Institut des Textes et Manuscrits Modernes

A prospective placebo-controlled, randomized double-blind study of Acamprosate at two dose levels in alcohol-dependent patients followed up for 12 months was performed. After detoxification, each of the 538 patients included was randomly assigned to one of three groups: 177 patients received placebo, 188 received Acamprosate at 1.3 g/day (low dose group) and 173 received 2.0 g/day (high dose group) for 12 months. This was followed by a single blind 6 month period on placebo. The patients' mean age was 43.2 +/- 8.6 years. Their mean daily alcohol intake was high (nearly 200 g/day) and of long duration (9.5 +/- 7.1 years). Abstinence figures followed the order high dose > low dose > placebo. The difference was significant at 6 months (P < or = 0.02) but not at 12 months (P = 0.096). The number of days of continuous abstinence after detoxification was 153 +/- 197 for the high-dose group versus 102 +/- 165 for the placebo group (P = 0.005), with the lose-dose group reporting 135 +/- 189 days. Clinic attendance was significantly better in the Acamprosate groups than in the placebo group at 6 months (P = 0.002) and 12 months (P = 0.005). During the 6-month post-treatment period, no increased relapse rate or residual drug effect was observed. The side effect profile for Acamprosate was good compared with controls with only diarrhoea being reported more frequently (P < 0.01). This study confirms the pharmacological efficacy of Acamprosate and its good acceptability. As an adjunct to psychotherapy, this study supports the inclusion of Acamprosate in a strategy for treating alcoholism.

Five hundred and sixty-nine alcoholics were included in a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized multicenter study of the effects of Acamprosate (calcium acetylhomotaurinate (CA), 1.3 g/day) on indicators of alcoholic relapse after withdrawal. One hundred and eighty-one patients in the CA group versus 175 in the placebo group completed the three-month study. The major efficacy criterion was plasma gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), as an indicator of recent alcohol ingestion. This analysis was completed by criteria concordance analysis on a number of indicators of alcohol intake. Patients in both groups were similar initially. After 3 months of treatment, the patients in the CA group had significantly lower GGT (1.4 +/- 1.56 versus 2.0 +/- 3.19 times normal, P = 0.016). All significant differences (P less than 0.05) or trends (0.10 greater than P greater than 0.05) were in favor of a superior effect of CA over placebo. The major side-effect of CA was diarrhea (present in 13% of CA patients versus 7% of placebo, P = 0.04). CA proved superior to placebo on the evolution of markers of alcohol ingestion at three months, in this large-scale multicenter study. It could be a new modality in the drug therapy of alcoholism, not involving an antabuse effect, an antidepressant action, or conditioning.

Thompson's study, inspired by Barthes's highlighting of the material ‘texture’ of text (in S/Z and Le Plaisir du texte), investigates the role of clothing in Zola's Rougon-Macquart series, probing the textual interstices, and thereby engendering new readings of a number of the novels in the series and developing others. The physical presence in certain novels of a range of signifying items of material, clothing and ornamentation allows Thompson to go beyond the standard socio-economic and symbolic connotations of certain items (the aristocratic distinction of lace and velvet as sensuous skin) to reveal a perhaps less expected set of interpretations, especially in the close analysis that she affords to particular texts (notably Au Bonheur des Dames, La Curée, Nana and Le Docteur Pascal). Thompson draws on a range of theoretical stances, including queer theory, to explore the fact that numerous textiles and items of clothing (including lace and veils) hide as much as they reveal and thence to suggest that the transgressive sexual nature of those who acquire, wear or desire particular items reflects the transgressive nature of the naturalist text itself. Claims that ‘things are seldom, if ever, what they seem in the world of the Rougon-Macquart’ (p. 126) and that ‘Zola uses carefully placed references to clothing to lend structure and sequencing to his novel series’ (p. 143) may strike one as somewhat exaggerated, as does considering any character associated with clothing and fabrics as a reflexive reference to the author (the case of the dressmaker Worms in La Curée is particularly difficult to make in this connection, given the very heavy irony with which Zola treats him). Overall, however, through the examination of clothing in its widest sense, Thompson's study rightly highlights the transgressive nature of power and desire present in many of the novels and offers sustained and convincing readings, further enriching our continuing awareness of the multilayered character of the naturalist text, which Zola himself sought to portray in his theoretical writings as scientific and unproblematic. Slightly more careful editing would have rid the text of some needless repetition and improved the referencing (for instance, p. 55 and note 22; the Krafft-Ebbing references, pp. 116–17), including cross-referencing. These reservations should not, however, deter readers interested both in Zola and in broader considerations of textual constructions of gender and desire, and Thompson is to be congratulated in bringing the two so fulsomely together.

This article charts the emergence of a new form of translation research that we term genetic translation studies. It explores the foundations of this approach in the French school of critique génétique, which developed a methodology for studying the drafts, manuscripts and other working documents (avant-textes) of modern literary works with the aim of revealing the complexity of the creative processes engaged in their production. This methodology draws upon different theoretical and interdisciplinary approaches (poetic, linguistic, philosophical, psychoanalytical, phenomenological, etc.) and has since been adapted to the study of other media, including music, cinema, photography, painting, architecture, and the translated text. This article analyses how genetic approaches have been applied to translated texts by both genetic critics and translation scholars. It highlights, furthermore, the opportunities as well as the challenges for literary and other forms of translation research when a genetic approach is adopted.

This study investigated the time course of spelling, and its influence on graphomotor execution, in a successive word copy task. According to the cascade model, these two processes may be engaged either sequentially or in parallel, depending on the cognitive demands of spelling. In this experiment, adults were asked to copy a series of words varying in frequency and spelling regularity. A combined analysis of eye and pen movements revealed periods where spelling occurred in parallel with graphomotor execution, but concerned different processing units. The extent of this parallel processing depended on the words' orthographic characteristics. Results also highlighted the specificity of word recognition for copying purposes compared with recognition for reading tasks. The results confirm the validity of the cascade model and clarify the nature of the dependence between spelling and graphomotor processes.

International audience

This article focuses on the way in which text production is conditioned, as it progresses, by the already-written text. This is a question that arises from both psychology, inasmuch as it studies the cognitive activity of writers, and linguistics, in that it studies textual features. The article thus examines first the epistemological and methodological problems that a pluridisciplinary approach to written production must take into account. Then it focuses on the temporal nature of writing (writing’s temporality) and foregrounds the different temporal strata in which the production of writing is inscribed. Finally, the article explores the dependence between already-produced text and text still to come, presenting the “ eye and pen ” tool that allows observation of ocular movements and thus highlights the way in which writers refer to already-produced text, which allows identification of writers’ differentiated behaviors.

Abstract S 20499 is the (+) enantiomer of the racemic compound S 20244 (4‐N‐(methoxychromane‐3‐yl) N‐propylamino butyl‐8‐azaspiro 4,5 decane‐7,9 dione), a novel 5‐hydroxytryptamine1A (5‐HT1A) agonist. The present experiments examined the potential anxiolytic and 5‐HT1A agonist activity of S 20499 (+) in behavioral experiments in rodents. Tests used were the lrwin, activity meter, and tail suspension tests in mice and the Vogel conflict, forepaw treading, and lower lip retraction tests in rats. Further tests examined its duration of activity and the effects of chronic treatment. In most experiments, its effects were compared with the (−) enantiomer (S 20500). Neither S 20499 (+) nor S 20500 (−) was lethal in mice up to 256 mg/kg. S 20499 (+) induced signs of sedation (hypoactivity, decreased traction and muscle tone, ptosis, and hypothermia) in the lrwin test in the dose range 4–64 mg/kg i.p. and a dose‐dependent decrease in locomotion (activity meter) from 2 mg/kg. At high doses (128–256 mg/kg) S 20500 (−) had qualitatively different effects, inducing signs of excitation and stereotyped behavior. At lower doses (16–64 mg/kg), its effects were similar to those of S 20499 (+) but it was between two‐ and fourfold less potent. S 20499 (+) increased the duration of immobility in the tail suspension test (anxiolytic/tranquilizing activity) from 16 mg/kg, whereas S 20500 (−) had no effects up to 32 mg/kg. BothS 20499 (+) and S 20500 (−) increased the number of shocks taken in the Vogel conflict test (anxiolytic activity) at 4 and 16 mgikg, respectively. The duration of activity of S 20499 (+) was between 2 and 4 hr and its effects were maintained after chronic administration over 5 days. Finally, both enantiomers induced forepaw treading and lower lip retraction in rats (signs of 5‐HT, agonist activity), with S 20499 (+) being at least four times as potent as S 20500 (−). Taken together, the results are consistent with other available data suggesting potential anxiolytic activity for S 20499 (+), probably arising through its agonist activity at central 5‐HT1A, receptors. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

Cultural memory is a framework which elucidates the relationship between the past and the present: essentially, why, how, and with what results certain pieces of information are remembered. This volume brings together distinguished classicists from a variety of sub-disciplines to explore cultural memory in the Roman Republic and the Age of Augustus. It provides an excellent and accessible starting point for readers who are new to the intersection between cultural memory theory and ancient Rome, whilst also appealing to the seasoned scholar. The chapters delve deep into memory theory, going beyond the canonical texts of Jan Assmann and Pierre Nora and pushing their terminology towards Basu's dispositifs, Roller's intersignifications, Langlands' sites of exemplarity, and Erll's horizons. This innovative framework enables a fresh analysis of both fragmentary texts and archaeological phenomena not discussed elsewhere.

International audience

ABSTRACT This article describes the digital critical edition of the works and letters of Nietzsche published by Nietzsche Source compared with the different versions of the Colli/Montinari critical edition.

It has been necessary to make a clear distinction between genetic criticism and textual criticism. I suggested that textual criticism is a science of repetition and genetic criticism a science of invention; that the aim of textual criticism is to establish the text (by eliminating its variants), whereas genetic criticism destabilizes the text by confronting it with its actual or potential versions. It now seems required to qualify this general opposition: because it is sometimes impossible to distinguish between creative variants and variants of transmission and also because it is not an adequate description of some of the more interesting work being done in the field of textual criticism. Some of the models that textual critics have put forward can be a source of inspiration for geneticists. Understanding variants as a form of variation can be a more useful way of approaching the question.

L’observation des archives et brouillons d’Emile Benveniste permet de mettre au jour les habitudes de travail du linguiste : carnets d’observations et d’enquêtes, notes de lectures, notes de travail, brouillons, rédactions plus ou moins corrigées, tapuscrits. Ce riche matériau permet de mettre en évidence la place et le rôle des premières notes de travail pour l’écriture d’un article et faire apparaître ce que devient leur première formulation au cours du processus de textualisation. Pour contextualiser ce rôle spécifique des notes l’article propose, après une vue d’ensemble de l’habitus de travail du linguiste, un corpus ordonné d’exemples pris dans divers dossiers génétiques correspondants à l’écriture d’articles des PLG. A partir de la transcription des notes manuscrites et parfois des images de manuscrits, une analyse du processus d’écriture permettra de suivre leur devenir.

Résumé L’article se penche sur les conditions de formation des coalitions entre mouvements sociaux à partir de l’étude de l’alliance qui s’est tissée entre deux organisations de mouvement social actives sur des terrains de lutte distincts : Act Up et Agir ensemble contre le chômage (AC !). Cette coalition s’est exprimée au cours de deux épisodes contestataires de l’année 1997, tout d’abord par le ralliement de militants d’AC ! à l’appel « Nous sommes la gauche » lancé par Act Up au moment de la dissolution de l’Assemblée nationale, puis par la participation en décembre d’Act Up au mouvement des chômeurs. Si l’alliance s’est cristallisée autour de la revendication, portée par certaines fractions d’AC ! d’un revenu minimum garanti, celle-ci ne revêtait pas le même sens ni ne répondait aux mêmes enjeux pour les deux groupes, ce qui invite l’analyse des coalitions à s’intéresser davantage à ce qui distingue les unités coalisées qu’à ce qui semble, mais en apparence seulement, les rapprocher.

This study aimed to examine the occurrence of microplastics in surface water and sediment samples collected from Hanoi to the Ba Lat estuary along the Red River, the second-largest river in Vietnam (surface area: 156,451 km 2 ). 21 stations were sampled during the dry (March 2023) and rainy (September 2023) seasons. The analytical procedure involved: digestion with hydrogen peroxide, flotation with potassium carbonate, and overflow filtration. The filters were analyzed by microscopy (Nikon SMZ645) to describe shapes and colors and by μ-FTIR (PerkinElmer Spotlight 400) to determine polymer types and abundances. Results showed that microplastic quantities throughout the river ranged from 10 to 203 items.m −3 in surface water and from 653 to 8069 and 990 to 21,610 items.kg −1 dried weight (d.w.) in sediment during the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. MPs were classified into two main shape groups: fiber and fragment, with fibers being predominant, representing 82.0 % and 75.5 % of microplastics in water and sediment, respectively. The primary colors identified were white/transparent, black, and blue. Particles between 13 and 200 μm were the predominant size class, accounting for 64.1 % and 72.4 % of the microplastics in water and sediment, respectively. Polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyethylene terephthalate were the main polymers, accounting for 71.5 % and 72.2 % of the microplastics in water and sediment, as revealed by μ-FTIR analyses. Overall, in the Red River, the MP pollution load is moderate, but the type of particles detected represents a high to dangerous polymer risk, resulting in a very high potential ecological risk on the river. • Microplastics were found in all water and sediment samples along the Red River. • The most abundant polymers were PE, PP, PET; fiber being the predominant shape. • Seasonal variability was noted, with higher plastic deposition during the dry season. • The particle of 13–200 μm was the major size classification. • The risk was high to danger for the hazard index.

Relire Thérèse et Isabelle aujourd'hui ?L'érotisme et la ferveur amoureuse qui s'en dégagent, cette manière si particulière à Violette Leduc d'allier poésie et réalisme en font un plaisir rare, toujours renouvelé… Oui, mais de quel Thérèse et Isabelle s'agit-il ? 2 Le livre de Violette Leduc (1907-1972) paru sous le titre Thérèse et Isabelle 1 -sans doute aussi connu que La Bâtarde (1964, premier volume de sa trilogie autobiographique, préfacé par Simone de Beauvoir, et qui valut à son auteur le succès auprès du grand public) -n'a pas pris une ride.Mais c'est une œuvre aux dimensions multiples, dont l'histoire complexe est encore loin d'être achevée.Il existe à ce jour dans le commerce deux ouvrages intitulés Thérèse et Isabelle, tous deux parus chez Gallimard, qui diffèrent cependant largement l'un de l'autre : la première édition, celle de 1966, publiée du vivant de l'auteur (112 pages) 2 ; la seconde, parue en 2000 de manière posthume, comprend 128 pages d'un plus grand format 3 . 3Or ce bref texte n'a pas été conçu par Violette Leduc comme un texte autonome : il constitue en fait la première partie d'un roman autobiographique, Ravages, également publié par Gallimard en 1954.Mais l'épisode "Thérèse et Isabelle" ne figure pas dans le roman, dont l'éditeur -un comité de lecture exclusivement masculin -a amputé, par peur du scandale, environ cent cinquante pages, considérées à l'époque comme impubliables car trop audacieuses, beaucoup trop "osées", du moins sous la plume d'une femme 4 . 4Malgré l'insistance de Simone de Beauvoir auprès de Gallimard et auprès d'autres éditeurs, qui se montrent encore plus sévères, et le soutien de Dominique Aury, cet épisode évoquant les amours saphiques, brûlantes et crues de deux adolescentes restera donc totalement inédit pendant une dizaine d'années, jusqu'à la parution de La Bâtarde où, sur les conseils de Simone de Beauvoir, Violette Leduc en insère une partie (qui constitue le chapitre III).C'est d'ailleurs grâce au succès retentissant de La Bâtarde que Gallimard acceptera alors, en 1966, de publier sous le titre Thérèse et Isabelle une autre partie de ce texte qu'il a censuré douze ans auparavant 5 .Relire Thérèse et Isabelle de Violette Leduc… à la lumière de sa genèse

International audience

This paper analyses firstly the presentation of the thought of the eternal return and its function within Thus Spoke Zarathustra . Then, to clarify and analyse the terms of the doctrine of Nietzsche as a theoretical and speculative hypothesis, it reconstructs some aspects of philosophical and cosmological debate in the second half of the nineteenth century. He discovered that Nietzsche interest for cosmological issues was sparked by reading in Sils-Maria, during the summer of 1881, a book by Otto Caspari. Nietzsche considered especially a passage where Caspari criticizes as the most great ethical perversion the ‘world process’ proposed by Eduard von Hartmann and the eternal recurrence of the same which necessarily involves it. In formulating the thought of the eternal return of the same, Nietzsche takes part in this cosmological debate using its terms and arguments and diverting them with a subtle parody.

In this article, we argue that examining the writing processes of literary authors would enrich and extend empirical research on writing, which is currently grounded in cognitive psychology. In most empirical studies of writing skills, experts are defined as either advanced students or technical writers, neither of whom work within the same constraints or timeframes as literary authors. Including literary authors in psychological accounts of writing, by drawing on the observations of genetic criticism (a linguistic-literary discipline that reconstructs the genesis of an author’s manuscript by collecting and interpreting the notes, drafts, revisions, successive versions, etc.), would add to our knowledge of professional writing. Two issues could then be considered: (a) the way the creative process takes place during writing and (b) the role of memory in the management of writing processes over extended time periods.

We present an integrated system devoted to the visualization and the editing of hypermedia documents from literary material including document images and structured text.First, capabilities are offered to transcribe manuscript images.Transcribing the text consists in coupling lines typed on the keyboard with their corresponding text lines in the manuscript images.A semi-automatic system based on computer-human interaction and document analysis is proposed for performing this task.This system provides editing capabilities for linking document images and the corresponding structured textual representations (encoded by means of a logical markup language).Finally, application-specific visualization tools have been developed in order to provide users with an idea of the overall organization of the hyperdocument and help them to navigate.