Institut de Recherche sur la Renaissance l'Age Classique et les Lumières

Metastasis and drug resistance are major problems in cancer chemotherapy. The purpose of this work was to analyze the molecular mechanisms underlying the invasive potential of drug-resistant colon carcinoma cells. Cellular models included the parental HT-29 cell line and its drug-resistant derivatives selected after chronic treatment with either 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate, doxorubicin, or oxaliplatin. Drug-resistant invasive cells were compared with noninvasive cells using cDNA microarray, quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, flow cytometry, immunoblots, and ELISA. Functional and cellular signaling analyses were undertaken using pharmacologic inhibitors, function-blocking antibodies, and silencing by retrovirus-mediated RNA interference. 5-Fluorouracil- and methotrexate-resistant HT-29 cells expressing an invasive phenotype in collagen type I and a metastatic behavior in immunodeficient mice exhibited high expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4. Macrophage migration-inhibitory factor (MIF) was identified as the critical autocrine CXCR4 ligand promoting invasion in drug-resistant colon carcinoma HT-29 cells. Silencing of CXCR4 and impairing the MIF-CXCR4 signaling pathways by ISO-1, pAb FL-115, AMD-3100, monoclonal antibody 12G5, and BIM-46187 abolished this aggressive phenotype. Induction of CXCR4 was associated with the upregulation of two genes encoding transcription factors previously shown to control CXCR4 expression (HIF-2alpha and ASCL2) and maintenance of intestinal stem cells (ASCL2). Enhanced CXCR4 expression was detected in liver metastases resected from patients with colon cancer treated by the standard FOLFOX regimen. Combination therapies targeting the CXCR4-MIF axis could potentially counteract the emergence of the invasive metastatic behavior in clonal derivatives of drug-resistant colon cancer cells.

Avant même sa publication en 1771, l’ensemble des textes sacrés zoroastriens traduits par Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron sous le titre de Zend Avesta est l’objet d’une controverse virulente, qui prend une dimension européenne avec la Lettre à A*** du P*** de l’orientaliste britannique Sir William Jones. La controverse concerne l’authenticité, l’originalité et l’intérêt des textes rapportés par l’indianiste français. L’objectif de cet article est de montrer que la controverse autour du Zend Avesta n’a pas seulement un effet inhibant, et qu’elle va au-delà du conflit d’intérêts. En effet, j’indique en quoi elle stimule la recherche orientaliste et témoigne d’un moment de transition à la fin du XVIII e siècle dans l’histoire de la discipline, entre une approche ancienne, de type empiriste et à vocation encyclopédique et universelle, et une approche moderne, expérimentale, et fondée sur le principe d’objectivité dans la constitution du savoir.

This article traces the idea of (“immigrant”) “integration” from its roots in classical political philosophy and the birth of the modern nation-state, to its current relevance in the European political agenda and, relatedly, its centrality in the newly consolidated field of Migration Studies. I examine the ontological (i.e., philosophical and sociological) and political rationales behind the idea that migrants need to “integrate into society”, and the different varieties of political solutions that are offered in this sense. The paper asks: How did the migrant come at the center of the idea of an integrated society? And how did integrationism become consolidated as the hegemonic idea of governing diverse societies in post-migration contexts in Europe? Employing an extensive list of secondary literature, documentary data, policy analysis of the EU-level Framework on migrant integration, and discourse analysis of integration-related research publications, I attempt a genealogy of the idea of “integration” as it traveled across the North Atlantic West and between academia and government. The paper shows how the production of the subject of integration—the misfit “immigrant” figure—is historically marked by a consensus across the learned and the governing elites that identifies the preservation of a homogenous national social order as a societal goal. I argue that the scientification of integration governance via the “evidence-based policy” paradigm (most notably promoted by EU institutions) normalizes, naturalizes and aims to depoliticize the otherwise highly normative and contested question of migrant integration.

La recherche en sciences humaines et sociales (SHS), à qui l’on pose régulièrement la question de son « utilité », a été massivement mobilisée dans la première partie de l’année 2020, tant par les médias et les institutions. Elle s’est montrée d’une grande réactivité, en adaptant ses calendriers et ses objectifs, en modifiant ses formats d’interventions (wébinaires, cours en distanciel). Chercheuses et chercheurs, enseignant(e)s-chercheurs ont été présents, et ce malgré des inégalités générées par le confinement dans le travail de recherche, notamment en termes de genre. Le présent travail a pour ambition de proposer à son lecteur une analyse mobilisant les travaux des SHS dans leur ensemble. Sans prétendre à l’exhaustivité, il tisse les fils, à travers les questions qu’il aborde, d’une discipline à une autre, composant un ensemble dans lequel les SHS entrent en résonance les unes avec les autres, déploient leur complémentarité, et créent une analyse commune, qu’elles relèvent plutôt des sciences sociales ou des humanités. Il a pour objectif de rendre manifeste un capital scientifique des SHS en tant que telles, pour aborder les différents questionnements que suscite la pandémie de Covid-19. La recherche actuelle en SHS sur la pandémie, sa gestion politique, et ses enjeux, ne s’élabore pas ex nihilo. Tout en prenant la mesure de la spécificité des temps présents, elle s’appuie sur un ensemble de cadres théoriques, de méthodes, d’analyses élaborés dans d’autres contextes, remobilisés, réactualisés, enrichis à la lumière des problématiques associées à la pandémie de Covid 19. Par ailleurs, le parti-pris de ce travail a été de tenir compte d’emblée de la dimension mondiale de la pandémie, et de ne pas s’en tenir à la situation française. Ainsi, plusieurs contextes nationaux, voire continentaux sont explorés sur tel ou tel point et la dimension mondiale de la pandémie y est prise en compte en tant que telle. Enfin, ce document s’intéresse aussi à la manière même dont les sciences humaines et sociales se sont mobilisées, en France, dans le contexte de la pandémie de Covid 19, aux formes collaboratives, aux pratiques pluridisciplinaires particulièrement adoptées face à cette pandémie. Il se structure en cinq parties : la première porte sur la manière dont les SHS font de la crise une question et un objet de connaissance (A – Du cadrage de la crise dans l’espace public à la crise comme objet de connaissance - l’exemple de la France). La seconde aborde un point saillant des analyses élaborées au cours des derniers mois, qui envisagent la pandémie comme un révélateur, voire un amplificateur d’enjeux pré-existants (B). Puis, la troisième partie s’intéresse aux sociétés et aux gouvernements confrontés à la pandémie (C), autrement dit aux formes de la gestion de la crise par le pouvoir politique, à la mobilisation des sciences et à l’exercice du pouvoir, ainsi qu’aux mesures prises et aux attitudes des populations au regard de ces mesures. La quatrième partie présente la façon dont le temps de la pandémie a été traversé de questionnements pour le futur, questionnements qui à leur tour impriment des orientations pour la recherche en SHS (D. Se réinventer en temps de pandémie). Enfin, la cinquième et dernière partie invite le lecteur à découvrir comment les SHS se sont mobilisées en temps de pandémie, comment elles ont collaboré et entrepris de documenter à chaud la crise sanitaire tout en acceptant de voir se renouveler questions, objets, méthodes sous l’effet de cette crise (E. Quand la crise invite aux collaborations et à une réflexion sur le « transfert » des connaissances).

L’étude propose une analyse des variantes entre le Prospectus de l’Encyclopédie, tel qu’il est publié en 1750, et le texte qui est reproduit par D’Alembert « avec les changements et les additions qui nous ont paru convenables » à la fin du Discours préliminaire. L’examen des suppressions et des additions conduit à interroger le statut de la « préface » du dictionnaire, ainsi que les ambitions de l’auteur, tenté par une reconnaissance dans le monde des Lettres.

While Shakespeare may have written solely for the stage, his text has been configured and transformed since the sixteenth century by the print cycle, which enabled it to survive. This was a cycle in which readers, publishers, as well as other interpreters of Shakespeare’s text played an important role. In this article, I look at the important work of renovation of the printed text accomplished by early modern readers of Shakespeare’s editions. Whether they worked inside books or whether they made manuscript books (commonplace books, miscellanies, diaries) out of printed editions, their task, to some extent, was never to reach completeness. But it was never synonymous with failure for all that. Individually and as a whole, the open-endedness of their venture meant that, however partial their efforts, their way of relating to texts continued to be informed by a genuine interest in past writings and by a strong desire to invent a future for them. In writing themselves thanks to Shakespeare, they rewrote Shakespeare and allowed others to write themselves through Shakespeare’s texts. In addressing these issues, I am using manuscript and printed material from the Folger Shakespeare Library, Washington, DC.

From the aftermath of World War II to the convulsions of Brexit, festivals have deployed Shakespeare as a model of inclusive and progressive theatre to seek cultural solutions to Europe's multi-faceted crises. Shakespeare on European Festival Stages is the first book to chart Shakespeare’s presence at continental European festivals. It examines the role these festivals play in European socio-cultural exchanges, and the impact festivals make on the wider production and circulation of staged Shakespeare across the continent. This collection offers authoritative, lively and informed accounts of the production of Shakespeare at the following festivals: the Avignon Festival and Le Printemps des comédiens in Montpellier (France), the Almagro festival (Spain), Shakespeare at Four Castles (Czech Republic and Slovakia), the International Shakespeare Festival in Craiova (Romania), the Shakespeare festivals in Elsinore (Denmark), Gdansk (Poland), Gyula (Hungary), Itaka (Serbia), Neuss (Germany), Patalenitsa (Bulgaria), Rome and Verona (Italy). Shakespeare on European Festival Stages is essential reading for students, scholars and practitioners interested in Shakespeare in performance, in translation and in a post-national Shakespeare that knows no borders and belongs to all of Europe.

When discussing the prose of Franz Kafka and proposing to read it as a case of “minor literature,” Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari guarded against a possible misconception of the term “minor.” “A minor literature,” they explained, “is not the literature of a minor language but a literature a minority makes in a major language” (116). For obvious reasons, this resonates with the literature discussed in this special issue – the first of its kind in France – of Commonwealth Essays and Studies....

Abstract Aim The evolutionary drivers of hyperdiversity in tropical rain forests are complex and multifaceted. We used the pantropical Xylopia (Annonaceae) genus to address the diversification of rain forest lineages through time, across different regions, and into novel non-rain forest habitats with a comparative phylogenetic approach. Location Global (pantropical) Methods We generated a time-calibrated phylogeny of Xylopia using hybrid capture sequence data, including 88% (168/191 spp.) of species within the genus. Diversification analyses were conducted to test for the presence of rate heterogeneity (BAMM, ClaDS, CoMET) and environmental-dependent (RPANDA), geographic-dependent, and habitat dependent (GeoHiSSE) diversification in Xylopia . Results Significant diversification rate heterogeneity was detected along the backbone of the core Xylopia clade, leading to near synchronous radiations across tropical regions globally in the Miocene, with higher diversification rates in Africa, Central America, and Madagascar, and lower rates in Australia + New Guinea. Transitions from rain forest to subhumid habitats led to lower diversification rates, whereas transitions to ultramafic habitats lead to higher rates. Regional diversification models indicate sea-level changes as an important driver for Asian, Australian, Pacific, and Neotropical clades and regional temperature changes as the main diversification driver for an African clade of Xylopia . Main conclusions Our study shows that despite synchronous radiations across regions, different regional environmental drivers have affected the diversification of Xylopia across tropical regions globally. A noteworthy example includes radiations of all five Malagasy clades c. 7 Ma coinciding with the establishment of heavy seasonal rainfall linked with the Indian monsoon. The diversification dynamics of rain forests are complex and heterogenous, with different clade-dependent and region-dependent environmental drivers.

This essay focuses on the early reception of Hamlet’s ‘To be or not to be’ speech. Its first section looks at the print configuration of the play’s original editions. The article then moves on to examine the passage’s early reception by its readers until the Restoration. It also offers a succinct exploration of the critical debates around Hamlet’s now famous speech in a third section. The last two sections continue to survey readers’ reactions and appropriations of the speech, this time from a later era (c. 1700 to 1800). The article’s findings are that even the most appreciative and learned readers never openly embraced the speech fully. However, on early stages, the speech acquired an aura: theatre managers, or directors sought through it to stir genuine emotions in their audiences – sentiments that readers could probably not wrestle with when engaged in the private study of the passage.

International audience

Cet article réinterprète la présence et les représentations de l’Afrique, de l’Amérique du Sud, de l’Atlantique, et des mers du Sud dans Robinson Crusoé à partir de la littérature de voyage vers l’Amérique du Sud publiée dans les années 1710, et les lettres, essais et articles de presse de Daniel Defoe. L’étude se donne pour objectif de libérer la géographie de la diégèse afin de recouvrer les territoires et réseaux économiques et coloniaux qui ne sont pas cartographiés par le récit ou sont volontairement cachés. Une fois dévoilée, cette géographie permet de relier des espaces construits comme séparés dans l’imaginaire du récit. Elle tisse sa propre narration qui peut renforcer, compléter mais aussi déplacer ou subvertir la manière dont le récit organise et pense l’espace. L’approche géo-critique développée ici permet une lecture de Robinson Crusoé en contre-point, qui rappelle le lien existant entre le roman, le capitalisme, l’esclavage et la colonisation.

This article explores what Colin Burrow terms the “intimacy of violation”, focusing on the “adulterate bed” – a phrase used both by the rapist and his victim – in Thomas Heywood’s The Rape of Lucrece, which was first staged at the Red Bull Theatre in 1607 or 1608. While the term “adulterate” implies voluntary, extramarital intercourse, both adultery and rape imply illicit sex, with a polluting effect on the woman and, more widely, her family, in particular her husband. Here, the bed is the locus of rape. It collapses the violation of the bride’s body, of the marriage and of the domestic space associated with the marital bond, which is exposed to the voyeurism of witnesses – the spectators – even as, in a moment of cruel dramatic irony that echoes Shakespeare’s poem, Sextus tells Lucrece that she has nothing to fear since what happened shall remain a secret. Heywood reworks Livy and Ovid in a multi-directional process that incorporates references to Shakespeare as he adapts the story to the stage in a bold generic move that owes as much to his competence as a Latinist as to his awareness of his contemporaries’ works and his own craftsmanship as a dramatist.

Abstract Abstract 297 Background. Current models of cancer progression are based on evolution and clonal selection i.e. evolution of tumour cells inducing expansion of cells that acquire genetic lesions over time, related to ongoing mechanisms of genomic instability. An initiating event may be followed by gene mutation, copy number alteration (CNA) or copy neutral loss of heterozygosity (CN-LOH) that drive tumor progression and emergence of mechanisms of resistance to drugs. WM is a lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by bone marrow (BM) infiltration of lymphoplasmacytic cells that secrete monoclonal IgM antibody. The clinical course is characterized either by an indolent or smoldering status or a symptomatic profile that needs chemotherapy to control the progression of tumour cells. The majority of patients (pts)evolved from indolent to symptomatic, and the mechanisms of progression of WM are not fully understood to date. We hypothesized that we could gain insights into clonal evolution underlying disease progression of WM on a paired serial analysis of WM samples using genome wide SNPa, that allow both the detection of LOH and CNA. Method. BM samples of 19 untreated pts with WM (12 males, mean age: 67 years, 11 symptomatic pts) were analysed. All patients had Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 6.0 (Affymetrix chips) on at least two sequential tumor samples > 6 months apart (42 samples from 19 patients with two to three points). Tumoral DNA was extracted following CD19 B cells selection. Paired samples (tumor/normal T lymphocytes) were used as an intra-individual reference to identify germline polymorphisms. Size, position and location of genes were identified with UCSC Genome Browser HG18 assembly, LOH and CNA using genotyping console 3.02 software (Affymetrix). FISH analysis was performed to detect deletion 6q; 13q14, 11q22, TP53, trisomy 4 and 12 chromosomal aberrations using Vysis probes. P53 and MYD88 mutation were analyzed by sanger sequencing. Results. At initial sampling, SNPa detected a total of 76 CNA genetic aberrations (range 0 – 24 per genome) including 22 gains and 54 losses; 85% of patients had MYD88 L265P mutation. During the follow-up of all indolent WM that remained indolent, we haven't observed any new genetic aberrations, gain or loss (either CNA or CN-LOH) (n=8, mean follow-up: 63 months, range: 16–107 months). Among the 11 remaining patients (mean follow-up: 44.2 months, range: 7–92 months), a clonal evolution was observed in 6 cases. Three of them were symptomatic and acquired CNA or CN-LOH during clinical evolution: one case with acquisition of several CN-LOH, including one at 3p22 involving MYD88 locus associated to a mutation, one case with an additional deletion 7q31 which was observed in a patient with a chromothripsis at diagnosis, one case with emergence of subclonal del17p. The two remaining patients evolved from smoldering to symptomatic with a major variation in CNA number. Finally, loss of CNAs displayed at diagnosis was observed in one patient after chemotherapy and during indolent follow-up. In 5 cases, no detectable CNA changes were identified between the initial and subsequent sample at relapse. Conclusion. Our results using high resolution SNP array support the hypothesis that a symptomatic WM disease will favour genetic clonal evolution of tumor cells. In our study, 3 distinct genotypic patterns were observed: (i) absence of genomic variation in stable smoldering WM disease or in symptomatic relapsed patient. (ii) unstable genotype in symptomatic or asymptomatic patients switching to symptomatic suggesting high risk tumors that are less stable and more prone to change with time. (iii) loss of abnormalities suggesting that chemotherapy eradicated the dominant clone or that a genetically distinct relapsed clone has emerged. This study refines our understanding of the dynamic genetic changes in progressive WM. Further confirmation of the role of some candidate genes is underway. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Abstract Abstract 1307 Background. Mutation of MYD88 gene has recently been identified in activated B-cell like diffuse B-cell lymphoma, and enhanced JAK STAT and NF-kB signalling pathways. Whole exome sequencing study in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM) suggested a high frequency of MYD88 L265P mutation in WM. Although the genetic background is not fully deciphered in WM, the role of NF-kB and JAK STAT pathways has been demonstrated in WM; which underlying mechanisms of deregulation remain to be elucidated. We aimed to analyze MYD88 mutation in exon 5 and to characterize the clinical significance of this genetic alteration in 67 WM. Method. 67 patients (42 males, 25 females) diagnosed with WM were included in this study, along with 9 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), 4 multiple myeloma (MM) and 9 marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) were also studied. Patients were untreated at time of BM collection and gave informed consent prior to research sampling. Clinical features, immunophenotypic markers using flow cytometry (Matutes score panel, CD38, CD138, CD27, CD80), conventional cytogenetic, FISH and SNP array data (n = 46) were analysed. B cells from bone marrow and T cells from blood were isolated respectively using B cell isolation kit and Pan T isolation kit (Myltenyi Biotech). For DNA sequencing of exon 5 of MYD88, the exon 5 of MYD88 gene was amplified from genomic DNA by PCR. The purified PCR products were directly sequenced in both directions using BigDye® Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kit (Applied Biosystems, CA, USA) and analyzed on the Applied Biosystems 3130xl Genetic Analyzer. Data were analyzed with SeqScape software version 2.5 (Applied Biosystems). Results. MYD88 L265P mutation (MYDmut) was observed in 79% of patients, including homozygous mutation in two patients (3%). MYD88 mutation was not identified in T lymphocytes isolated from 4 WM patients that confirmed MYD88 mutation was acquired in the tumoral cells. We haven't observed any other mutation on exon 5. We then sought for other mechanisms of MYD88 gene alteration, such as copy number alteration (CNA) and copy neutral –loss of heterozygosity (CN-LOH) also considered as an acquired UPD (uniparental disomy) at MYD88 locus. We found an UPD at MYD88 locus in solely one patient (2%), and haven't identified any deletion at 3p22. On the contrary, we observed a gain on chromosome 3 at 3p22 locus (including MYD88 gene) in 7/57 (12%) patients. Taking together, we identified alteration of the MYD88 locus in 85% of patients with WM, by either gain-of-function mutation (79%) or CNA (12%). Interestingly, we found gain on chromosome 3 more frequently in the MYDwildgroup than in the MYDmutgroup (p=0.02). Twenty one percent of the patients with WM had no mutation of MYD (MYDwild), and were characterized with a female predominance, a splenomegaly, gain of chromosome 3 and CD27 expression. We did not observed difference in terms of survival according to the MYD88 mutation status. MYD88 mutation was not related to deletion 6q, gain of 4, deletion 11q, deletion 17p, deletion 13q14 in our study. Interestingly, deletion 7q, a frequent cytogenetic aberration in marginal zone lymphoma, was rare in our series (4/57; 7%) and was independent of MYD88 mutation status (2 in the MYDwild and 2 in the MYDmut) (p=ns). No MYD88 L265P mutation was observed in CLL and MM. In MZL, 1/9 patient without M monoclonal component had a MYDL265p mutation. Conclusion. These results confirm a high frequency of MYD88 L265P mutation in WM that may become a useful biomarker for diagnostic in WM and may help better understand the physiopathogeny of WM. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Condorcet started working on "social sciences" many years before the French Revolution. Although published in 1793-1794, his Tableau historique, was first conceived in the 1770s. It examined the necessary conditions for scientific reasoning and scientific languages. Analyzing the obstacles that stood in the way of the development of social sciences, Condorcet used case studies to offer a reflection on the making of a language that would be scientific and accessible to the enlightened citizen as well.

comptes rendus 253 pris connaissance de la version de la Reine de Navarre, André Thevet aurait interrogé Roberval, qu'il déclare avoir fréquenté ; il aurait peut-être même rencontré la «demoiselle», puis aurait fait à son collaborateur François de Belleforest un récit oral embelli que ce dernier se serait empressé de transformer en histoire tragique.«Pris au piège de sa fabulation» (p.107), Thevet aurait été contraint de donner une version de l'histoire qui reste très proche de celle de son ancien collaborateur, devenu rival dans les circonstances qu' à décrites Frank Lestringant dans André Thevet, cosmographe des derniers Valois.Au dossier naguère constitué par Arthur Stabler dans The Legend of Marguerite de Roberval (Washington University Press, 1972), ainsi qu' à des articles plus récents comme celui que Frank Lestringant a consacré à la «demoiselle» dans Lire l'Heptaméron de Marguerite de Navarre (Clermont-Ferrand: Presses Universitaires Blaise Pascal, 2005), Michel Bideaux a ajouté les pièces d'une passionnante enquête littéraire et historique ; il nous donne aussi le plaisir de redécouvrir les récits de Marguerite de Navarre, François de Belleforest et André Thevet, donnés à la lecture et abondamment annotés dans la deuxième partie de ce bel ouvrage.hervé-thomas campangne, University of Maryland, College Park Billy, Jacques de.Six livres du second advenement de nostre Seigneur (1576), édition de Thierry Victoria.

L'espace intellectuel du 18 e sie `cle connaît des recompositions hie ´rarchiques assignables qui ont fait l'objet de travaux re ´cents 1 .Si, avant 1750, les rapports au sein de cet espace sont domine ´s par les hommes de lettres, la re ´fe ´rence au mode `le des sciences de la nature, me ˆme s'il convient de la re ´e ´valuer, s'amplifie progressivement jusqu'a `occuper une position centrale dans la culture intellectuelle apre `s 1775.Le ministe `re Turgot (1774-1776), qui implique les savants et les techniciens dans la conduite des affaires de l'E ´tat et dans les re ´formes administratives, marque une e ´tape importante de ce processus.Apre `s la disparition des Acade ´mies, cette pre ´dominance des sciences est affermie sous la Re ´volution par l'organisation de l'Institut national des sciences et des arts qui hie ´rarchise les savoirs en consacrant sa premie `re classe aux mathe ´matiques, la seconde aux sciences morales et politiques, la troisie `me aux beaux-arts.La pre ´sente e ´tude, qui porte sur cette pe ´riode de mutations brosse ´e a `grands traits, voudrait de ´gager quelques modalite ´s de l'e ´mergence, non pas d'une entite ´autonome et concurrentielle de la « Re ´publique des lettres » (soit une hypothe ´tique « Re ´publique des sciences »), mais celle d'une re ´alite ´difficilement nommable qui prend progressivement corps dans les interstices d'une Re ´publique des lettres fissure ´e.La re ´flexion s'adosse a `deux types d'analyses de ´ja `produites, lexicologique et sociologique 2 , et s'appuie sur des auteurs contemporains.Par la force des choses, DIX-HUITIE `ME SIE `CLE, n o 40 (2008)Société Française d'Étude du Dix-Huitième Siècle | Téléchargé le 04/08/2026 sur https://shs.cairn.info(

Les progrès de la diffusion de l’imprimé et de la lecture, le développement de l’opinion publique et la multiplication des formes de communication font de la société française, à la veille de la Révolution de 1789, un espace de circulation intense des écrits d’opinion. Les écrits polémiques envahissent le champ de la communication et de la politique. Beaumarchais est doublement exposé à ce type d’écrits : d’une part, il est chargé, à la fin du règne de Louis XV et durant le règne de Louis XVI, de missions diplomatiques destinées à mettre fin à la circulation de libelles diffamatoires contre le roi et sa famille ; d’autre part, mêlé lui-même à plusieurs affaires judiciaires, il entre dans un processus de communication publicisé pour gérer ses affaires commerciales et littéraires, pour attaquer ses adversaires ou pour se défendre. Quelles pratiques d’écriture et de diffusion adopte-t-il précisément ? Nous avons choisi de nous intéresser à un corpus d’écrits de circonstance liés à l’entreprise d’édition des œuvres complètes de Voltaire, pour laquelle Beaumarchais a fondé une Société littéraire typographique en 1779. Comment communique-t-il pour diffuser son projet éditorial, porté par des idéaux philosophiques ? Comment répond-il aux nombreuses attaques provenant des antiphilosophes, qu’ils soient parlementaires, journalistes ou théologiens ? Entre écriture satirique, rhétorique judiciaire et verve comique, Beaumarchais utilise toutes les ressources dramaturgiques dont il est le maître.

The fourteenth volume of the Correspondance générale contains over 400 letters dating from 1825 and 1826. As the reign of Charles X begins, Constant continues to work on De la religion , while engaging in the political struggles against the reactionary turn of domestic politics, thinking afresh about societal issues and supporting the Greeks in their fight for independence.