Yerevan State University

Environmental exposure to active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can have negative effects on the health of ecosystems and humans. While numerous studies have monitored APIs in rivers, these employ different analytical methods, measure different APIs, and have ignored many of the countries of the world. This makes it difficult to quantify the scale of the problem from a global perspective. Furthermore, comparison of the existing data, generated for different studies/regions/continents, is challenging due to the vast differences between the analytical methodologies employed. Here, we present a global-scale study of API pollution in 258 of the world's rivers, representing the environmental influence of 471.4 million people across 137 geographic regions. Samples were obtained from 1,052 locations in 104 countries (representing all continents and 36 countries not previously studied for API contamination) and analyzed for 61 APIs. Highest cumulative API concentrations were observed in sub-Saharan Africa, south Asia, and South America. The most contaminated sites were in low- to middle-income countries and were associated with areas with poor wastewater and waste management infrastructure and pharmaceutical manufacturing. The most frequently detected APIs were carbamazepine, metformin, and caffeine (a compound also arising from lifestyle use), which were detected at over half of the sites monitored. Concentrations of at least one API at 25.7% of the sampling sites were greater than concentrations considered safe for aquatic organisms, or which are of concern in terms of selection for antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, pharmaceutical pollution poses a global threat to environmental and human health, as well as to delivery of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

Health care is one of the most exciting frontiers in data mining and machine learning. Successful adoption of electronic health records (EHRs) created an explosion in digital clinical data available for analysis, but progress in machine learning for healthcare research has been difficult to measure because of the absence of publicly available benchmark data sets. To address this problem, we propose four clinical prediction benchmarks using data derived from the publicly available Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC-III) database. These tasks cover a range of clinical problems including modeling risk of mortality, forecasting length of stay, detecting physiologic decline, and phenotype classification. We propose strong linear and neural baselines for all four tasks and evaluate the effect of deep supervision, multitask training and data-specific architectural modifications on the performance of neural models.

The bacteria Yersinia pestis is the etiological agent of plague and has caused human pandemics with millions of deaths in historic times. How and when it originated remains contentious. Here, we report the oldest direct evidence of Yersinia pestis identified by ancient DNA in human teeth from Asia and Europe dating from 2,800 to 5,000 years ago. By sequencing the genomes, we find that these ancient plague strains are basal to all known Yersinia pestis. We find the origins of the Yersinia pestis lineage to be at least two times older than previous estimates. We also identify a temporal sequence of genetic changes that lead to increased virulence and the emergence of the bubonic plague. Our results show that plague infection was endemic in the human populations of Eurasia at least 3,000 years before any historical recordings of pandemics.

A new scheme for testing nuclear matter equations of state (EoSs) at high densities using constraints from neutron star (NS) phenomenology and a flow data analysis of heavy-ion collisions is suggested. An acceptable EoS shall not allow the direct Urca process to occur in NSs with masses below $1.5{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$, and also shall not contradict flow and kaon production data of heavy-ion collisions. Compact star constraints include the mass measurements of $2.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$ ($1\ensuremath{\sigma}$ level) for PSR J0751+1807 and of $2.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$ from the innermost stable circular orbit for 4U 1636--536, the baryon mass---gravitational mass relationships from Pulsar B in J0737--3039 and the mass-radius relationships from quasiperiodic brightness oscillations in 4U 0614+09 and from the thermal emission of RX J1856--3754. This scheme is applied to a set of relativistic EoSs which are constrained otherwise from nuclear matter saturation properties. We demonstrate on the given examples that the test scheme due to the quality of the newly emerging astrophysical data leads to useful selection criteria for the high-density behavior of nuclear EoSs.

BACKGROUND: The 2009 H1N1 pandemic highlighted the need to routinely monitor severe influenza, which lead to the establishment of sentinel hospital-based surveillance of severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) in several countries in Europe. The objective of this study is to describe characteristics of SARI patients and to explore risk factors for a severe outcome in influenza-positive SARI patients. METHODS: Data on hospitalised patients meeting a syndromic SARI case definition between 2009 and 2012 from nine countries in Eastern Europe (Albania, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Romania, Russian Federation and Ukraine) were included in this study. An exploratory analysis was performed to assess the association between risk factors and a severe (ICU, fatal) outcome in influenza-positive SARI patients using a multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Nine countries reported a total of 13,275 SARI patients. The majority of SARI patients reported in these countries were young children. A total of 12,673 SARI cases (95%) were tested for influenza virus and 3377 (27%) were laboratory confirmed. The majority of tested SARI cases were from Georgia, the Russian Federation and Ukraine and the least were from Kyrgyzstan. The proportion positive varied by country, season and age group, with a tendency to a higher proportion positive in the 15+ yrs age group in six of the countries. ICU admission and fatal outcome were most often recorded for influenza-positive SARI cases aged > 15 yrs. An exploratory analysis using pooled data from influenza-positive SARI cases in three countries showed that age > 15 yrs, having lung, heart, kidney or liver disease, and being pregnant were independently associated with a fatal outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Countries in Eastern Europe have been able to collect data through routine monitoring of severe influenza and results on risk factors for a severe outcome in influenza-positive SARI cases have identified several risk groups. This is especially relevant in the light of an overall low vaccination uptake and antiviral use in Eastern Europe, since information on risk factors will help in targeting and prioritising vulnerable populations.

Oxidative phosphorylation involves the coupling of ATP synthesis to the proton-motive force that is generated typically by a series of membrane-bound electron transfer complexes, which ultimately reduce an exogenous terminal electron acceptor. This is not the case with Pyrococcus furiosus, an archaeon that grows optimally near 100 degrees C. It has an anaerobic respiratory system that consists of a single enzyme, a membrane-bound hydrogenase. Moreover, it does not require an added electron acceptor as the enzyme reduces protons, the simplest of acceptors, to hydrogen gas by using electrons from the cytoplasmic redox protein ferredoxin. It is demonstrated that the production of hydrogen gas by membrane vesicles of P. furiosus is directly coupled to the synthesis of ATP by means of a proton-motive force that has both electrochemical and pH components. Such a respiratory system enables rationalization in this organism of an unusual glycolytic pathway that was previously thought not to conserve energy. It is now clear that the use of ferredoxin in place of the expected NAD as the electron acceptor for glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate oxidation enables energy to be conserved by hydrogen production. In addition, this simple respiratory mechanism readily explains why the growth yields of P. furiosus are much higher than could be accounted for if ATP synthesis occurred only by substrate-level phosphorylation. The ability of microorganisms such as P. furiosus to couple hydrogen production to energy conservation has important ramifications not only in the evolution of respiratory systems but also in the origin of life itself.

We elucidate grapevine evolution and domestication histories with 3525 cultivated and wild accessions worldwide. In the Pleistocene, harsh climate drove the separation of wild grape ecotypes caused by continuous habitat fragmentation. Then, domestication occurred concurrently about 11,000 years ago in Western Asia and the Caucasus to yield table and wine grapevines. The Western Asia domesticates dispersed into Europe with early farmers, introgressed with ancient wild western ecotypes, and subsequently diversified along human migration trails into muscat and unique western wine grape ancestries by the late Neolithic. Analyses of domestication traits also reveal new insights into selection for berry palatability, hermaphroditism, muscat flavor, and berry skin color. These data demonstrate the role of the grapevines in the early inception of agriculture across Eurasia.

Effectively reducing climate change requires marked, global behavior change. However, it is unclear which strategies are most likely to motivate people to change their climate beliefs and behaviors. Here, we tested 11 expert-crowdsourced interventions on four climate mitigation outcomes: beliefs, policy support, information sharing intention, and an effortful tree-planting behavioral task. Across 59,440 participants from 63 countries, the interventions' effectiveness was small, largely limited to nonclimate skeptics, and differed across outcomes: Beliefs were strengthened mostly by decreasing psychological distance (by 2.3%), policy support by writing a letter to a future-generation member (2.6%), information sharing by negative emotion induction (12.1%), and no intervention increased the more effortful behavior-several interventions even reduced tree planting. Last, the effects of each intervention differed depending on people's initial climate beliefs. These findings suggest that the impact of behavioral climate interventions varies across audiences and target behaviors.

It is shown that at the propagation of a surface polariton through a pointed cone its wavelength decreases to zero as it approaches the edge of the cone. As a result, the polariton is focused in a very small region and the strengths of the wave fields anomalously increase. The phenomenon could be used for creation of a scanning near-field optical microscope to investigate the nanometer-scale surface areas.

The quantum dot solar cell concept is proposed as a scheme for increased solar cell efficiency. A theoretical model is presented for a practical p–i–n quantum dot solar cell, based on the self-organized InAs/GaAs system. The advantages of using the quantum dot in the active region for photon absorption in the long-wavelength part of the spectrum, leading to cell efficiency, is discussed.

Norm enforcement may be important for resolving conflicts and promoting cooperation. However, little is known about how preferred responses to norm violations vary across cultures and across domains. In a preregistered study of 57 countries (using convenience samples of 22,863 students and non-students), we measured perceptions of the appropriateness of various responses to a violation of a cooperative norm and to atypical social behaviors. Our findings highlight both cultural universals and cultural variation. We find a universal negative relation between appropriateness ratings of norm violations and appropriateness ratings of responses in the form of confrontation, social ostracism and gossip. Moreover, we find the country variation in the appropriateness of sanctions to be consistent across different norm violations but not across different sanctions. Specifically, in those countries where use of physical confrontation and social ostracism is rated as less appropriate, gossip is rated as more appropriate.

Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a global protozoan parasite infecting up to one-third of the world population. The most widely used drugs for treatment of toxoplasmosis are pyrimethamine (PYR) and sulfadiazine (SDZ); however, several failure cases have been recorded as well; suggesting the existence of drug resistant strains. In this systematic review, the data was collected from six English data bases (PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, ISI Web of Science and EBSCO) to evaluate drug resistance in T. gondii including in vitro and in vivo studies. Results of the present review were 34 research papers evaluated 37 drugs and compounds and more than 100 resistant strains of T. gondii during 1977- February 2017. In 12 surveys, T. gondii mutants were identified as a good model to study mechanisms of resistance and drug target in parasites. Interestingly, analogous amino acid substitutions in the Toxoplasma enzyme identified to confer PYR resistance. Moreover, resistance to clindamycin, spiramycin and azithromycin is encoded in the rRNA genes of T. gondii. However, T. gondii SDZ resistance mechanism has not been proved yet. As the only worrying trend is a very slight recent increase in the SDZ resistance, most of the studies were carried out using SDZ. Six resistance strains to SDZ were found in clinical cases between 2013 and 2017. Among them the Brazilian T. gondii isolates, of TgCTBr11, Ck3 and Pg1 were identified in human toxoplasmosis, as well as in livestock intended for human consumption. In conclusion, recent experimental studies in clinical cases have clearly shown that drug resistance in Toxoplasma is ongoing. Thus, establish a more effective therapeutic scheme in the treatment of toxoplasmosis is critically needed. The emergence of T. gondii strains resistant to cur¬rent drugs, reviewed here, repre¬sents a concern not only for treatment failure but also for increased clinical severity in immunocompromised patients. To improve the therapeutic outcome in patients, development of a greater understanding of exact mechanisms of drug resistance in T. gondii is needed. Additionally, monitoring the presence of resistant parasites, in food products, would thus seem a prudent public health program.

The Lower to Middle Paleolithic transition (~400,000 to 200,000 years ago) is marked by technical, behavioral, and anatomical changes among hominin populations throughout Africa and Eurasia. The replacement of bifacial stone tools, such as handaxes, by tools made on flakes detached from Levallois cores documents the most important conceptual shift in stone tool production strategies since the advent of bifacial technology more than one million years earlier and has been argued to result from the expansion of archaic Homo sapiens out of Africa. Our data from Nor Geghi 1, Armenia, record the earliest synchronic use of bifacial and Levallois technology outside Africa and are consistent with the hypothesis that this transition occurred independently within geographically dispersed, technologically precocious hominin populations with a shared technological ancestry.

The phase diagram of three-flavor quark matter under compact star constraints is investigated within a Nambu--Jona-Lasinio model. Global color and electric charge neutrality is imposed for $\ensuremath{\beta}$-equilibrated superconducting quark matter. The constituent quark masses and the diquark condensates are determined self-consistently in the plane of temperature and quark chemical potential. Both strong and intermediate diquark coupling strengths are considered. We show that in both cases, gapless superconducting phases do not occur at temperatures relevant for compact star evolution, i.e., below $T\ensuremath{\sim}50\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}$. The stability and structure of isothermal quark star configurations are evaluated. For intermediate coupling, quark stars are composed of a mixed phase of normal (NQ) and two-flavor superconducting (2SC) quark matter up to a maximum mass of $1.21\text{ }\text{ }{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$. At higher central densities, a phase transition to the three-flavor color flavor locked (CFL) phase occurs and the configurations become unstable. For the strong diquark coupling we find stable stars in the 2SC phase, with masses up to $1.33\text{ }\text{ }{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$. A second family of more compact configurations (twins) with a CFL quark matter core and a 2SC shell is also found to be stable. The twins have masses in the range $1.30\dots{}1.33\text{ }\text{ }{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$. We consider also hot isothermal configurations at temperature $T=40\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}$. When the hot maximum mass configuration cools down, due to emission of photons and neutrinos, a mass defect of $0.1\text{ }\text{ }{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$ occurs and two final state configurations are possible.

By sequencing 727 ancient individuals from the Southern Arc (Anatolia and its neighbors in Southeastern Europe and West Asia) over 10,000 years, we contextualize its Chalcolithic period and Bronze Age (about 5000 to 1000 BCE), when extensive gene flow entangled it with the Eurasian steppe. Two streams of migration transmitted Caucasus and Anatolian/Levantine ancestry northward, and the Yamnaya pastoralists, formed on the steppe, then spread southward into the Balkans and across the Caucasus into Armenia, where they left numerous patrilineal descendants. Anatolia was transformed by intra-West Asian gene flow, with negligible impact of the later Yamnaya migrations. This contrasts with all other regions where Indo-European languages were spoken, suggesting that the homeland of the Indo-Anatolian language family was in West Asia, with only secondary dispersals of non-Anatolian Indo-Europeans from the steppe.

BACKGROUND: Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruits are widely consumed and used as preventive and therapeutic agents since ancient times. Pomegranate is a rich source of a variety of phytochemicals, which are responsible for its strong antioxidative and anti-inflammatory potential. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this review is to provide an up-to-date overview of the current knowledge of chemical structure and potential health benefits of pomegranate. METHODS: A comprehensive search of available literature. RESULTS: The review of the literature confirms that juice and extracts obtained from different parts of this plant, including fruit peel, seeds, and leaves exert health benefits in both in vitro and in vivo studies. The antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antimicrobial and anti-tumour effects of pomegranate fruit are of particular scientific and clinical interest. CONCLUSION: Further investigations are required to clarify the mechanism of action of the bioactive ingredients and to reveal full potential of pomegranate as both preventive and therapeutic agent.

BACKGROUND: The plants belonging to the Ocimum genus of the Lamiaceae family are considered to be a rich source of essential oils which have expressed biological activity and use in different area of human activity. There is a great variety of chemotypes within the same basil species. Essential oils from three different cultivars of basil, O. basilicum var. purpureum, O. basilicum var. thyrsiflora, and O. citriodorum Vis. were the subjects of our investigations. METHODS: The oils were obtained by steam distillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus. The gas chromatography mass selective analysis was used to determine their chemical composition. The antioxidant activities of these essential oils were measured using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assays; the tyrosinase inhibition abilities of the given group of oils were also assessed spectophotometrically, and the antimicrobial activity of the essential oils was determined by the agar diffusion method, minimal inhibitory concentrations were expressed. RESULTS: According to the results, the qualitative and quantitative composition of essential oils was quite different: O. basilicum var. purpureum essential oil contained 57.3% methyl-chavicol (estragol); O. basilicum var. thyrsiflora oil had 68.0% linalool. The main constituents of O. citriodorum oil were nerol (23.0%) and citral (20.7%). The highest antioxidant activity was demonstrated by O. basilicum var. thyrsiflora essential oil. This oil has also exhibited the highest tyrosinase inhibition level, whereas the oil from O. citriodorum cultivar demonstrated the highest antimicrobial activity. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained indicate that these essential oils have antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activity and can be used as natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agents in medicine, food industry and cosmetics.

We study the Casimir effect for scalar fields with general curvature coupling subject to mixed boundary conditions (1 + β m n μ ∂ μ )φ = 0 at x = a m on one ( m = 1) and two ( m = 1, 2) parallel plates at a distance a ≡ a 2 − a 1 from each other. Making use of the generalized Abel–Plana formula previously established by one of the authors [1], the Casimir energy densities are obtained as functions of β 1 and of β 1 , β 2 , a respectively. In the case of two parallel plates, a decomposition of the total Casimir energy into volumic and superficial contributions is provided. The possibility of finding a vanishing energy for particular parameter choices is shown and the existence of a minimum to the surface part is also observed. We show that there is a region in the space of parameters defining the boundary conditions in which the Casimir forces are repulsive for small distances and attractive for large distances. This yields the interesting possibility of stabilizing the distance between the plates by using the vacuum forces.

The effect of different stacking order of graphene multilayers on the electric field induced band gap is investigated. We considered a positively charged top and a negatively charged back gate in order to independently tune the band gap and the Fermi energy of three and four layer graphene systems. A tight-binding approach within a self-consistent Hartree approximation is used to calculate the induced charges on the different graphene layers. We found that the gap for trilayer graphene with the $ABC$ stacking is much larger than the corresponding gap for the $ABA$ trilayer. Also we predict that for four layers of graphene the energy gap strongly depends on the choice of stacking, and we found that the gap for the different types of stacking is much larger as compared to the case of Bernal stacking. Trigonal warping changes the size of the induced electronic gap by approximately 30% for intermediate and large values of the induced electron density.

This paper will talk all about advantages of Online Learning. Which Online learning (also known as electronic learning or e-learning) is the result of teaching delivered electronically using computer-based media. The material is frequently accessed via a network, including websites, the internet, intranets, CDs and DVDs. E-learning not only accesses information (eg, putting up web pages), but also helps learners with specific results (eg achieving goals). In addition to delivering e-learning teaching, it can monitor student performance and report student progress.