University of Piura

A study of work interference with family (WIF) among managers is described, contrasting four clusters of countries, one of which is individualistic (Anglo) and three of which are collectivistic (Asia, East Europe, and Latin America). Country cluster (Anglo vs. each of the others) moderated the relation of work demands with strain‐based WIF, with the Anglo country cluster having the strongest relationships. Country cluster moderated some of the relationships of strain‐based WIF with both job satisfaction and turnover intentions, with Anglos showing the strongest relationships. Cluster differences in domestic help were ruled out as the possible explanation for these moderator results.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to global health. Understanding the emergence, evolution, and transmission of individual antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is essential to develop sustainable strategies combatting this threat. Here, we use metagenomic sequencing to analyse ARGs in 757 sewage samples from 243 cities in 101 countries, collected from 2016 to 2019. We find regional patterns in resistomes, and these differ between subsets corresponding to drug classes and are partly driven by taxonomic variation. The genetic environments of 49 common ARGs are highly diverse, with most common ARGs carried by multiple distinct genomic contexts globally and sometimes on plasmids. Analysis of flanking sequence revealed ARG-specific patterns of dispersal limitation and global transmission. Our data furthermore suggest certain geographies are more prone to transmission events and should receive additional attention.

The present study explored the availability of flexible work arrangements (FWA) and their relationship with manager outcomes of job satisfaction, turnover intentions, and work‐to‐family conflict (WFC) across country clusters. We used individualism and collectivism to explain differences in FWA availability across Latin American, Anglo, and Asian clusters. Managers from the Anglo cluster were more likely to report working in organisations that offer FWA compared to managers from other clusters. For Anglo managers, flextime was the only FWA that had significant favorable relationships with the outcome variables. For Latin Americans, part‐time work negatively related with turnover intentions and strain‐based WFC. For Asians, flextime was unrelated to time‐based WFC, and telecommuting was positively associated with strain‐based WFC. The clusters did not moderate the compressed work week and outcome relationships. Implications for practitioners adopting FWA practices across cultures are discussed.

Este trabajo estaba en concordancia con la linea de investigacion que ambos psicologos habian iniciado tiempo atras. Su interes se enfocaba en la puesta en practica de reglas heuristicas, asi como el efecto de las distorsiones o sesgos cognitivos de los sujetos, en las diversas oportunidades de toma de decision. Entre los diversos postulados de los psicologos se hallaba la critica a la asuncion de la economia moderna del sujeto que decide de modo racional, en su animo de maximizar la utilidad en cada decision. Por el contrario, demostraban que los individuos cometian distintos errores no voluntarios al decidir, debido a sesgos cognitivos, como la aversion a la perdida o la utilizacion de esquemas mentales preconcebidos para la solucion de un problema.

This article analyses the relationship between outreach and performance of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) on the one hand and traditional financial sector development on the other. The results indicate that MFIs reach more clients and are more profitable in countries where access to the traditional financial system is low. This finding is in line with the market-failure hypothesis: MFIs respond to a need that banks do not fulfill and MFIs flourish where the formal financial sector fails. Along the same line, the results demonstrate that MFIs serve poorer people in countries with well-developed financial systems. The results suggest that in countries with well-developed financial systems, the two sectors stand in more direct competition with each other. This competition pushes MFIs down the market and makes mission drift by MFIs less likely. © 2012 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

A wall-climbing robot intended for inspection in nuclear power plants has been developed. The robot, small in size and modular, is made up of pneumatic components exclusively. Vacuum suction cups are used for sticking the robot to walls to be climbed. The robot motion, made up of both elementary translations and rotations, are accomplished by means of flexible pneumatic cylinders of rubber, which constitute the body of the mobile robot. A personal computer is used to command robot motion and a microprocessor controls the electronic valves of all pneumatic components. The paper presents the robotic system conceptual design and gives a detailed description of the mobile robot and its motion.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

The Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) is a commonly used life satisfaction scale. Cross-cultural researchers use SWLS to compare mean scores of life satisfaction across countries. Despite the wide use of SWLS in cross-cultural studies, measurement invariance of SWLS has rarely been investigated, and previous studies showed inconsistent findings. Therefore, we examined the measurement invariance of SWLS with samples collected from 26 countries. To test measurement invariance, we utilized three measurement invariance techniques: (a) multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA), (b) multilevel confirmatory factor analysis (ML-CFA), and (c) alignment optimization methods. The three methods demonstrated that configural and metric invariances of life satisfaction held across 26 countries, whereas scalar invariance did not. With partial invariance testing, we identified that the intercepts of Items 2, 4, and 5 were noninvariant. Based on two invariant intercepts, factor means of countries were compared. Chile showed the highest factor mean; Spain and Bulgaria showed the lowest. The findings enhance our understanding of life satisfaction across countries, and they provide researchers and practitioners with practical guidance on how to conduct measurement invariance testing across countries.

As a consequence of the global health emergency in early 2020, universities had to tackle a sudden shift in their teaching–learning strategies so that the preset competences could be fulfilled. This study presents the learning outcomes of the implemented tasks, student experiences, and feedback, as well as some reflections from the instructors with a holistic perspective of the courses due to the adopted measures and adaptations. Six courses taught at civil engineering degrees of three universities, two from Spain and one from Peru, were analyzed. The teaching and evaluation strategies are described, and some reflections are made by comparing the student’s performance with the previous course. Though the shift to online learning had to be made from day to day, with no time for preparation, the experience has proved that online learning can be beneficial in some aspects and has probably come to stay, although some other aspects are difficult to replace with respect to face-to-face learning, especially students’ engagement and motivation. The significance of this study relies on a description of the challenges that arose due to the global public health and an assessment of the results of the implemented strategies to account for both teaching and evaluation in modules of civil engineering. After the acquired experience, new questions have arisen, e.g., what type of content is (and what is not) adequate or suitable for online exams? What features have come to stay? Has higher education taken a step forward to tomorrow’s education?

Vertical profiles of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) within the convective boundary layer (CBL) were measured at a tropical forest site in the Peruvian Amazon during July 1996 from a tethered balloon sampling platform. A profiling technique based on the collection of VOCs onto solid adsorbent cartridges was used to take samples at altitudes up to 1600 m above ground. VOC analysis was performed by thermal desorption with gas chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric and flame ionization detection. A total of 26 VOCs were structurally identified. VOCs were dominated by biogenic compounds. Highest concentrations were observed for isoprene, followed by α‐pinene, p ‐cymene, and β‐pinene. Combined, all monoterpenes accounted for approximately 15–20% of the total carbon from biogenic VOCs (BVOCs). The isoprene oxidation products methacrolein (MAC), methylvinylketone (MVK), and 3‐methylfuran were observed throughout the CBL. Besides the ubiquitous chlorofluorocarbons, anthropogenic VOC concentrations were at the lower end of concentration ranges observed in rural air. From the vertical profiles, BVOC surface flux estimates were derived. Emission rates were estimated from five vertical profiles using the mixed‐layer gradient and CBL budget methods. Emission estimates varied depending on method and choice of statistics, but were within 3000–8200 μg compound m −2 h −1 for isoprene, 120–370 μg m −2 h −1 for α‐pinene, 40–75 μg m −2 h −1 for β‐pinene, about 16 μg m −2 h −1 for p ‐cymene, and 40–50 μg m −2 h −1 for camphene. The changes in the ratios of MAC and MVK to isoprene with altitude were utilized to estimate the mixing times between the surface layer, mixed layer and lower troposphere.

Advergames are gaining recognition around the world as a new, captivating, and persuasive environment among advertisers. Despite its growing popularity, very little is known about the formation of attitudes toward advergames in emerging economies. The objectives of our study were the refinement and empirical testing of a model of the reactions generated by exposure to advergames among Mexicans, Peruvians, and Americans. A series of experiments revealed that Hispanics exhibited positive attitudes toward advergames. Intrusiveness was found as the factor accounting for most of the negative attitude toward advergames. Lack of congruence was found to be a precursor of intrusiveness. Interestingly, although ads in games were perceived as more intrusive, they were perceived as less irritating. Implications for advertisers are discussed.

This essay considers the ways that iconoclasm, or the will to control images and vision, appears in canonical and contemporary public sphere theory. John Dewey and Jürgen Habermas enact a paradoxical relation to visuality by repudiating a mass culture of images while preferring “good” images and vision. Yet even when advocating for good vision, both theorists activate a subtle iconoclasm that operates as a perennial tension in their work. The essay concludes by considering the ways in which iconoclasm manifests itself in more recent scholarship in rhetorical studies and suggests circulation as an analytic concept with some promise for helping public sphere theorists develop a more iconophilic relationship to images and vision.

Bamboo is an excellent eco-friendly construction material because of its high renewable rate, embodied energy, reduction of pollution, high strength-to-weight ratio, and low cost. However, the use of round bamboo is limited because of its variations in dimensions, properties, and composition and the difficulty of making connections. Laminated bamboo has the potential to overcome these difficulties. Therefore, its mechanical properties and the behavior of the connections need to be established. In this research, the dowel-bearing strength of glued laminated Guadua angustifolia Kunth bamboo is experimentally determined under nail and threaded bar fasteners with different diameters and in different loading directions. A three-dimensional FEM computational model is developed with excellent agreement with experimental results. It was found that, similar to wood, the bearing strength depends on both the diameter and the specimen width-to-diameter ratio. The local behavior of the zone under the fastener is different from the bulk material. Expressions to determine these local properties as functions of the bulk properties are proposed as well as equations for the bearing strength in terms of the specimen width-to-fastener diameter ratio.

In many countries large parts of the population do not have access to health insurance. Peru has made an effort to change this in the early 2000s. The institutional setup gives rise to the rare opportunity to study the effects of health insurance coverage exploiting a sharp regression discontinuity design. We find large effects on utilization that are most pronounced for the provision of curative care. Individuals seeing a doctor leads to increased awareness about health problems and generates a potentially desirable form of supplier-induced demand: they decide to pay themselves for services that are in short supply.

The YZβ shock-capturing technique was introduced originally for use in combination with the streamline-upwind/Petrov–Galerkin (SUPG) formulation of compressible flows in conservation variables. It is a simple residual-based shock-capturing technique. Later it was also combined with the variable subgrid scale (V-SGS) formulation of compressible flows in conservation variables and tested on standard 2D test problems. The V-SGS method is based on an approximation of the class of SGS models derived from the Hughes variational multiscale method. In this paper, we carry out numerical experiments with inviscid supersonic flows around cylinders and spheres to evaluate the performance of the YZβ shock-capturing combined with the V-SGS method. The cylinder computations are carried out at Mach numbers 3 and 8, and the sphere computations are carried out at Mach number 3. The results compare well to those obtained with the YZβ shock-capturing combined with the SUPG formulation, which were shown earlier to compare very favorably to those obtained with the well established OVERFLOW code.

Abstract Despite its growing strategic importance, the concept of Corporate Environmental Reputation (CER) still lacks a specific definition and content delimitation in the literature. This fact, together with its difficult differentiation from other similar constructs, hides the key role of this construct in the connection between management and environmental studies and in the development of corporate environmental management strategies. To address this issue, in this research, we develop a literature review on CER conceptualisation, operationalisation and measurement, and analyse its main effects on firm competitiveness and performance drawing on the Institutional Theory and the resource‐based view. As a result, we propose a CER definition, highlighting its main characteristics and drivers and delimitating it in relation to closely related concepts such as green corporate image and corporate environmental legitimacy.

The aim of the present study is to examine the use of social media by 27 news outlets from Argentina, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, Portugal, Spain and Venezuela. To determine how these news media receive and disseminate information as well as interact with their audience, the research method combines analysis of Twitter and Facebook profiles and semi-structured interviews.

Abstract The YZ β shock‐capturing technique was introduced recently for use in combination with the streamline‐upwind/Petrov–Galerkin formulation of compressible flows in conservation variables. The YZ β shock‐capturing parameter is much simpler than an earlier parameter derived from the entropy variables for use in conservation variables. In this paper, we propose to use the YZ β shock‐capturing in combination with the variable subgrid scale (V‐SGS) formulation of compressible flows in conservation variables. The V‐SGS method is based on an approximation of the class of SGS models derived from the Hughes variational multiscale method. We evaluate the performance of the V‐SGS and YZ β combination in a number of standard, 2D test problems. Compared to the earlier shock‐capturing parameter derived from the entropy variables, in addition to being much simpler, the YZ β shock‐capturing parameter yields better shock quality in these test problems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

AIM: To evaluate sexual function among postmenopausal diabetic women. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 72 postmenopausal women, 36 diabetic, with a stable partner were included in this study. Sexual functioning was assessed using the Female Sexual Functioning Index (FSFI) and depression using the Beck Depression Inventory scale. RESULTS: There was no difference between diabetic and control women regarding age, years of schooling, number of children, age at menarche, age at first sexual experience, years postmenopausal or body mass index. Diabetics had a worse score for depression (11.5 +/- 5.6 vs. 8.9 +/- 4.7, p < 0.03), a lower frequency of sexual intercourse per month (2.7 +/- 2.8 vs. 4.4 +/- 2.9, p < 0.01) and a more deteriorated marital relationship (scale of 0-20: 13.4 +/- 2.9 vs. 15.1 +/- 1.9, p < 0.009). Diabetics demonstrated worse scores globally (19.3 +/- 8.1 vs. 26.8 +/- 4.5, p < 0.0001) and in all domains of the FSFI: desire (2.6 +/- 1.4 vs. 3.8 +/- 1.1, p < 0.0001), arousal (3.5 +/- 1.9 vs. 4.7 +/- 0.8, p < 0.002), lubrication (3.2 +/- 1.9 vs. 4.5 +/- 1.3, p < 0.003), orgasm (3.2 +/- 1.8 vs. 4.5 +/- 1.1, p < 0.002), satisfaction (3.8 +/- 1.3 vs. 4.8 +/- 0.9, p < 0.0005) and pain (3.1 +/- 1.7 vs. 4.6 +/- 1.3, p < 0.0001) (values all mean +/- standard deviation). Considering sexual dysfunction as a score higher than 26.55, the prevalence of sexual dysfunction among diabetics was 75.0% vs. 30.6% in the control group (p < 0.001). After adjusting for depression, years of schooling, hysterectomy, marital relationship and age, diabetes mellitus remained an important risk factor for sexual dysfunction (odds ratio 6.2, 95% confidence interval 2.0-19.6, p < 0.02). CONCLUSION: Diabetes mellitus affects all areas of female sexuality and this condition is independent of depression.

We propose a theoretical framework to understand the effect on a movie's eventual theatrical success of leading the box office during the opening weekend. We consider two possible channels: a positive shock to the utility from watching the movie and a greater awareness of the movie's existence. We derive a series of testable predictions, which we test on U.S. box office data. The results suggest that being #1 in sales during the opening weekend has an economically and statistically significant effect on the movie's total demand; and that the primary channel for this effect is through the greater awareness induced by being #1.

Background: Cervical cytology remains widely used as the initial tool in cervical cancer screening worldwide. WHO guidelines recommend replacing cytology with primary HPV testing to reach cervical cancer elimination goals. We assessed the performance of cytology and high-risk HPV testing to detect cervical precancer, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 3 or worse (CIN3+) among women aged 30-64 years participating in the ESTAMPA study. Methods: Women were screened with cytology and HPV across ESTAMPA study centres in Latin America. Screen-positives were referred to colposcopy with biopsy collection and treatment as needed. Those with no evident precancer were recalled at 18-months for a second HPV test to complete disease ascertainment. Performance indicators for cytology and HPV to detect CIN3+ were estimated. Findings: 30,606 participants with available cytology and HPV results were included in the analysis. A total of 440 histologically confirmed CIN3s and 30 cancers were diagnosed. Cytology sensitivity for CIN3+ was 48.5% (95% CI: 44.0-53.0), whereas HPV testing had a sensitivity of 98.1% (95% CI: 96.3-96.7). Specificity was 96.5% (95% CI: 96.3-96.7) using cytology and 88.7% (95% CI: 88.3-89.0) with HPV. Performance estimates varied substantially by study centre for cytology (ranging from 32.1% to 87.5% for sensitivity and from 89.2% to 99.5% for specificity) while for HPV results were more consistent across sites (96.7%-100% and 83.6-90.8%, respectively). Interpretation: The limited and highly variable sensitivity of cytology strongly supports transition to the more robust and reproducible HPV-based cervical screening to ensure progress towards global cervical cancer elimination targets in Latin America. Funding: IARC/WHO, UNDP, HRP/WHO, NCI and local funders.