Veterinary

Journal Article Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing by a Standardized Single Disk Method Get access A. W. Bauer, M.D., A. W. Bauer, M.D. Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98105 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar W. M. M. Kirby, M.D., W. M. M. Kirby, M.D. Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98105 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J. C. Sherris, M.D., J. C. Sherris, M.D. Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98105 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M. Turck, M.D. M. Tu

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This FAIRsharing record describes: The ARRIVE (Animal Research: Reporting In Vivo Experiments) guidelines are intended to improve the reporting of research using animals - maximising information published and minimising unnecessary studies. The ARRIVE guidelines were developed in consultation with the scientific community as part of an NC3Rs initiative to improve the standard of reporting of research using animals. They are available in Chinese (Mandarin), French, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese (including Brazilian Portuguese) and Spanish as well as the original English.

Understanding the concept of extrapolation of dose between species is important for pharmaceutical researchers when initiating new animal or human experiments. Interspecies allometric scaling for dose conversion from animal to human studies is one of the most controversial areas in clinical pharmacology. Allometric approach considers the differences in body surface area, which is associated with animal weight while extrapolating the doses of therapeutic agents among the species. This review provides basic information about translation of doses between species and estimation of starting dose for clinical trials using allometric scaling. The method of calculation of injection volume for parenteral formulation based on human equivalent dose is also briefed.

Reproducible science requires transparent reporting. The ARRIVE guidelines (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) were originally developed in 2010 to improve the reporting of animal research. They consist of a checklist of information to include in publications describing in vivo experiments to enable others to scrutinise the work adequately, evaluate its methodological rigour, and reproduce the methods and results. Despite considerable levels of endorsement by funders and journals over the years, adherence to the guidelines has been inconsistent, and the anticipated improvements in the quality of reporting in animal research publications have not been achieved. Here, we introduce ARRIVE 2.0. The guidelines have been updated and information reorganised to facilitate their use

A method to measure cutaneous hyperalgesia to thermal stimulation in unrestrained animals is described. The testing paradigm uses an automated detection of the behavioral end-point; repeated testing does not contribute to the development of the observed hyperalgesia. Carrageenan-induced inflammation resulted in significantly shorter paw withdrawal latencies as compared to saline-treated paws and these latency changes corresponded to a decreased thermal nociceptive threshold. Both the thermal method and the Randall-Selitto mechanical method detected dose-related hyperalgesia and its blockade by either morphine or indomethacin. However, the thermal method showed greater bioassay sensitivity and allowed for the measurement of other behavioral parameters in addition to the nociceptive threshol

Antigen was identified histochemically without the use of labeled antibodies by the sequential application of (a) specific rabbit antiserum, (b) sheep antiserum to rabbit immunoglobulin G, (c) specifically purified, soluble horseradish peroxidase-anti-horseradish peroxidase complex (PAP), (d) 3,3'-diaminobenzidine and hydrogen peroxide and (e) osmium tetroxide. A simple method for preparation of high yields of PAP consisted of precipitation of antibody from specific rabbit antiserum with horseradish peroxidase (PO) at equivalence, solubilization of the washed precipitate with excess PO at pH 2.3, 1°C, followed by immediate neutralization and separation of PAP from PO by half-saturation with ammonium sulfate. The ratio of PO to anti-PO in PAP was 3:2 irrespective of the source of antiserum.

BACKGROUND: Invasive fungal diseases are important causes of morbidity and mortality. Clarity and uniformity in defining these infections are important factors in improving the quality of clinical studies. A standard set of definitions strengthens the consistency and reproducibility of such studies. METHODS: After the introduction of the original European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) Consensus Group definitions, advances in diagnostic technology and the recognition of areas in need of improvement led to a revision of this document. The revision process started with a meeting of participants in 2003, to decide on the process and to d

Behavioral assessment after spinal cord contusion has long focused on open field locomotion using modifications of a rating scale developed by Tarlov and Klinger (1954). However, on-going modifications by several groups have made interlaboratory comparison of locomotor outcome measures difficult. The purpose of the present study was to develop an efficient, expanded, and unambiguous locomotor rating scale to standardize locomotor outcome measures across laboratories. Adult rats (n = 85) were contused at T7-9 cord level with an electromagnetic or weight drop device. Locomotor behavior was evaluated before injury, on the first or second postoperative day, and then for up to 10 weeks. Scoring categories and attributes were identified, operationally defined, and ranked based on the observed se

UNLABELLED: STAMP is a graphical software package that provides statistical hypothesis tests and exploratory plots for analysing taxonomic and functional profiles. It supports tests for comparing pairs of samples or samples organized into two or more treatment groups. Effect sizes and confidence intervals are provided to allow critical assessment of the biological relevancy of test results. A user-friendly graphical interface permits easy exploration of statistical results and generation of publication-quality plots. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: STAMP is licensed under the GNU GPL. Python source code and binaries are available from our website at: http://kiwi.cs.dal.ca/Software/STAMP.

Although fungal infections contribute substantially to human morbidity and mortality, the impact of these diseases on human health is not widely appreciated. Moreover, despite the urgent need for efficient diagnostic tests and safe and effective new drugs and vaccines, research into the pathophysiology of human fungal infections lags behind that of diseases caused by other pathogens. In this Review, we highlight the importance of fungi as human pathogens and discuss the challenges we face in combating the devastating invasive infections caused by these microorganisms, in particular in immunocompromised individuals.

In this paper kernel methods for the nonparametric estimation of the utilization distribution from a random sample of locational observations made on an animal in its home range are described. They are of flexible form, thus can be used where simple parametric models are found to be inappropriate or difficult to specify. Two examples are given to illustrate the fixed and adaptive kernel approaches in data analysis and to compare the methods. Various choices for the smoothing parameter used in kernel methods are discussed. Since kernel methods give alternative approaches to the Anderson (1982) Fourier transform methods, some comparisons are made.

BACKGROUND: Systematic Reviews (SRs) of experimental animal studies are not yet common practice, but awareness of the merits of conducting such SRs is steadily increasing. As animal intervention studies differ from randomized clinical trials (RCT) in many aspects, the methodology for SRs of clinical trials needs to be adapted and optimized for animal intervention studies. The Cochrane Collaboration developed a Risk of Bias (RoB) tool to establish consistency and avoid discrepancies in assessing the methodological quality of RCTs. A similar initiative is warranted in the field of animal experimentation. METHODS: We provide an RoB tool for animal intervention studies (SYRCLE's RoB tool). This tool is based on the Cochrane RoB tool and has been adjusted for aspects of bias that play a specifi

This publication includes 21 chapters describing in detail all elements of the normal and abnormal gait cycle and its various phases. Roles played by the joints and various parts of the skeletal system and muscles involved are explained and discussed. High-quality figures and sketches ably assist the reader in comprehending the text. Several chapters are devoted to pathological gait patterns, mechanisms, and gait deviations due to pathological conditions of the various joints in the lower extremities, trunk, and pelvis.

Animal tissue techniques , Animal tissue techniques , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

The NC3Rs gratefully acknowledges the expertise and advice that all the contributors have given to developing the guidelines. We would particularly like to acknowledge the contribution of the NC3Rs Reporting Guidelines Working Group-– Professor Doug Altman, Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford UK, Professor David Balding, Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, Imperial College, London UK, Professor William Browne, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol UK, Professor Innes Cuthill, School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol UK, Dr Colin Dunn, Editor Laboratory Animals (Royal Society of Medicine press), Dr Michael Emerson, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London UK, Dr Stella Hurtley, Senior Editor Science, Profe

Reproducible science requires transparent reporting. The ARRIVE guidelines (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) were originally developed in 2010 to improve the reporting of animal research. They consist of a checklist of information to include in publications describing in vivo experiments to enable others to scrutinise the work adequately, evaluate its methodological rigour and reproduce the methods and results. Despite considerable levels of endorsement by funders and journals over the years, adherence to the guidelines has been inconsistent, and the anticipated improvements in the quality of reporting in animal research publications have not been achieved. Here, we introduce ARRIVE 2.0. The guidelines have been updated and information reorganised to facilitate their use

Summary Quantitative aspects of the study of animal and human behaviour are increasingly relevant to test hypotheses and find empirical support for them. At the same time, photo and video cameras can store a large number of video recordings and are often used to monitor the subjects remotely. Researchers frequently face the need to code considerable quantities of video recordings with relatively flexible software, often constrained by species‐specific options or exact settings. BORIS is a free, open‐source and multiplatform standalone program that allows a user‐specific coding environment to be set for a computer‐based review of previously recorded videos or live observations. Being open to user‐specific settings, the program allows a project‐based ethogram to be defined that can then be s

The most trusted all-in-one overview of the biomedical and environmental aspects of toxicology - Now more complete, up-to-date, and in full color. It is a Doody's Core Title for 2015! New to the Eighth Edition Full-Color design to allow for a clearer interpretation of the basic components of toxicology featured throughout the text. Expanded tables, illustrations, and other visuals are updated with state-of-the-art standards that makes this edition even more current and relevant DVD with image bank features all tables and illustrations from the text in presentation-ready format. New Chapters include Toxic Effects of Calories and Toxic Effects of Nanoparticles. The world's leading and most authoritative textbook on poisons has more to offer students, toxicologists, and pharmacologists than e

For decades, studies of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have challenged traditional concepts in toxicology, in particular the dogma of "the dose makes the poison," because EDCs can have effects at low doses that are not predicted by effects at higher doses. Here, we review two major concepts in EDC studies: low dose and nonmonotonicity. Low-dose effects were defined by the National Toxicology Program as those that occur in the range of human exposures or effects observed at doses below those used for traditional toxicological studies. We review the mechanistic data for low-dose effects and use a weight-of-evidence approach to analyze five examples from the EDC literature. Additionally, we explore nonmonotonic dose-response curves, defined as a nonlinear relationship between dose and