York College, City University of New York

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. For example, a key point that needs to be emphasized is thatthere is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process versus those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the completeprocess including the amount and rate of cargo sequestered and degraded). In particular, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation must be differentiated from stimuli that increase autophagic activity, defined as increasedautophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (inmost higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in manycases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. It is worth emphasizing here that lysosomal digestion is a stage of autophagy and evaluating its competence is a crucial part of the evaluation of autophagic flux, or complete autophagy. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as forreviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multipleassays to monitor autophagy. Along these lines, because of the potential for pleiotropic effects due to blocking autophagy through genetic manipulation, it is imperative to target by gene knockout or RNA interference more than one autophagyrelated protein. In addition, some individual Atg proteins, or groups of proteins, are involved in other cellular pathways implying that not all Atg proteins can be used as a specific marker for an autophagic process. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.

autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field.

6 4 0.1 to 0.3 5 xlo 0.3 to 1.97 8 4 0.13 to 0.26 63 0 to 0.31 m-Aminohippuric acid 5 2 0 to 0.06 2 ' 0 to 0.02 4 2 0 2 3 0 to 0.01 p-Amitohippuric acid 11i6 0 6 6 O to 0.18 9 c O to 0.10 8 6 O to 0.4 p-Aminohippuric acid 5 2 0 5 2 0 2 3 0 p-Acetylaminohippuric acid 28 0.08toO.11 36 0 16 0 p-Acetylaminohippuric acid 2 2 0 1 ' 0 p-Aminomandelic acid 4 2 0 to 0.08 4 2 0 to 0.05 1 3 0.17 p-Aminophenylsuccinic acid 12 0.02 1 0.02 p-Aminophenaceturic acid 3 2 O to 0.01 Diodrast 9 2 0 1 ' 0.24 3 ' 0.24 to 0.35 p-Aminobenzoic acid 2 2 0

Dating back to the early 80s, the FL/SL literature on learner strategies and on self-directed language learning documents an ongoing recognition of the need to help language learners reflect upon and refine their beliefs and knowledge about learning, ie. their metacognitive knowledge. To date, however, this literature has not been explicit about the function of this knowledge in language learning. This article reviews selected theoretical and research literature on metacognition to address this lack. It argues that insights provided by the review can enhance our understanding of those approaches to second language acquisition which assign an active role to the learner, and concludes with a consideration of practical implications for foreign and second language instruction

Accurate SCF calculations have been carried out to investigate the potential of interaction for pairs and triplets of water molecules. The most stable pair configuration involves a linear hydrogen bond of length ROO = 3.00 Å and strength 4.72 kcal/mole. Three-molecule nonadditivities are large in magnitude and vary in sign according to the hydrogen-bond pattern involved. In both aqueous liquids and solids, the net trimer nonadditivity effect amounts to increased binding energy, decreased neighbor distance, and slightly enhanced tendency toward perfect tetrahedral coordination symmetry. The nonadditivity furthermore is inconsistent with the phenomenology of simple mutual electrostatic polarization between neighboring molecules.

Lactobacilli are a diverse group of species that occupy diverse nutrient-rich niches associated with humans, animals, plants and food. They are used widely in biotechnology and food preservation, and are being explored as therapeutics. Exploiting lactobacilli has been complicated by metabolic diversity, unclear species identity and uncertain relationships between them and other commercially important lactic acid bacteria. The capacity for biotransformations catalysed by lactobacilli is an untapped biotechnology resource. Here we report the genome sequences of 213 Lactobacillus strains and associated genera, and their encoded genetic catalogue for modifying carbohydrates and proteins. In addition, we describe broad and diverse presence of novel CRISPR-Cas immune systems in lactobacilli that may be exploited for genome editing. We rationalize the phylogenomic distribution of host interaction factors and bacteriocins that affect their natural and industrial environments, and mechanisms to withstand stress during technological processes. We present a robust phylogenomic framework of existing species and for classifying new species.

BACKGROUND: Human skin emits a variety of volatile metabolites, many of them odorous. Much previous work has focused upon chemical structure and biogenesis of metabolites produced in the axillae (underarms), which are a primary source of human body odour. Nonaxillary skin also harbours volatile metabolites, possibly with different biological origins than axillary odorants. OBJECTIVES: To take inventory of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the upper back and forearm skin, and assess their relative quantitative variation across 25 healthy subjects. METHODS: Two complementary sampling techniques were used to obtain comprehensive VOC profiles, viz., solid-phase microextraction and solvent extraction. Analyses were performed using both gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography with flame photometric detection. RESULTS: Nearly 100 compounds were identified, some of which varied with age. The VOC profiles of the upper back and forearm within a subject were, for the most part, similar, although there were notable differences. CONCLUSIONS: The natural variation in nonaxillary skin odorants described in this study provides a baseline of compounds we have identified from both endogenous and exogenous sources. Although complex, the profiles of volatile constituents suggest that the two body locations share a considerable number of compounds, but both quantitative and qualitative differences are present. In addition, quantitative changes due to ageing are also present. These data may provide future investigators of skin VOCs with a baseline against which any abnormalities can be viewed in searching for biomarkers of skin diseases.

BACKGROUND: Students and teachers in twenty-first century STEM classrooms face significant challenges in preparing for post-secondary education, career, and citizenship. Educators have advocated for student-centered instruction as a way to face these challenges, with multiple programs emerging to shape and define such contexts. However, the ways to support teachers as they transition into non-traditional teaching must be developed. The purpose of this study is to explore the impacts on educators of teaching in student-centered, peer-mediated STEM classrooms and preparing student peer leaders for their roles in these classes. Research questions examined how teachers think about themselves as they implement student-centered pedagogy, the difficulties they face as their roles and identities shift, and the ways they grow or resist growth. Qualitative research conducted at two urban secondary schools documents the diverse experiences and responses of teachers in an innovative, student-centered STEM instructional program. The experiences and perceptions of 13 STEM teachers illuminate the possibilities and challenges for teachers in student-centered classrooms. RESULTS: All participating teachers described multiple benefits of teaching in a student-centered classroom and differences from traditional classrooms. Their transitions to this type of teaching fell into three major categories based upon past identities and current beliefs. Some teachers found the pedagogy consistent with preexisting identities and embraced it without radical change to their concepts of teaching. They described ways in which the model helped them become the teachers they had always wanted to be. Other teachers, who initially identified as deliverers of STEM content, had more difficult experiences adjusting to student-centered instruction. In one case, a teacher resisted change and exited the program, maintaining her identity and deciding not to become student-centered. Other participating teachers made dramatic shifts in their identities in order to implement the program. These teachers described significant learning curves as they shared responsibility for student learning with student leaders. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that radically changing the learning environment can affect teachers' identities and their approaches to teaching in predictable ways that can inform teacher education and professional development programs for STEM teachers, maximizing the success of teachers as they implement student-centered pedagogy.

From the foods we eat and the houses we construct, to our religious practices and political organization, to who we can marry and the types of games we teach our children, the diversity of cultural practices in the world is astounding. Yet, our ability to visualize and understand this diversity is limited by the ways it has been documented and shared: on a culture-by-culture basis, in locally-told stories or difficult-to-access repositories. In this paper we introduce D-PLACE, the Database of Places, Language, Culture, and Environment. This expandable and open-access database (accessible at https://d-place.org) brings together a dispersed corpus of information on the geography, language, culture, and environment of over 1400 human societies. We aim to enable researchers to investigate the extent to which patterns in cultural diversity are shaped by different forces, including shared history, demographics, migration/diffusion, cultural innovations, and environmental and ecological conditions. We detail how D-PLACE helps to overcome four common barriers to understanding these forces: i) location of relevant cultural data, (ii) linking data from distinct sources using diverse ethnonyms, (iii) variable time and place foci for data, and (iv) spatial and historical dependencies among cultural groups that present challenges for analysis. D-PLACE facilitates the visualisation of relationships among cultural groups and between people and their environments, with results downloadable as tables, on a map, or on a linguistic tree. We also describe how D-PLACE can be used for exploratory, predictive, and evolutionary analyses of cultural diversity by a range of users, from members of the worldwide public interested in contrasting their own cultural practices with those of other societies, to researchers using large-scale computational phylogenetic analyses to study cultural evolution. In summary, we hope that D-PLACE will enable new lines of investigation into the major drivers of cultural change and global patterns of cultural diversity.

Abstract Aims To estimate the effects of needle and syringe programmes (NSP) and opioid substitution therapy (OST), alone or in combination, for preventing acquisition of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in people who inject drugs (PWID). Methods Systematic review and meta‐analysis. Bibliographic databases were searched for studies measuring concurrent exposure to current OST (within the last 6 months) and/or NSP and HCV incidence among PWID. High NSP coverage was defined as regular NSP attendance or ≥ 100% coverage (receiving sufficient or greater number of needles and syringes per reported injecting frequency). Studies were assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias in non‐randomized studies tool. Random‐effects models were used in meta‐analysis. Results We identified 28 studies ( n = 6279) in North America (13), United Kingdom (five), Europe (four), Australia (five) and China (one). Studies were at moderate (two), serious (17) critical (seven) and non‐assessable risk of bias (two). Current OST is associated with 50% [risk ratio (RR) =0.50, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.40–0.63] reduction in HCV acquisition risk, consistent across region and with low heterogeneity ( I 2 = 0, P = 0.889). Weaker evidence was found for high NSP coverage (RR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.39–1.61) with high heterogeneity ( I 2 = 77%, P = 0.002). After stratifying by region, high NSP coverage in Europe was associated with a 56% reduction in HCV acquisition risk (RR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.24–0.80) with low heterogeneity ( I 2 = 12.3%, P = 0.337), but not in North America (RR = 1.58, I 2 = 89.5%, P = < 0.001). Combined OST/NSP is associated with a 74% reduction in HCV acquisition risk (RR = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.07–0.89, I 2 = 80% P = 0.007). According to Grades of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria, the evidence on OST and combined OST/NSP is low quality, while NSP is very low. Conclusions Opioid substitution therapy reduces risk of hepatitis C acquisition and is strengthened in combination with needle and syringe programmes (NSP). There is weaker evidence for the impact of needle syringe programmes alone, although stronger evidence that high coverage is associated with reduced risk in Europe.

The panoply of microorganisms and other species present in our environment influence human health and disease, especially in cities, but have not been profiled with metagenomics at a city-wide scale. We sequenced DNA from surfaces across the entire New York City (NYC) subway system, the Gowanus Canal, and public parks. Nearly half of the DNA (48%) does not match any known organism; identified organisms spanned 1,688 bacterial, viral, archaeal, and eukaryotic taxa, which were enriched for genera associated with skin (e.g., Acinetobacter ). Predicted ancestry of human DNA left on subway surfaces can recapitulate U.S. Census demographic data, and bacterial signatures can match a station's history, such as marine-associated bacteria in a hurricane-flooded station. This baseline metagenomic map of NYC could help long-term disease surveillance, bioterrorism threat mitigation, and health management in the built environment of cities.

Quantum numbers, notation, closed shells, molecular states.---The problem of making a complete assignment of quantum numbers for the electrons in a (non-rotating) diatomic molecule is considered. A tentative assignment of such quantum numbers is made in this paper (cf. Table III) for most of the known electronic states of diatomic molecules composed of atoms of the first short period of the periodic system. The assignments are based mainly on band spectrum, and to a lesser extent on ionization potential and positive ray, data. The methods used involve the application and extension of Hund's theoretical work on the electronic states of molecules. Although the actual state of the electrons in a molecule, as contrasted with an atom, cannot ordinarily be expected to be described accurately by quantum numbers corresponding to simple mechanical quantities, such quantum numbers can nevertheless be assigned formally, with the understanding that their mechanical interpretation in the real molecule (obtainable by an adiabatic correlation) may differ markedly from that corresponding to a literal interpretation. With this understanding, a suitable choice of quantum numbers for a diatomic molecule appears to be one corresponding to an atom in a strong electric field, namely, quantum numbers ${n}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$, ${l}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$, ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{{l}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}}$, and ${s}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}({s}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}=\frac{1}{2} \mathrm{always})$ for the $\ensuremath{\tau}'\mathrm{th}$ electron, and quantum numbers $s$, ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{l}$, and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{s}$ for the molecule as a whole (${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{{l}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{s}$ represent quantized components of ${l}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ and $s$, respectively, with reference to the line joining the nuclei). These quantum numbers may be thought of as those associated with the imagined "united atom" formed by bringing the nuclei of the molecule together. A notation is then proposed whereby the state of each electron and of the molecule as a whole can be designated, e.g. ${(1{s}^{s})}^{2}{(2{s}^{p})}^{2}{(2{s}^{s})}^{2}(2{p}^{p})$, $^{2}P$ for a seven-electron molecule with ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{l}=1$, $s=\frac{1}{2}$; in a symbol such as $2{s}^{p}$ the superscript denotes ${l}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$, the main letter, ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{{l}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}}$, thus $2{s}^{p}$ means that the electron in question has ${n}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}=2$, ${l}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}=1$, ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{l\ensuremath{\tau}}=0$. Electrons with ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{{l}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}}=0, 1, 2, \ensuremath{\cdots}$, are referred to as $s, p, d, \ensuremath{\cdots}$, electrons. It is shown that in a molecule it is usually natural to define a group of equivalent electrons giving a resultant ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{l}=0$, $s=0$ as a closed shell; in this sense, two $s$ electrons, or four $p, or d, f, \ensuremath{\cdots}$, electrons form a closed shell. The possible molecular states corresponding to various electron configurations are deduced by means of the Pauli principle (cf. Table I, and Appendix).Promoted electrons, binding energy, bonding power, and relation of molecular to atomic electron states.---As Hund has shown, some of the electrons must undergo an increase in their $n$ values (principal quantum numbers) when atoms unite to form a molecule. Such electrons are here called promoted electrons. The electrons in a molecule may be classified according to their bonding power, positive, zero, or negative. Electrons whose presence tends to hold a molecule together, as judged by the fact that their removal from a stable molecule causes a decrease in the energy of dissociation $D$ or an increase in the equilibrium internuclear separation ${r}_{0}$ may be said to have positive bonding power, and are identified with, or defined as, bonding electrons. The definitions of bonding power in terms of changes of $D$, and of changes of ${r}_{0}$, are unfortunately not in general equivalent, and we must accordingly distinguish "energy-bonding-power" and "distance-binding-power". On the whole, promoted electrons should tend to show negative energy-bonding-power, unpromoted electrons positive energy-bonding-power, but much should depend on "orbit dimensions."Certain rules governing the relations of the electronic states of a molecule to those of its dissociation products are discussed; in addition to theoretical rules established by Hund in regard to ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{l}$ and $s$ values, another, presumably less strict, rule is here proposed, namely that the ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{{l}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}}$ values of all the atomic electrons before union should be preserved in the molecule (${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{{l}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}}$ conservation rule). Selection rules for electronic transitions are also discussed; in addition to rules given by Hund, the following are proposed: $\ensuremath{\Delta}{l}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ for intense transitions; $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{{l}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}}=0, \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$.Results.---The key to the assignment of quantum numbers made here is found in the fact that the molecules BO, C${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$, and CN show an inverted $^{2}P$ state instead of the normal $^{2}P$ which should occur if this state were analogous to the ordinary $^{2}P$ states of the Na atom. The existence of such a low-lying inverted $^{2}P$ indicates that in these molecules there exists a closed shell of $p$ electrons from which one is easily excited. It is concluded that this is a ${(2{p}^{p})}^{4}$ shell. The identification of two other closed shells, of $s$ electrons, very likely ${(3{s}^{p})}^{2}$ and ${(3{s}^{s})}^{2}$, follows; the electrons in these and the ${(2{p}^{p})}^{4}$ shell are roughly equal in energy of binding. According to this interpretation, the electron jumps involved in the band spectra of BO, CN, C${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$, and ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}^{+}$ are more analogous to X-ray than to optical electron transitions. From this beginning, proceeding to CO, ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, NO, ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}$, etc., a self-consistent assignment of quantum numbers is built up for most of the known states of the various molecules treated in this paper. The spectroscopic analogies of CN, ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, NO, etc., to Na, Mg, Al are justified and the partial failures of these analogies, such as the chemical resemblance of CN to a halogen, are explained. Nearly all the hitherto observed ionization potentials of the molecules discussed can be accounted for by the removal of a single electron from one or another of the various closed shells supposed to be present. The ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}^{+}$ band fluorescence produced by short wave length ultraviolet light (Oldenberg) is accounted for as the expected result of photo-ionization of a $3{s}^{p}$ electron. The steadily decreasing heat of dissociation in the series ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$-NO-${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$-${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ is accounted for by the successive addition of promoted $3{p}^{p}$ electrons with strong negative bonding power. Starting from ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, whose normal state corresponds to a $^{1}S$ configuration of closed shells, we add one $3{p}^{p}$ electron to give the $^{2}P$ normal state of NO and ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{+}$, two to give the $^{3}S$ normal state of ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, four to give a closed shell, ${(3{p}^{p})}^{4}$, which accounts for the $^{1}S$ normal state of ${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$.In ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ (probably also in ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and the other homopolar molecules, but data are too few), band systems for which $\ensuremath{\Delta}{l}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}\ensuremath{\ne}1$ are notably lacking, thus giving support to Hund's predicted selection rule for homopolar molecules; in the analogous heteropolar molecule CO, many systems occur with $\ensuremath{\Delta}{l}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}=0$, although they are probably weaker, as expected, than those for which $\ensuremath{\Delta}{l}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$. On account of this strict selection rule in ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, certain levels should be metastable, in particular the final level of the afterglow ($\ensuremath{\alpha}$) bands of active nitrogen. There is evidence for the existence of a strict selection rule $\ensuremath{\Delta}s=1$ in homopolar molecules.

We present cross‐cultural data on the existence of a pervasive institutional and ideological complex of male supremacy in band and village sociocultural systems, and we identify warfare as the most important cause of this complex. We explain the perpetuation of warfare in band and village society and its interaction with selective female infanticide as a response to the need to regulate population growth in the absence of effective or less costly alternatives. Our hypothesis is supported by a demographic analysis of 561 local band and village populations from 112 societies.

Cultivating a more dynamic relationship between science and policy is essential for responding to complex social challenges such as sustainability. One approach to doing so is to "span the boundaries" between science and decision making and create a more comprehensive and inclusive knowledge exchange process. The exact definition and role of boundary spanning, however, can be nebulous. Indeed, boundary spanning often gets conflated and confused with other approaches to connecting science and policy, such as science communication, applied science, and advocacy, which can hinder progress in the field of boundary spanning. To help overcome this, in this perspective, we present the outcomes from a recent workshop of boundary-spanning practitioners gathered to (1) articulate a definition of what it means to work at this interface ("boundary spanning") and the types of activities it encompasses; (2) present a value proposition of these efforts to build better relationships between science and policy; and (3) identify opportunities to more effectively mainstream boundary-spanning activities. Drawing on our collective experiences, we suggest that boundary spanning has the potential to increase the efficiency by which useful research is produced, foster the capacity to absorb new evidence and perspectives into sustainability decision-making, enhance research relevance for societal challenges, and open new policy windows. We provide examples from our work that illustrate this potential. By offering these propositions for the value of boundary spanning, we hope to encourage a more robust discussion of how to achieve evidence-informed decision-making for sustainability.

Abstract During the quiescent fourth larval instar the larva of Drosophila becomes loosened from the puparium and takes on the form of a pupa. A large gas bubble is formed within the body during this prepupal period. At the end of this stadium, which lasts 11 1/2 hours at 25°C., it pupates, shedding the prepupal cuticle. The gas bubble is used as a mechanism to separate the cuticie from its hypodermis. Practically all of the tissues undergo histolysis and are replaced by imaginal structures derived from specialized cells. Some of the muscles persist longer than the general mass and perform special functions in the pupa. The sequence of histolytic and histogenetic changes is accurately timed at a constant temperature.

Self-consistent-field calculations are reported for the ground state of the water molecule in a contracted and uncontracted Gaussian basis set. The uncontracted set is shown to be near the Hartree–Fock limit for water. One-electron properties were computed from both wavefunctions. Our best estimates for several of these quantities are: dipole moment, μz = 1.995 D; quadrupole moment, θzz = − 0.108 and θxx = − 2.422 in buckinghams; octupole moment, Ωxxz = − 1.337 and Ωzzz = − 0.960 in units of 10−34 esu·cm3; average diamagnetic shielding at the proton, σAvd = 102.9 ppm; quadrupole coupling constant at the deuteron, (eqQ / h)AA = 343.9 kc/sec, and at the oxygen, (eqQ / h)aa = − 8.34 Mc / sec. The effect of including d-type Gaussian functions in the basis is examined.

A formal solution in terms of cylindrical wave functions is obtained for the scattering of a plane acoustic or electromagnetic wave by an arbitrary configuration of parallel cylinders which takes into account all possible contributions to the excitation of a particular cylinder by the radiation scattered by the remaining cylinders. The solution, satisfying any of the usual prescribed boundary conditions simultaneously at the surface of each cylinder, is expressed as the incident wave plus a sum of various orders of scattering. The first order of scattering (the usual single scattering approximation) results from the excitation of each cylinder by only the plane wave or primary excitation. The second order results from the excitation of each cylinder by the first order of scattering from the remaining cylinders, and so on to an infinite order of scattering. The first order therefore consists of waves scattered by one cylinder; the second order of waves scattered by two cylinders, etc. The scattering coefficients of the m'th order of scattering are expressed recursively in terms of the previous orders, and finally as sums of products of m scattering coefficients of the single cylinder and Hankel and trigonometric functions depending on the geometry of the configuration.

OBJECTIVE: In an effort to better understand turnover rates in hospitals and the effect of new nurses on them, this study sought to describe the characteristics and attitudes toward work of newly licensed RNs, a population important to both the nursing profession and the health care system. METHODS: A survey was mailed to a random sample of new RNs in 35 states and the District of Columbia. A total of 3,266 returned surveys met the inclusion criteria, for a response rate of 56%. RNs who qualified had completed the licensing examination and obtained a first license between August 1, 2004, and July 31, 2005. Data pertaining to four areas were collected: respondent characteristics, work-setting characteristics, respondents' attitudes toward work, and job opportunities. Respondents who were not working were asked to specify why. RESULTS: Of the eligible newly licensed RNs, 58.1% had an associate's degree, 37.6% had a bachelor's degree, and 4.3% had a diploma or a master's or higher degree as their first professional degree. They were generally pleased with their work groups but felt they had only moderate support from supervisors. About 13% had changed principal jobs after one year, and 37% reported that they felt ready to change jobs. More than half of the respondents (51%) worked voluntary overtime, and almost 13% worked mandatory overtime. Also, 25% reported at least one on-the-job needlestick in a year; 39%, at least one strain or sprain; 21%, a cut or laceration; and 46%, a bruise or contusion; 62% reported experiencing verbal abuse. A quarter of them found it "difficult or impossible" to do their jobs at least once per week because of inadequate supplies. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides descriptive evidence that a majority of newly licensed RNs are reasonably satisfied and have no plans to change jobs, but the group is not homogeneous. The negative attitudes expressed in response to some survey questions suggest that newly licensed RNs may not remain in the acute care settings where they start out. Investing in better orientation and management may be the key to retaining them in hospitals. The authors will be following these RNs for two years and will develop predictive models of turnover rates.

ANITA L. WENDEN; What do Second-Language Learners Know about their Language Learning? A Second Look at Retrospective Accounts1, Applied Linguistics, Volume 7, I

Genomics is not only essential for students to understand biology but also provides unprecedented opportunities for undergraduate research. The goal of the Genomics Education Partnership (GEP), a collaboration between a growing number of colleges and universities around the country and the Department of Biology and Genome Center of Washington University in St. Louis, is to provide such research opportunities. Using a versatile curriculum that has been adapted to many different class settings, GEP undergraduates undertake projects to bring draft-quality genomic sequence up to high quality and/or participate in the annotation of these sequences. GEP undergraduates have improved more than 2 million bases of draft genomic sequence from several species of Drosophila and have produced hundreds of gene models using evidence-based manual annotation. Students appreciate their ability to make a contribution to ongoing research, and report increased independence and a more active learning approach after participation in GEP projects. They show knowledge gains on pre- and postcourse quizzes about genes and genomes and in bioinformatic analysis. Participating faculty also report professional gains, increased access to genomics-related technology, and an overall positive experience. We have found that using a genomics research project as the core of a laboratory course is rewarding for both faculty and students.