect the notably differing hydrological conditions the year before and after restoration. The forest floor was a weak CH4 sink (-0.208 to -0.368 g x m(-2) x yr(-1); -13.0 to -22.9 mmol CH4 x m(-2) x yr(-1)) and the deforested site a comparable CH4 source (0.197-0.275 g x m(-2) x yr(-1); 12.3-17.1 mmol CH4 x m(-2) x yr(-1)) in the study period. In general, higher soil water table levels had a relatively small effect on the annual CH4 emission budgets. In the two site types the gas flux response into hydrological conditions in degraded tropical peat can be attributed to differing CO2 and CH4 dynamics, peat physical characteristics, and vegetation.

Abstract Tropical forests and peatlands provide important ecological, climate and socio‐economic benefits from the local to the global scale. However, these ecosystems and their associated benefits are threatened by anthropogenic activities, including agricultural conversion, timber harvesting, peatland drainage and associated fire. Here, we identify key challenges, and provide potential solutions and future directions to meet forest and peatland conservation and restoration goals in Indonesia, with a particular focus on Kalimantan. Through a round‐table, dual‐language workshop discussion and literature evaluation, we recognized 59 political, economic, legal, social, logistical and research challenges, for which five key underlying factors were identified. These challenges relate to the 3Rs adopted by the Indonesian Peatland Restoration Agency (Rewetting, Revegetation and Revitalization), plus a fourth R that we suggest is essential to incorporate into (peatland) conservation planning: Reducing Fires. Our analysis suggests that (a) all challenges have potential for impact on activities under all 4Rs, and many are inter‐dependent and mutually reinforcing, implying that narrowly focused solutions are likely to carry a higher risk of failure; (b) addressing challenges relating to Rewetting and Reducing Fire is critical for achieving goals in all 4Rs, as is considering the local socio‐political situation and acquiring local government and community support; and (c) the suite of challenges faced, and thus conservation interventions required to address these, will be unique to each project, depending on its goals and prevailing local environmental, social and political conditions. With this in mind, we propose an eight‐step adaptive management framework, which could support projects in both Indonesia and other tropical areas to identify and overcome their specific conservation and restoration challenges. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

Abstract Private institutions for third-party (eco-)labelling of food and wood products has been a lively field of empirical research, peaking in the conception of certification as a “non-state market-driven governance system,” which is gaining rule-making authority domestically and internationally as a private governance institution and a transnational regime. Recent findings, however, suggest that state actors also play a decisive role in private certification governance. Questions relating to who within the state, however, so far remain unaddressed. Very recent empirical trends in the fields of timber and palm oil certification in Indonesia suggest that it is distinct public bureaucracies who start reclaiming certification authority through state-led mandatory schemes, challenging the private and transnational certification institutions in support of government-driven international certification regimes. Against this background, the objective of this paper is to substantiate the trend from transnational private to international state-driven governance by analyzing the role of distinct state bureaucracies in the emergence, diffusion, and reshaping of private natural resource governance systems. To achieve these objectives, we develop our propositions by combining insights from political certification studies, regime theory, as well as bureaucratic politics theory. Methodologically, we employ a qualitative case study design on recent developments in forest, timber, and palm oil certification systems in Argentina and Indonesia. Our results substantiate the observation that distinct state actors play a key role in private governance systems and, in the case of Indonesia, even re-claim labelling authority from private institutions by attempting to outcompete them through employing their exclusive regulatory power. The results further indicate a strong, self-interested support from domestic state bureaucracies to state-driven international rather than to transnational certification regimes, supporting the temporary governance hypothesis. We discuss and conclude on our results in light of literatures on private governance, policy sectors as well as international relations theory on the emergence of international and transnational regimes.

Tren penggunaan media sosial (medsos) belakangan ini semakin meningkat. Salah satunya adalah penggunaan aplikasi WhatsApp di Indonesia semakin pepuler, dimana hingga tahun 2018 saja pengguna WhatsApp tercatat mencapai 124 juta dan terus menunjukkan peningkatan dari tahun-tahun sebelumnya. Melihat dari berbagai fitur yang ditawarkan oleh WhatsApp, grup WhatsApp menjadi fitur yang unik sebagai media untuk berkomunikasi dan bertukar berbagai file antara peserta dalam satu grup. Perkembangan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi (TIK) yang semakin maju, sektor pendidikan juga hendaknya dapat melihat peluang yang dapat dimanfaatkannya untuk menunjang proses pembelajaran dengan tetap memperhatikan ketersediaan dan efektivitasnya. WhatsApp merupakan salah satu aplikasi yang saat ini sudah banyak digunakan sebagai alat komunikasi termasuk di lingkungan dunia pendidikan dalam hal ini adalah pendidik maupun peserta didik. Dalam upaya mendukung kelangsungan proses pendidikan dan pembelajaran, grup WhatsApp dapat gunakan sebagai media pembelajaran, sehingga pembelajaran dapat terlaksana tanpa dibatasi ruang dan waktu. Artinya, pembelajaran tetap terlaksana tidak hanya sebatas tatap muka dalam kelas saja, tetapi pembelajaran juga dapat dilaksanakan di luar jam-jam pelajaran. Dengan menggunakan grup WhatsApp pendidik diharapkan tidak hanya melaksanakan pembelajaran berdasarkan kurikulum semata, tetapi juga dapat memberi dorongan untuk membangkitkan, merangsang dan meningkatkan motivasi belajar peserta didik, sehingga tujuan suatu pembelajaran dapat tercapai dengan baik.

The first International Peat Congress (IPC) held in the tropics - in Kuching (Malaysia) - brought together over 1000 international peatland scientists and industrial partners from across the world ("International Peat Congress with over 1000 participants!," 2016). The congress covered all aspects of peatland ecosystems and their management, with a strong focus on the environmental, societal and economic challenges associated with contemporary large-scale agricultural conversion of tropical peat.

BACKGROUND: The flat-headed cat (Prionailurus planiceps) is one of the world's least known, highly threatened felids with a distribution restricted to tropical lowland rainforests in Peninsular Thailand/Malaysia, Borneo and Sumatra. Throughout its geographic range large-scale anthropogenic transformation processes, including the pollution of fresh-water river systems and landscape fragmentation, raise concerns regarding its conservation status. Despite an increasing number of camera-trapping field surveys for carnivores in South-East Asia during the past two decades, few of these studies recorded the flat-headed cat. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In this study, we designed a predictive species distribution model using the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) algorithm to reassess the potential current distribution and conservation status of the flat-headed cat. Eighty-eight independent species occurrence records were gathered from field surveys, literature records, and museum collections. These current and historical records were analysed in relation to bioclimatic variables (WorldClim), altitude (SRTM) and minimum distance to larger water resources (Digital Chart of the World). Distance to water was identified as the key predictor for the occurrence of flat-headed cats (>50% explanation). In addition, we used different land cover maps (GLC2000, GlobCover and SarVision LLC for Borneo), information on protected areas and regional human population density data to extract suitable habitats from the potential distribution predicted by the MaxEnt model. Between 54% and 68% of suitable habitat has already been converted to unsuitable land cover types (e.g. croplands, plantations), and only between 10% and 20% of suitable land cover is categorised as fully protected according to the IUCN criteria. The remaining habitats are highly fragmented and only a few larger forest patches remain. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Based on our findings, we recommend that future conservation efforts for the flat-headed cat should focus on the identified remaining key localities and be implemented through a continuous dialogue between local stakeholders, conservationists and scientists to ensure its long-term survival. The flat-headed cat can serve as a flagship species for the protection of several other endangered species associated with the threatened tropical lowland forests and surface fresh-water sources in this region.

The geographic distribution of Bornean orang-utans and its overlap with existing land-use categories (protected areas, logging and plantation concessions) is a necessary foundation to prioritize conservation planning. Based on an extensive orang-utan survey dataset and a number of environmental variables, we modelled an orang-utan distribution map. The modelled orang-utan distribution map covers 155,106 km(2) (21% of Borneo's landmass) and reveals four distinct distribution areas. The most important environmental predictors are annual rainfall and land cover. The overlap of the orang-utan distribution with land-use categories reveals that only 22% of the distribution lies in protected areas, but that 29% lies in natural forest concessions. A further 19% and 6% occurs in largely undeveloped oil palm and tree plantation concessions, respectively. The remaining 24% of the orang-utan distribution range occurs outside of protected areas and outside of concessions. An estimated 49% of the orang-utan distribution will be lost if all forest outside of protected areas and logging concessions is lost. To avoid this potential decline plantation development in orang-utan habitats must be halted because it infringes on national laws of species protection. Further growth of the plantation sector should be achieved through increasing yields in existing plantations and expansion of new plantations into areas that have already been deforested. To reach this goal a large scale island-wide land-use masterplan is needed that clarifies which possible land uses and managements are allowed in the landscape and provides new standardized strategic conservation policies. Such a process should make much better use of non-market values of ecosystem services of forests such as water provision, flood control, carbon sequestration, and sources of livelihood for rural communities. Presently land use planning is more driven by vested interests and direct and immediate economic gains, rather than by approaches that take into consideration social equity and environmental sustainability.

Researchers have suggested that fallback foods (FBFs) shape primate food processing adaptations, whereas preferred foods drive harvesting adaptations, and that the dietary importance of FBFs is central in determining the expression of a variety of traits. We examine these hypotheses in extant apes. First, we compare the nature and dietary importance of FBFs used by each taxon. FBF importance appears greatest in gorillas, followed by chimpanzees and siamangs, and least in orangutans and gibbons (bonobos are difficult to place). Next, we compare 20 traits among taxa to assess whether the relative expression of traits expected for consumption of FBFs matches their observed dietary importance. Trait manifestation generally conforms to predictions based on dietary importance of FBFs. However, some departures from predictions exist, particularly for orang-utans, which express relatively more food harvesting and processing traits predicted for consuming large amounts of FBFs than expected based on observed dietary importance. This is probably due to the chemical, mechanical, and phenological properties of the apes' main FBFs, in particular high importance of figs for chimpanzees and hylobatids, compared to use of bark and leaves-plus figs in at least some Sumatran populations-by orang-utans. This may have permitted more specialized harvesting adaptations in chimpanzees and hylobatids, and required enhanced processing adaptations in orang-utans. Possible intercontinental differences in the availability and quality of preferred and FBFs may also be important. Our analysis supports previous hypotheses suggesting a critical influence of the dietary importance and quality of FBFs on ape ecology and, consequently, evolution.

Learning process (learning) is a change that is relatively fixed in behaving. so, the learning process puts one person from one ability or ability status to another skill / ability. The process of communication in the delivery of a goal is more than simply channeling thoughts or ideas and intentions orally or in writing. The communication method consists of: (1) informative communiation, a message delivered to a person / a number of people about the new things he / she knows. (2) persuasive communication (persuasive communication) is the process of influencing one's attitude, outlook, or behavior in the form of persuasive and inviting activities, so that he performs with his own consciousness. (3) instructive / coercive communication, are: communications that contain threats / penance in the nature of coercion, so that the targeted people do something forced, for fear of the consequences. Keywords : learning,ability,attention,interest,communication DOI : http://doi.org/10.26905/nomosleca.v3i2.2039

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: (1) pengaruh media video terhadap motivasi belajar peserta didik pada pembelajaran IPA, (2) pengaruh media video terhadap hasil belajar kognitif peserta didik pada pembelajaran IPA, (3) pengaruh media video terhadap motivasi belajar dan hasil belajar kognitif peserts didik pada pembelajaran IPA. Penelitian ini adalah quasi experiment. .Populasi penelitian ini adalah peserta didik kelas V se gugus 04 Palangka Raya. Sampel penelitian ditentukan dengan teknik cluster random sampling. Pengumpulan data menggunakan skala motivasi dan tes. Pengujian hipotesis dengan teknik MANOVA. Penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa terdapat pengaruh positif pada pembelajaran IPA yang menggunakan media video dibandingkan dengan pembelajaran IPA yang menggunakan media gambar terhadap motivasi belajar dan hasil belajar kognitif pembelajaran IPA.Kata kunci: media video, motivasi belajar, hasil belajar kognitif. The effect of video media on learning motivation and learning outcomes in natural science subject of the fifth grade students of elementary schoolsAbstractThis research aims to describe: (1) the effects of the video media on students’ learning motivation related to the natural science subject; (2) the effects of the video media on students’ cognitive learning outcomes related to the natural science subject; (3) the effects of the video media on students’ learning motivation and cognitive learning outcomes related to the natural science subject. This research is a quasi experiment. The population was the students of Fifth Grade Students of Elementary Schools Location 04 Palangka Raya. The sample was established using the cluster random sampling technique. The data collection used a motivation scale and test. The hypotesis testing used the MANOVA. The result of the research shows that there to know the difference of learning motivation and cognitive learning result in natural science subject of the fifth grade students of elementary schools location 04 Palangka Raya between before and after using video media.Keywords: video media, learning motivation, cognitive learning result.

The conversion of Indonesian tropical peatlands has been associated with the recurring problems of peatland fires and smoke affecting humans and the environment. Yet, the local government and public in the affected areas have paid little attention to the impacts and costs of the poor air quality on human health. This study aims to analyse the long-term health impacts of the peat smoke exposure to the local populations. We applied the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model to determine the smoke dispersion and the associated PM2.5 concentrations of the resulted plumes from the fire hotspots in the deep and shallow peatlands in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, that occurred during a 5-year period (2011–2015). We subsequently quantified the long-term health impacts of PM2.5 on the local people down to the village level based on the human health risk assessment approach. Our study shows that the average increase in the annual mean PM2.5 concentration due to peatland fires in Central Kalimantan was 26 μg/m3 which is more than twice the recommended value of the World Health Organisation Air Quality Guidelines. This increase in PM2.5 leads to increased occurrence of a range of air pollution–related diseases and premature mortality. The number of premature mortality cases can be estimated at 648 cases per year (26 mortality cases per 100,000 population) among others due to chronic respiratory, cardiovascular and lung cancer. Our results shed further light on the long-term health impacts of peatland fires in Indonesia and the importance of sustainable peatland management.

Vast areas of deforested tropical peatlands do not receive noteworthy shading by vegetation, which increases the amount of solar radiation reaching the peat surface. Peat temperature dynamics and heterotrophic carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) fluxes were monitored under four shading conditions, i.e. unshaded, 28%, 51% and 90% shading at experiment sites established on reclaimed fallow agricultural- and degraded sites in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Groundwater tables on the sites were at about 50 cm depth, the sites were maintained vegetation free and root ingrowth to gas flux monitoring locations was prevented. Half of the four shading areas received NPK-fertilization 50 kg ha−1 for each of N, P and K during the experiment and the other half was unfertilized. Increases in shading created a lasting decrease in peat temperatures, and decreased diurnal temperature fluctuations, in comparison to less shaded plots. The largest peat temperature difference in the topmost 50 cm peat profile was between the unshaded and 90% shaded surface, where the average temperatures at 5 cm depth differed up to 3.7 °C, and diurnal temperatures at 5 cm depth varied up to 4.2 °C in the unshaded and 0.4 °C in the 90% shaded conditions. Highest impacts on the heterotrophic CO2 fluxes caused by the treatments were on agricultural land, where 90% shading from the full exposure resulted in a 33% lower CO2 emission average on the unfertilized plots and a 66% lower emission average on the fertilized plots. Correlation between peat temperature and CO2 flux suggested an approximately 8% (unfertilized) and 25% (fertilized) emissions change for each 1 °C temperature change at 5 cm depth on the agricultural land. CO2 flux responses to the treatments remained low on degraded peatland. Fertilized conditions negatively correlated with N2O efflux with increases in temperature, suggesting a 12–36% lower efflux for each 1 °C increase in peat temperature (at 5 cm depth) at the sites. Despite the apparently similar landscapes of fallow agricultural land and degraded peatland sites, the differences in greenhouse gas dynamics are expected to be an outcome of the long-term management differences.

Management research maintains business performance of local products during the pandemic, requiring organizations to act effectively and efficiently in managing resources based on relevant knowledge. Efforts are needed to sustain local product business, maintain the key to organizational success based on knowledge sharing and innovation in improving business performance so that local products remain sustainable. This research was analyzed quantitatively using SEM-AMOS statistical tools, in 300 local product business actors in Central Kalimantan and Bali. The proactive antecedents of market orientation were obtained significantly positive encouraging mediation role of knowledge sharing by 51% and innovation by 63% on business performance. Activities that are managed so that superior products become management activities with significant positive Planning, Organizing, Actuatingand Controlling (POAC) carried out by mediating positive impacts to maintain local product business. The novelty of this research is a conceptual model based on Knowledge Based View (KBV) to increase local product business in two provinces affected by Covid-19. The implication of this research is to encourage business actors to synergize with market orientation into relevant information to identify changes and needs, as well as to encourage knowledge sharing and innovation in improving business performance of local products that are in accordance with consumer needs.