New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology

This paper describes the Seventh Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), marking the completion of the original goals of the SDSS and the end of the phase known as SDSS-II. It includes 11,663 deg2 of imaging data, with most of the ~2000 deg2 increment over the previous data release lying in regions of low Galactic latitude. The catalog contains five-band photometry for 357 million distinct objects. The survey also includes repeat photometry on a 120° long, 2fdg5 wide stripe along the celestial equator in the Southern Galactic Cap, with some regions covered by as many as 90 individual imaging runs. We include a co-addition of the best of these data, going roughly 2 mag fainter than the main survey over 250 deg2. The survey has completed spectroscopy over 9380 deg2; the spectroscopy is now complete over a large contiguous area of the Northern Galactic Cap, closing the gap that was present in previous data releases. There are over 1.6 million spectra in total, including 930,000 galaxies, 120,000 quasars, and 460,000 stars. The data release includes improved stellar photometry at low Galactic latitude. The astrometry has all been recalibrated with the second version of the USNO CCD Astrograph Catalog, reducing the rms statistical errors at the bright end to 45 milliarcseconds per coordinate. We further quantify a systematic error in bright galaxy photometry due to poor sky determination; this problem is less severe than previously reported for the majority of galaxies. Finally, we describe a series of improvements to the spectroscopic reductions, including better flat fielding and improved wavelength calibration at the blue end, better processing of objects with extremely strong narrow emission lines, and an improved determination of stellar metallicities.

With at least a half dozen hydrogeochemistry textbooks on the market, why do we need another one? Aqueous Environmental Geochemistry provides an answer to that question. Most current texts fall into one of two categories. Some are heavy on basic concepts and physical chemistry fundamentals, but contain relatively few relevant examples from the natural environment. Other texts fall at the opposite end of the spectrum, with plenty of good geochemical examples but only qualitative or semiquantitative approaches to understanding them. In contrast, Donald Langmuir's new book provides a thorough development of fundamentals important in low temperature aqueous geochemistry, along with a wealth of examples to illustrate how these fundamentals are applied in solving real problems.

This paper describes the Sixth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. With this data release, the imaging of the northern Galactic cap is now complete. The survey contains images and parameters of roughly 287 million objects over 9583 deg², including scans over a large range of Galactic latitudes and longitudes. The survey also includes 1.27 million spectra of stars, galaxies, quasars, and blank sky (for sky subtraction) selected over 7425 deg². This release includes much more stellar spectroscopy than was available in previous data releases and also includes detailed estimates of stellar temperatures, gravities, and metallicities. The results of improved photometric calibration are now available, with uncertainties of roughly 1% in g, r, i, and z, and 2% in u, substantially better than the uncertainties in previous data releases. The spectra in this data release have improved wavelength and flux calibration, especially in the extreme blue and extreme red, leading to the qualitatively better determination of stellar types and radial velocities. The spectrophotometric fluxes are now tied to point-spread function magnitudes of stars rather than fiber magnitudes. This gives more robust results in the presence of seeing variations, but also implies a change in the spectrophotometric scale, which is now brighter by roughly 0.35 mag. Systematic errors in the velocity dispersions of galaxies have been fixed, and the results of two independent codes for determining spectral classifications and redshifts are made available. Additional spectral outputs are made available, including calibrated spectra from individual 15 minute exposures and the sky spectrum subtracted from each exposure. We also quantify a recently recognized underestimation of the brightnesses of galaxies of large angular extent due to poor sky subtraction; the bias can exceed 0.2 mag for galaxies brighter than r = 14 mag.

Abstract We report multiple lines of evidence for a stochastic signal that is correlated among 67 pulsars from the 15 yr pulsar timing data set collected by the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves. The correlations follow the Hellings–Downs pattern expected for a stochastic gravitational-wave background. The presence of such a gravitational-wave background with a power-law spectrum is favored over a model with only independent pulsar noises with a Bayes factor in excess of 10 14 , and this same model is favored over an uncorrelated common power-law spectrum model with Bayes factors of 200–1000, depending on spectral modeling choices. We have built a statistical background distribution for the latter Bayes factors using a method that removes interpulsar correlations from our data set, finding p = 10 −3 (≈3 σ ) for the observed Bayes factors in the null no-correlation scenario. A frequentist test statistic built directly as a weighted sum of interpulsar correlations yields p = 5 × 10 −5 to 1.9 × 10 −4 (≈3.5 σ –4 σ ). Assuming a fiducial f −2/3 characteristic strain spectrum, as appropriate for an ensemble of binary supermassive black hole inspirals, the strain amplitude is <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2.4</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.6</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.7</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>15</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:math> (median + 90% credible interval) at a reference frequency of 1 yr −1 . The inferred gravitational-wave background amplitude and spectrum are consistent with astrophysical expectations for a signal from a population of supermassive black hole binaries, although more exotic cosmological and astrophysical sources cannot be excluded. The observation of Hellings–Downs correlations points to the gravitational-wave origin of this signal.

The ATLAS 3D project is a multiwavelength survey combined with a theoretical modelling effort. The observations span from the radio to the millimetre and optical, and provide multicolour imaging, two-dimensional kinematics of the atomic (H I), molecular (CO) and ionized gas (H, [O III] and [N I]), together with the kinematics and population of the stars (H, Fe5015 and Mg b), for a carefully selected, volume-limited (1.16 10 5 Mpc 3 ) sample of 260 early-type (elliptical E and lenticular S0) galaxies (ETGs). The models include semi-analytic, N-body binary mergers and cosmological simulations of galaxy formation. Here we present the science goals for the project and introduce the galaxy sample and the selection criteria. The sample consists of nearby (D < 42 Mpc, | -29 | < 35 , |b| > 15 ) morphologically selected ETGs extracted from a parent sample of 871 galaxies (8 per cent E, 22 per cent S0 and 70 per cent spirals) brighter than M K < -21.5 mag (stellar mass M 6 10 9 M ). We analyse possible selection biases and we conclude that the parent sample is essentially complete and statistically representative of the nearby galaxy population. We present the size-luminosity relation for the spirals and ETGs and show that the ETGs in the ATLAS 3D sample define a

Distinguished Author Series articles are general, descriptiverepresentations that summarize the state of the art in an area of technology bydescribing recent developments for readers who are not specialists in thetopics discussed. Written by individuals recognized as experts in the area, these articles provide key references to more definitive work and presentspecific details only to illustrate the technology. Purpose: to informthe general readership of recent advances in various areas of petroleumengineering. Introduction Reservoir wettability is determined by complex interface boundary conditionsacting within the pore space of sedimentary rocks. These conditions have adominant effect on interface movement and associated oil displacement. Wettability is a significant issue in multiphase flow problems ranging from oilmigration from source rocks to such enhanced recovery processes as alkalineflooding or alternate injection of CO2 and water. In this paper, wettabilitywill be discussed mainly in the context of recovery of light (low-viscosity)oils by waterflooding. Waterflooding has been widely applied for more than halfa century; secondary recovery by waterflooding presently accounts for more thanone-half of current U.S. oil production. Many research papers have addressedthe effect of wettability on waterflood recovery during this period. For muchof the past 50 years, however, a large body of reservoir period. For much ofthe past 50 years, however, a large body of reservoir engineering practice hasbeen based on the assumption that most reservoirs are very strongly water-wet(VSWW); i.e., the reservoir-rock source always maintains a strong affinity forwater in the presence of oil. The rationale for assuming VSWW conditions wasthat water originally occupied the reservoir trap; as oil accumulated, waterwas retained by capillary forces in the finer pore spaces and as films on poresurfaces overlain by oil. Wettability behavior other than VSWW was observed forreservoir core samples, but was often ascribed to artifacts related to corerecovery and testing procedures. The majority of reservoir engineeringmeasurements have been made on cleaned core with refined oil or air as thenonwetting phase to give results for, or equivalent to, VSWW conditions. Examples of such measurements are laboratory waterfloods, determination ofelectrical resistivity vs. water saturation relationships, and capillarypressure measurements for determination of reservoir connate water saturation. Mounting evidence on the effects of crude oil on wetting behavior has now ledto wide acceptance of the conclusion that most reservoirs are at wettabilityconditions other than VSWW. This conclusion has led to a resurgence of interestin satisfactory procedures for measuring reservoir wettability and determiningits effect procedures for measuring reservoir wettability and determining itseffect on oil recovery, especially with respect to waterflooding. Determinationof reservoir wettability and its effect on oil recovery by methods that involvecore samples will be referred to as advanced core analysis for wettability(ACAW). Reservoir wettability is not a simply defined property. Classificationof reservoirs as water-wet or oil-wet is a gross oversimplification. Variousprocedures for measuring wettability have been proposed. Two methods ofquantifying wettability based on rock/brine/oil displacement behavior, themodified Amott test and the USBM test, are in common use. Each method dependson water saturation measurements and related capillary pressures or flowconditions to define a wettability scale. The tests show pressures or flowconditions to define a wettability scale. The tests show that reservoirwettability can cover a broad spectrum of wetting conditions that range fromVSWW to very strongly oil-wet. Within this range, complex mixed-wettabilityconditions given by combinations of preferentially water-wet and oil-wetsurfaces have been identified. In preferentially water-wet and oil-wet surfaceshave been identified. In this paper, the adopted scales of reservoirwettability and their relationships to interface boundary conditions areconsidered together with the dramatic effects that wettability can have on oilrecovery. Contact Angles, Spreading and Adhesion Contact Angle and Spreading. Contact angle is the most universal measure ofthe wettability of surfaces. Fig. 1 shows idealized examples of contact anglesat smooth solid surfaces for oil and water of matched density. Early studies ofwetting phenomena showed that the wetting properties of a solid are dominatedby the outermost layer of molecules. (Films that result from spreading andother thin adsorbed films are not indicated in Fig. 1.) Large change in thewettability of a surface, such as quartz, can be achieved by adsorption of amonolayer of polar molecules so that the outermost part of the surface iscomposed of hydrocarbon chains. Extreme change in wettability (see Fig. 1), such as from a or b to e or f, or vice versa, is called wettability reversal. Adsorption of polar compounds from crude oil plays a critical role indetermining the wetting properties of reservoir-rock surfaces. Many earlystudies of wetting behavior, even for comparatively simple systems, wereplagued by problems of reproducibility. Aside from surface contamination, otherforms of heterogeneity in chemical composition, surface roughness, and staticand dynamic interface properties contribute to the complexity of observedwetting phenomena. Large differences in contact angles, depending on whether aninterface was advanced or receded, called into question the validity ofattempting to describe wettability by a single-valued equilibrium contactangle. Successful systematic studies of closely reproducibleequilibrium-contact-angle measurements have been summarized by Zisman. By useof smooth (often polymeric), solid surfaces and pure liquids, contact-anglehysteresis was limited to within 1 or 20. In contrast, contact-angle hysteresisis observed almost invariably for crude-oil/brine systems. Fig. 2 showsexamples of contact angles that exhibit small and large hysteresis. Recedingangles are generally low (less than 30 degrees) and seldom exceed 60 degrees, whereas a wide range of advancing angles is observed. The shaded regions inFig. 2 show the range of possible contact-angle values for a fixed position ofthe three-phase line of contact. Contact-angle measurements onreservoir-crude-oil/brine systems provide one approach to measuring reservoirwettability. For the most extensive set of data yet reported, contact anglesfor crude oil and simulated reservoir brine were measured at reservoirtemperature and ambient pressure. Choice of mineral substrate, usually quartzor calcite, was pressure. Choice of mineral substrate, usually quartz orcalcite, was based on what was judged from petrographic examination to be thepredominant mineral at pore surfaces. (There are obvious limitations topredominant mineral at pore surfaces. (There are obvious limitations torepresenting the rock surface by a single mineral.) JPT P. 1476

The reconstruction of bacterial and archaeal genomes from shotgun metagenomes has enabled insights into the ecology and evolution of environmental and host-associated microbiomes. Here we applied this approach to >10,000 metagenomes collected from diverse habitats covering all of Earth's continents and oceans, including metagenomes from human and animal hosts, engineered environments, and natural and agricultural soils, to capture extant microbial, metabolic and functional potential. This comprehensive catalog includes 52,515 metagenome-assembled genomes representing 12,556 novel candidate species-level operational taxonomic units spanning 135 phyla. The catalog expands the known phylogenetic diversity of bacteria and archaea by 44% and is broadly available for streamlined comparative analyses, interactive exploration, metabolic modeling and bulk download. We demonstrate the utility of this collection for understanding secondary-metabolite biosynthetic potential and for resolving thousands of new host linkages to uncultivated viruses. This resource underscores the value of genome-centric approaches for revealing genomic properties of uncultivated microorganisms that affect ecosystem processes.

Research Article| July 01, 2007 Geological records of the Lhasa-Qiangtang and Indo-Asian collisions in the Nima area of central Tibet Paul Kapp; Paul Kapp 1Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721–0077, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Peter G. DeCelles; Peter G. DeCelles 1Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721–0077, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar George E. Gehrels; George E. Gehrels 1Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721–0077, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Matthew Heizler; Matthew Heizler 2New Mexico Geochronological Research Laboratory, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Lin Ding Lin Ding 3Institutes of Tibetan Plateau Research and Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information Paul Kapp 1Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721–0077, USA Peter G. DeCelles 1Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721–0077, USA George E. Gehrels 1Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721–0077, USA Matthew Heizler 2New Mexico Geochronological Research Laboratory, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, USA Lin Ding 3Institutes of Tibetan Plateau Research and Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China Publisher: Geological Society of America Received: 04 May 2006 Revision Received: 18 Dec 2006 Accepted: 19 Jan 2007 First Online: 08 Mar 2017 Online ISSN: 1943-2674 Print ISSN: 0016-7606 Geological Society of America GSA Bulletin (2007) 119 (7-8): 917–933. https://doi.org/10.1130/B26033.1 Article history Received: 04 May 2006 Revision Received: 18 Dec 2006 Accepted: 19 Jan 2007 First Online: 08 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Permissions Search Site Citation Paul Kapp, Peter G. DeCelles, George E. Gehrels, Matthew Heizler, Lin Ding; Geological records of the Lhasa-Qiangtang and Indo-Asian collisions in the Nima area of central Tibet. GSA Bulletin 2007;; 119 (7-8): 917–933. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/B26033.1 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGSA Bulletin Search Advanced Search Abstract A geological and geochronologic investigation of the Nima area along the Jurassic–Early Cretaceous Bangong suture of central Tibet (∼32°N, ∼87°E) provides well-dated records of contractional deformation and sedimentation during mid-Cretaceous and mid-Tertiary time. Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous (≤125 Ma) marine sedimentary rocks were transposed, intruded by granitoids, and uplifted above sea level by ca. 118 Ma, the age of the oldest nonmarine strata documented. Younger nonmarine Cretaceous rocks include ca. 110–106 Ma volcanic-bearing strata and Cenomanian red beds and conglomerates. The Jurassic–Cretaceous rocks are unconformably overlain by up to 4000 m of Upper Oligocene to Lower Miocene lacustrine, nearshore lacustrine, and fluvial red-bed deposits. Paleocurrent directions, growth stratal relationships, and a structural restoration of the basin show that Cretaceous–Tertiary nonmarine deposition was coeval with mainly S-directed thrusting in the northern part of the Nima area and N-directed thrusting along the southern margin of the basin. The structural restoration suggests >58 km (>47%) of N–S shortening following Early Cretaceous ocean closure and ∼25 km shortening (∼28%) of Nima basin strata since 26 Ma. Cretaceous magmatism and syncontractional basin development are attributed to northward low-angle subduction of the Neotethyan oceanic lithosphere and Lhasa-Qiangtang continental collision, respectively. Tertiary syncontractional basin development in the Nima area was coeval with that along the Bangong suture in westernmost Tibet and the Indus-Yarlung suture in southern Tibet, suggesting simultaneous, renewed contraction along these sutures during the Oligocene-Miocene. This suture-zone reactivation immediately predated major displacement within the Himalayan Main Central thrust system shear zone, raising the possibility that Tertiary shortening in Tibet and the Himalayas may be interpretable in the context of a mechanically linked, composite orogenic system. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

The magnitude 7.3 Landers earthquake of 28 June 1992 triggered a remarkably sudden and widespread increase in earthquake activity across much of the western United States. The triggered earthquakes, which occurred at distances up to 1250 kilometers (17 source dimensions) from the Landers mainshock, were confined to areas of persistent seismicity and strike-slip to normal faulting. Many of the triggered areas also are sites of geothermal and recent volcanic activity. Static stress changes calculated for elastic models of the earthquake appear to be too small to have caused the triggering. The most promising explanations involve nonlinear interactions between large dynamic strains accompanying seismic waves from the mainshock and crustal fluids (perhaps including crustal magma).

Numerous studies have indicated that prosodic phrase boundaries may be marked by a variety of acoustic phenomena including segmental lengthening. It has not been established, however, whether this lengthening is restricted to the immediate vicinity of the boundary, or if it extends over some larger region. In this study, segmental lengthening in the vicinity of prosodic boundaries is examined and found to be restricted to the rhyme of the syllable preceding the boundary. By using a normalized measure of segmental lengthening, and by compensating for differences in speaking rate, it is also shown that at least four distinct types of boundaries can be distinguished on the basis of this lengthening.

Information security is an issue of serious global concern. The complexity, accessibility, and openness of the Internet have served to increase the security risk of information systems tremendously. This paper concerns intrusion detection. We describe approaches to intrusion detection using neural networks and support vector machines. The key ideas are to discover useful patterns or features that describe user behavior on a system, and use the set of relevant features to build classifiers that can recognize anomalies and known intrusions, hopefully in real time. Using a set of benchmark data from a KDD (knowledge discovery and data mining) competition designed by DARPA, we demonstrate that efficient and accurate classifiers can be built to detect intrusions. We compare the performance of neural networks based, and support vector machine based, systems for intrusion detection.

We provide a census of the apparent stellar angular momentum within 1 Re of a volume-limited sample of 260 early-type galaxies (ETGs) in the nearby Universe, using integral-field spectroscopy obtained in the course of the ATLAS3D project. We exploit the LambdaR parameter to characterise the existence of two families of ETGs: Slow Rotators which exhibit complex stellar velocity fields and often include stellar kinematically Distinct Cores (KDCs), and Fast Rotators which have regular velocity fields. Our complete sample of 260 ETGs leads to a new criterion to disentangle Fast and Slow Rotators which now includes a dependency on the apparent ellipticity (Epsilon). It separates the two classes significantly better than the previous prescription, and than a criterion based on V/Sigma: Slow Rotators and Fast Rotators have LambdaR lower and larger than kFSxSQRT(Epsilon), respectively, where kFS=0.31 for measurements made within 1 Re. We show that the vast majority of early-type galaxies are Fast Rotators: these have regular stellar rotation, with aligned photometric and kinematic axes (Paper II, Krajnovic et al. 2011}, include discs and often bars and represent 86% (224/260) of all early-type galaxies in the volume-limited ATLAS3D sample. Fast Rotators span the full range of apparent ellipticities from 0 to 0.85, and we suggest that they cover intrinsic ellipticities from about 0.35 to 0.85, the most flattened having morphologies consistent with spiral galaxies. Only a small fraction of ETGs are Slow Rotators representing 14% (36/260) of the ATLAS3D sample of ETGs. Of all Slow Rotators, 11% (4/36) exhibit two counter-rotating stellar disc-like components and are rather low mass objects (Mdyn&lt;10^10.5 M_Sun). All other Slow Rotators (32/36) appear relatively round on the sky (Epsilon_e&lt;0.4), tend to be massive (Mdyn&gt;10^10.5 M_Sun), and often (17/32) exhibit KDCs.

Abstract The 15 yr pulsar timing data set collected by the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav) shows positive evidence for the presence of a low-frequency gravitational-wave (GW) background. In this paper, we investigate potential cosmological interpretations of this signal, specifically cosmic inflation, scalar-induced GWs, first-order phase transitions, cosmic strings, and domain walls. We find that, with the exception of stable cosmic strings of field theory origin, all these models can reproduce the observed signal. When compared to the standard interpretation in terms of inspiraling supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs), many cosmological models seem to provide a better fit resulting in Bayes factors in the range from 10 to 100. However, these results strongly depend on modeling assumptions about the cosmic SMBHB population and, at this stage, should not be regarded as evidence for new physics. Furthermore, we identify excluded parameter regions where the predicted GW signal from cosmological sources significantly exceeds the NANOGrav signal. These parameter constraints are independent of the origin of the NANOGrav signal and illustrate how pulsar timing data provide a new way to constrain the parameter space of these models. Finally, we search for deterministic signals produced by models of ultralight dark matter (ULDM) and dark matter substructures in the Milky Way. We find no evidence for either of these signals and thus report updated constraints on these models. In the case of ULDM, these constraints outperform torsion balance and atomic clock constraints for ULDM coupled to electrons, muons, or gluons.

This paper describes the Third Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). This release, containing data taken up through 2003 June, includes imaging data in five bands over 5282 deg 2 , photometric and astrometric catalogs of the 141 million objects detected in these imaging data, and spectra of 528,640 objects selected over 4188 deg 2 . The pipelines analyzing both images and spectroscopy are unchanged from those used in our Second Data Release.

Author: Cappellari, Michele et al.; Genre: Journal Article; Issued: 2013-07; Title: The ATLAS3D project – XV. Benchmark for early-type galaxies scaling relations from 260 dynamical models: mass-to-light ratio, dark matter, Fundamental Plane and Mass Plane

In the companion Paper XV of this series, we derive accurate total mass-to-light ratios (M/L)JAM≈(M/L)(r=Re) within a sphere of radius r=Re centred on the galaxy, as well as stellar (M/L)stars (with the dark matter removed) for the volume-limited and nearly mass selected (stellar mass M⋆≳6×109M⊙) ATLAS3D sample of 260 early-type galaxies (ETGs, ellipticals Es and lenticulars S0s). Here, we use those parameters to study the two orthogonal projections (MJAM,σe) and (MJAM,Rmaje) of the thin Mass Plane (MP) (MJAM,σe,Rmaje) which describes the distribution of the galaxy population, where MJAM≡L×(M/L)JAM≈M⋆. The distribution of galaxy properties on both projections of the MP is characterized by: (i) the same zone of exclusion (ZOE), which can be transformed from one projection to the other using the scalar virial equation. The ZOE is roughly described by two power laws, joined by a break at a characteristic mass MJAM≈3×1010M⊙, which corresponds to the minimum Re and maximum stellar density. This results in a break in the mean MJAM--σe relation with trends MJAM∝σ2.3e and MJAM∝σ4.7e at small and large σe, respectively; (ii) a characteristic mass MJAM≈2×1011M⊙ which separates a population dominated by flat fast rotator with discs and spiral galaxies at lower masses, from one dominated by quite round slow rotators at larger masses; (iii) below that mass the distribution of ETGs’ properties on the two projections of the MP tends to be constant along lines of roughly constant σe, or equivalently along lines with Rmaje∝MJAM, respectively (or even better parallel to the ZOE: Rmaje∝M0.75JAM); (iv) it forms a continuous and parallel sequence with the distribution of spiral galaxies; (v) at even lower masses, the distribution of fast-rotator ETGs and late spirals naturally extends to that of dwarf ETGs (Sph) and dwarf irregulars (Im), respectively. We use dynamical models to analyse our kinematic maps. We show that &amp; 0963;e traces the bulge fraction, which appears to be the main driver for the observed trends in the dynamical (M/L)JAM and in indicators of the (M/L)pop of the stellar population like Hβ and colour, as well as in the molecular gas fraction. A similar variation along contours of σe is also observed for the mass normalization of the stellar initial mass function (IMF), which was recently shown to vary systematically within the ETGs’ population. Our preferred relation has the form log10[(M/L)stars/(M/L)Salp]=a+b&amp; 0215;log10(σe/130kms−1) with a = −0.12 ± 0.01 and b = 0.35 ± 0.06. Unless there are major flaws in all stellar population models, this trend implies a transition of the mean IMF from Kroupa to Salpeter in the interval log10(&amp; 0963;e/kms−1)≈1.9--2.5 (or σe≈90--290 km s−1), with a smooth variation in between, consistently with what was shown in Cappellari et al. The observed distribution of galaxy properties on the MP provides a clean and novel view for a number of previously reported trends, which constitute special two-dimensional projections of the more general four-dimensional parameters trends on the MP. We interpret it as due to a combination of two main effects: (i) an increase of the bulge fraction, which increases σe, decreases Re, and greatly enhance the likelihood for a galaxy to have its star formation quenched, and (ii) dry merging, increasing galaxy mass and Re by moving galaxies along lines of roughly constant σe (or steeper), while leaving the population nearly unchanged.

A GPS‐based system has been developed that accurately locates the sources of VHF radiation from lightning discharges in three spatial dimensions and time. The observations are found to reflect the basic charge structure of electrified storms. Observations have also been obtained of a distinct type of energetic discharge referred to as positive bipolar breakdown, recently identified as the source of trans‐ionospheric pulse pairs (TIPPs) observed by satellites from space. The bipolar breakdown has been confirmed to occur between the main negative and upper positive charge regions of a storm and found to be the initial event of otherwise normal intracloud discharges. The latter is contrary to previous findings that the breakdown appeared to be temporally isolated from other lightning in a storm. Peak VHF radiation from the energetic discharges is observed to be typically 30 dB stronger than that from other lightning processes and to correspond to source power in excess of 100 kW over a 6 MHz bandwidth centered at 63 MHz.

The sustainable development of the global economy and society calls for the practice of the environmental, social and governance (ESG) principle. The ESG principle has been developed for 17 years following its formal proposal in 2004. Countries around the world continue to promote the coordinated development of the environment, society, and governance in accordance with the ESG principle. In order to review and summarize ESG research, this study takes the literature related to ESG research as the research object and presents the cooperation status, hot spots, and trends of ESG research with the help of the literature analysis tool CiteSpace. On the basis of quantitative analysis results, this study presents an examination and comprehensive summary of progress in the research into ESG combined with a systematic literature review. This includes the theoretical basis of ESG research, the interaction between the dimensions of ESG, the impact of ESG on the economic consequences, the risk prevention role of ESG, and ESG measurement. Based on the systematic summary of research progress, this paper further refines the characteristics of ESG research, reveals the shortcomings of ESG research, and propose a focus for ESG research in the future in order to provide a reference for academic research and the practice of ESG.

A new type of photosensitizers used in photodynamic therapy, which is based on photon upconverting nanoparticles, is reported. These photosensitizers are excitable with infrared irradiation and have several times larger tissue penetration depth than the currently available ones. They are brought close to the target cancer cells through antigen−antibody interaction with good specificity and versatility. The design is also flexible in that various photosensitive molecules can be potentially adopted into the design. Results from in vitro experiments demonstrate their promise of becoming the next generation photodynamic therapy drugs.

Abstract Digital algorithms for robust detection of phase arrivals in the presence of stationary and nonstationary noise have a long history in seismology and have been exploited primarily to reduce the amount of data recorded by data logging systems to manageable levels. In the present era of inexpensive digital storage, however, such algorithms are increasingly being used to flag signal segments in continuously recorded digital data streams for subsequent processing by automatic and/or expert interpretation systems. In the course of our development of an automated, near-real-time, waveform correlation event-detection and location system (WCEDS), we have surveyed the abilities of such algorithms to enhance seismic phase arrivals in teleseismic data streams. Specifically, we have considered envelopes generated by energy transient (STA/LTA), Z-statistic, frequency transient, and polarization algorithms. The WCEDS system requires a set of input data streams that have a smooth, low-amplitude response to background noise and seismic coda and that contain peaks at times corresponding to phase arrivals. The algorithm used to generate these input streams from raw seismograms must perform well under a wide range of source, path, receiver, and noise scenarios. Present computational capabilities allow the application of considerably more robust algorithms than have been historically used in real time. However, highly complex calculations can still be computationally prohibitive for current workstations when the number of data streams become large. While no algorithm was clearly optimal under all source, receiver, path, and noise conditions tested, an STA/LTA algorithm incorporating adaptive window lengths controlled by nonstationary seismogram spectral characteristics was found to provide an output that best met the requirements of a global correlation-based event-detection and location system.