Ningxia University

Great progress has been made in the preparation and application of multi-shelled hollow micro-/nanostructures during the past decade. However, the synthetic methodologies and potential applications of these novel and interesting materials have not been reviewed comprehensively in the literature. In the current review we first describe different synthetic methodologies for multi-shelled hollow micro-/nanostructures as well as their compositional and geometric manipulation and then review their applications in energy conversion and storage, sensors, photocatalysis, and drug delivery. The correlation between the geometric properties of multi-shelled hollow micro-/nanostructures and their specific performance in relevant applications are highlighted. These results demonstrate that the geometry has a direct impact on the properties and potential applications of such materials. Finally, the emerging challenges and future development of multi-shelled hollow micro-/nanostructures are further discussed.

The idea that noncrop habitat enhances pest control and represents a win-win opportunity to conserve biodiversity and bolster yields has emerged as an agroecological paradigm. However, while noncrop habitat in landscapes surrounding farms sometimes benefits pest predators, natural enemy responses remain heterogeneous across studies and effects on pests are inconclusive. The observed heterogeneity in species responses to noncrop habitat may be biological in origin or could result from variation in how habitat and biocontrol are measured. Here, we use a pest-control database encompassing 132 studies and 6,759 sites worldwide to model natural enemy and pest abundances, predation rates, and crop damage as a function of landscape composition. Our results showed that although landscape composition explained significant variation within studies, pest and enemy abundances, predation rates, crop damage, and yields each exhibited different responses across studies, sometimes increasing and sometimes decreasing in landscapes with more noncrop habitat but overall showing no consistent trend. Thus, models that used landscape-composition variables to predict pest-control dynamics demonstrated little potential to explain variation across studies, though prediction did improve when comparing studies with similar crop and landscape features. Overall, our work shows that surrounding noncrop habitat does not consistently improve pest management, meaning habitat conservation may bolster production in some systems and depress yields in others. Future efforts to develop tools that inform farmers when habitat conservation truly represents a win-win would benefit from increased understanding of how landscape effects are modulated by local farm management and the biology of pests and their enemies.

Cattle domestication and the complex histories of East Asian cattle breeds warrant further investigation. Through analysing the genomes of 49 modern breeds and eight East Asian ancient samples, worldwide cattle are consistently classified into five continental groups based on Y-chromosome haplotypes and autosomal variants. We find that East Asian cattle populations are mainly composed of three distinct ancestries, including an earlier East Asian taurine ancestry that reached China at least ~3.9 kya, a later introduced Eurasian taurine ancestry, and a novel Chinese indicine ancestry that diverged from Indian indicine approximately 36.6-49.6 kya. We also report historic introgression events that helped domestic cattle from southern China and the Tibetan Plateau achieve rapid adaptation by acquiring ~2.93% and ~1.22% of their genomes from banteng and yak, respectively. Our findings provide new insights into the evolutionary history of cattle and the importance of introgression in adaptation of cattle to new environmental challenges in East Asia.

The extensive use of chemical fertilizers poses serious collateral problems such as environmental pollution, pest resistance development and food safety decline. Researches focused on applying plant-beneficial microorganisms to partially replace chemical fertilizer use is increasing due to the requirement of sustainable agriculture development. Thus to investigate the possibility of a plant-beneficial Trichoderma strain and its bio-organic fertilizer product in saving chemical fertilizer application and in improving crop quality, a field trial and continuous pot experiments were carried out with tomato. Four treatments were set up: a reduced application of chemical fertilizer (75% of the conventional application) plus Trichoderma-enriched bio-organic fertilizer (BF), organic fertilizer (OF) or Trichoderma spore suspension (SS), with using the 100% rate of the conventional chemical fertilizer as the control (CF). The results showed that the total soluble sugar, Vitamin C and nitrate accumulations were, respectively, +up to 24%, +up to 57% and -up to 62% in the tomatoes of the BF treatment compared to those of the control (CF). And both of the pot and field trials revealed that reduced rates of chemical fertilizer plus bio-organic fertilizer produced tomato yields equivalent to those obtained using the 100% of the chemical fertilizer. However, application with the inoculant alone (SS) or combined with the organic fertilizer alone (OF) would lead to a yield decreases of 6-38% and 9-35% over the control. Since the increased abundance of soil microflora and the enhanced soil fertility frequently showed positive linear correlations especially in the BF-treated soils, we conclude that the efficacy of this bio-organic fertilizer for maintaining a stable tomato yield and improving tomato quality may be due to the improved soil microbial activity. Thus, the results suggest that the Trichoderma bio-organic fertilizer could be employed in combination with the appropriate rates of chemical fertilizers to get maximum benefits regarding yield, quality and fertilizer savings.

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest family of human membrane proteins and an important class of drug targets, play a role in maintaining numerous physiological processes. Agonist or antagonist, orthosteric effects or allosteric effects, and biased signaling or balanced signaling, characterize the complexity of GPCR dynamic features. In this study, we first review the structural advancements, activation mechanisms, and functional diversity of GPCRs. We then focus on GPCR drug discovery by revealing the detailed drug-target interactions and the underlying mechanisms of orthosteric drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in the past five years. Particularly, an up-to-date analysis is performed on available GPCR structures complexed with synthetic small-molecule allosteric modulators to elucidate key receptor-ligand interactions and allosteric mechanisms. Finally, we highlight how the widespread GPCR-druggable allosteric sites can guide structure- or mechanism-based drug design and propose prospects of designing bitopic ligands for the future therapeutic potential of targeting this receptor family.

The use of alkaline salt lands for crop production is hindered by a scarcity of knowledge and breeding efforts for plant alkaline tolerance. Through genome association analysis of sorghum, a naturally high-alkaline–tolerant crop, we detected a major locus, Alkaline Tolerance 1 ( AT1 ), specifically related to alkaline-salinity sensitivity. An at1 allele with a carboxyl-terminal truncation increased sensitivity, whereas knockout of AT1 increased tolerance to alkalinity in sorghum, millet, rice, and maize. AT1 encodes an atypical G protein γ subunit that affects the phosphorylation of aquaporins to modulate the distribution of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) . These processes appear to protect plants against oxidative stress by alkali. Designing knockouts of AT1 homologs or selecting its natural nonfunctional alleles could improve crop productivity in sodic lands.

Silver, known and utilized since ancient times, is a coinage metal, which has been widely used for various organic transformations in the past few decades. Currently, the silver-catalyzed reaction is one of the frontier areas in organic chemistry, and the progress of research in this field is very rapid. Compared with other transition metals, silver has long been believed to have low catalytic efficiency, and most commonly, it is used as either a cocatalyst or a Lewis acid. Interestingly, the discovery of Ag-catalysis has been significantly improved in recent years. Especially, Ag(i) has been demonstrated as an important and versatile catalyst for a variety of organic transformations. However, so far, there has been no systematic review on Ag-catalyzed C-H/C-C bond functionalization. In this review, we will focus on the development of Ag-catalyzed C-H/C-C bond functionalization and the corresponding mechanism.

Syngas from biomass gasification can be used in downstream process industries such as city gas, hydrogen production, etc. In this review, the effects of biomass feedstock properties, and gasification reaction conditions (temperature, gasifier type, etc.) on syngas properties are systematically reviewed. In summary, the cracking and reforming of volatile fractions in the gasification process and the catalytic effect of alkali and alkaline earth metals in the ash on the gasification have a direct impact on the syngas yield. And biomass pretreatment (i.e., terrifying/hydrothermal carbonization) can reduce the moisture content, which can effectively reduce the energy required for gasification and enhance the calorific value and syngas yield further. The fixed-bed gasifiers produce lower amounts of syngas. The concentration of H2 is significantly increased by adding steam as a gasification agent. Additionally higher gasification temperatures produce more syngas, and an equivalence ratio of about 0.2–0.3 is considered suitable for gasification. For the influence of feedstock on syngas, this paper not only reviews the feedstock properties (volatile, ash, moisture) but also compares the influence of two pretreatments on syngas yield and proposes that the combination of torrefaction/hydrothermal carbonization and a multistage air bed gasifier is an important research direction to improve the combustible components of syngas. In addition to the summary of commonly used single gasification agents, two or more gasification agents on the concentration of syngas components are also discussed in the gasification parameters, and it is suggested that further research into the use of more than one gasification agent is also important for future syngas production.

Aluminosilicate zeolites with controllable morphology have attracted considerable attention due to their potential applications in catalysis, adsorption, and separation technologies, as well as the biomedical field. However, the rational design and preparation of zeolites with the required morphology have not been achieved because the zeolite crystallization mechanism has not been fully understood, and therefore, the nucleation and crystal growth processes cannot be oriented. This paper reviews the progresses achieved in zeolite morphology control. The chemical compositions of the synthesis gel, including template (or the structure-directing agent) and framework heteroatoms, silica and alumina sources, alkali metal cations and mineralization ions, crystallization conditions, and synthesis methods have a considerable impact on the crystal morphology. The oriented assembly of zeolite crystals into special morphologies, such as hierarchical porous structures, zeolite membranes, hollow zeolite spheres, and core@shell-structured zeolites, can be realized by using soft and/or hard template methods and adjusting the synthesis and crystallization conditions. In addition, zeolite crystallization and crystal assembly mechanisms are investigated for providing an overall insight into the regulation of zeolite crystal morphology.

Abstract The 3D NiO hollow sphere/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composite was synthesized according to the coordinating etching and precipitating process by using Cu 2 O nanosphere/graphene oxide (GO) composite as template. The morphology, structure, and composition of the materials were characterized by SEM, TEM, HRTEM, XPS, and Raman spectra, and the electrochemical properties were studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and amperometry. Moreover, the electrochemical activity of the composite materials with different morphologies were also investigated, which indicating a better combination of the NiO hollow sphere and the rGO. Used as glucose sensing material, the 3D NiO hollow sphere/rGO composite modified electrode exhibits high sensitivity of ~2.04 mA mM −1 cm −2 , quick response time of less than 5 s, good stability, selectivity, and reproducibility. Its application for the detection of glucose in human blood serum sample shows acceptable recovery and R.S.D. values. The outstanding glucose sensing performance should be attributed to the unique 3D hierarchical porous superstructure of the composite, especially for its enhanced electron-transfer kinetic properties.

Abstract A series of stable heterometallic Fe 2 M cluster‐based MOFs ( NNU‐31‐M , M=Co, Ni, Zn) photocatalysts are presented. They can achieve the overall conversion of CO 2 and H 2 O into HCOOH and O 2 without the assistance of additional sacrificial agent and photosensitizer. The heterometallic cluster units and photosensitive ligands excited by visible light generate separated electrons and holes. Then, low‐valent metal M accepts electrons to reduce CO 2 , and high‐valent Fe uses holes to oxidize H 2 O. This is the first MOF photocatalyst system to finish artificial photosynthetic full reaction. It is noted that NNU‐31‐Zn exhibits the highest HCOOH yield of 26.3 μmol g −1 h −1 (selectivity of ca. 100 %). Furthermore, the DFT calculations based on crystal structures demonstrate the photocatalytic reaction mechanism. This work proposes a new strategy for how to design crystalline photocatalyst to realize artificial photosynthetic overall reaction.

It is a challenging task to advance the excellent strength and structural performance of sandwich structures, while continuing to reduce the weight and cost parameters. Thousands of researchers have studied and developed the core structural innovation with periodical achievements. This review paper concentrates on the core structural trends and impact response of sandwich panels, which highlights the novel design concepts and impact failure modes. Three kinds of core structures have been classified, which are foam-core, two- and three-dimensional periodic cores. It is shown that the core structure of sandwich panels plays a vital role in structural performance and applications. Three common types of loading conditions have been considered, i.e. compression, projectile impact and three-point bending. Examples of novel core structures are further studied and summarised under corresponding impact loadings. Recent applications of sandwich structures are briefly concentrated on aerospace, automotive, marine and civil engineering areas. Furthermore, future research and development prospect of sandwich structures are suggested and predicted.

Large scale characterization of phosphoproteins requires highly specific methods for purification of phosphopeptides because of the low abundance of phosphoproteins and substoichiometry of phosphorylation. Enrichment of phosphopeptides from complex peptide mixtures by IMAC is a popular way to perform phosphoproteome analysis. However, conventional IMAC adsorbents with iminodiacetic acid as the chelating group to immobilize Fe3+ lack enough specificity for efficient phosphoproteome analysis. Here we report a novel IMAC adsorbent through Zr4+ chelation to the phosphonate-modified poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) polymer beads. The high specificity of Zr4+-IMAC adsorbent was demonstrated by effectively enriching phosphopeptides from the digest mixture of phosphoprotein (α- or β-casein) and bovine serum albumin with molar ratio at 1:100. Zr4+-IMAC adsorbent was also successfully applied for the analysis of mouse liver phosphoproteome, resulting in the identification of 153 phosphopeptides (163 phosphorylation sites) from 133 proteins in mouse liver lysate. Significantly more phosphopeptides were identified than by the conventional Fe3+-IMAC approach, indicating the excellent performance of the Zr4+-IMAC approach. The high specificity of Zr4+-IMAC adsorbent was found to mainly result from the strong interaction between chelating Zr4+ and phosphate group on phosphopeptides. Enrichment of phosphopeptides by Zr4+-IMAC provides a powerful approach for large scale phosphoproteome analysis. Large scale characterization of phosphoproteins requires highly specific methods for purification of phosphopeptides because of the low abundance of phosphoproteins and substoichiometry of phosphorylation. Enrichment of phosphopeptides from complex peptide mixtures by IMAC is a popular way to perform phosphoproteome analysis. However, conventional IMAC adsorbents with iminodiacetic acid as the chelating group to immobilize Fe3+ lack enough specificity for efficient phosphoproteome analysis. Here we report a novel IMAC adsorbent through Zr4+ chelation to the phosphonate-modified poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) polymer beads. The high specificity of Zr4+-IMAC adsorbent was demonstrated by effectively enriching phosphopeptides from the digest mixture of phosphoprotein (α- or β-casein) and bovine serum albumin with molar ratio at 1:100. Zr4+-IMAC adsorbent was also successfully applied for the analysis of mouse liver phosphoproteome, resulting in the identification of 153 phosphopeptides (163 phosphorylation sites) from 133 proteins in mouse liver lysate. Significantly more phosphopeptides were identified than by the conventional Fe3+-IMAC approach, indicating the excellent performance of the Zr4+-IMAC approach. The high specificity of Zr4+-IMAC adsorbent was found to mainly result from the strong interaction between chelating Zr4+ and phosphate group on phosphopeptides. Enrichment of phosphopeptides by Zr4+-IMAC provides a powerful approach for large scale phosphoproteome analysis. Organisms use reversible phosphorylation of proteins to control many cellular processes including signal transduction, gene expression, cell cycle, cytoskeletal regulation, and apoptosis. Although phosphorylation is observed on a variety of amino acid residues, by far the most common and important sites of phosphorylation in eukaryotes occur on serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues (1Mann M. Jensen O.N. Proteomic analysis of post-translational modifications.Nat. Biotechnol. 2003; 21: 255-261Crossref PubMed Scopus (1597) Google Scholar, 2Mann M. Ong S.E. Gronborg M. Steen H. Jensen O.N. Pandey A. Analysis of protein phosphorylation using mass spectrometry: deciphering the phosphoproteome.Trends Biotechnol. 2002; 20: 261-268Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (789) Google Scholar). Because of the importance of protein phosphorylation in cellular signaling, various methods for protein phosphorylation site mapping have been developed through the years. However, this task remains a technical challenge, and there is an intense interest in development of technologies and methods for studying phosphorylation events.MS has been widely applied as a powerful tool to characterize protein modifications including phosphorylation due to its high sensitivity and capability of rapid sequencing by tandem mass spectrometric (MSn) technique (3Jin W.H. Dai J. Zhou H. Xia Q.C. Zou H.F. Zeng R. Phosphoproteome analysis of mouse liver using immobilized metal affinity purification and linear ion trap mass spectrometry.Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2004; 18: 2169-2176Crossref PubMed Scopus (62) Google Scholar, 4Wolschin F. Lehmann U. Glinski M. Weckwerth W. An integrated strategy for identification and relative quantification of site-specific protein phosphorylation using liquid chromatography coupled to MS2/MS3.Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2005; 19: 3626-3632Crossref PubMed Scopus (39) Google Scholar, 5Giorgianni F. Beranova-Giorgianni S. Desiderio D.M. Identification and characterization of phosphorylated proteins in the human pituitary.Proteomics. 2004; 4: 587-598Crossref PubMed Scopus (62) Google Scholar, 6Zhang H. Li X.J. Martin D.B. Aebersold R. Identification and quantification of N-linked glycoproteins using hydrazide chemistry, stable isotope labeling and mass spectrometry.Nat. Biotechnol. 2003; 21: 660-666Crossref PubMed Scopus (1262) Google Scholar). For the phosphoproteome analysis, satisfying results often cannot be obtained by direct mass spectrometric analysis of a protein digest. This is because phosphopeptides are present at low abundance in the digest, and the mass spectrometric response of a phosphopeptide is seriously suppressed by unphosphorylated peptides. To reduce the suppression, it is crucial to purify the phosphorylated peptides from complex peptide mixtures. A number of techniques have been developed to enrich phosphorylated peptides from peptide mixtures. These techniques are immunoprecipitation (7Rush J. Moritz A. Lee A. H. of tyrosine phosphorylation in Biotechnol. 2005; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, An at tyrosine Biotechnol. 2005; PubMed Scopus Google is and more of the phosphate group with an Enrichment analysis of phosphorylated proteins as a tool for the Biotechnol. 19: PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, S. F. R. M. of and peptides to sensitivity for analysis and for of PubMed Scopus Google or the phosphopeptide to and Aebersold R. A approach to the analysis of protein Biotechnol. 19: PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, R. Li X.J. Aebersold R. phosphoproteome analysis using a and tandem mass spectrometry.Nat. 2005; PubMed Scopus Google a technique performance is by and strong chromatography J. of chromatography coupled with tandem mass for protein the 2003; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, J. J. A approach for protein phosphorylation analysis and site Biotechnol. PubMed Scopus Google often results in large scale phosphoprotein enough and IMAC M. M. of tyrosine phosphorylation sites from human using immobilized metal affinity chromatography and tandem mass 2004; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, affinity chromatography of PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, A. Jensen O.N. analysis of in phosphorylated proteins by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography and mass 2003; Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, analysis of liver by high IMAC and PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, M. of immobilized metal of phosphopeptides for protein phosphorylation 2005; PubMed Scopus Google is the most metal as and were also to have high specificity for phosphopeptides Jensen O.N. of phosphorylated peptides from peptide mixtures using 2005; 4: Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, of phosphorylated peptides for mass spectrometric PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, as affinity for the analysis of phosphopeptides using mass 2005; PubMed Scopus Google metal as Fe3+ and are to using the immobilized iminodiacetic acid as chelating group affinity chromatography of PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, A. Jensen O.N. analysis of in phosphorylated proteins by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography and mass 2003; Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google phosphopeptides are because of the affinity of the metal for the phosphate the specificity of IMAC adsorbents is high unphosphorylated peptides are also to the resulting in for the analysis of phosphopeptides. The specificity for phosphopeptides by IMAC be by of the of and residues to IMAC purification J. Phosphoproteome analysis by mass and its to Biotechnol. 2002; 20: PubMed Scopus Google this also and with mass analysis because of A and for this is to a of IMAC with specificity for phosphopeptides. was and of be on the strong interaction between phosphate on with on the of a F. Scopus Google Scholar, M. J. approach to using phosphonate-modified 2004; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, S. Li Zou H. phosphonate-modified for highly specific of phosphopeptides and PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). of the strong we have developed a with its with for highly specific of phosphopeptides with direct analysis S. Li Zou H. phosphonate-modified for highly specific of phosphopeptides and PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). was observed the of the phosphonate-modified was than of conventional Fe3+-IMAC beads. Although the technique is for analysis, the of phosphopeptides is for analysis in Here a novel Zr4+-IMAC adsorbent was by poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene with with of Zr4+ using The obtained IMAC were by using of and as and were applied for phosphoproteome analysis of mouse specificity of phosphopeptide is crucial for phosphoproteome the the the sensitivity for the of phosphopeptides. by Zr4+-IMAC with analysis the identification of 153 phosphopeptides from 133 phosphoproteins from of of mouse liver by the 153 identified peptides were phosphorylated peptides. using of Fe3+-IMAC adsorbents were also applied for phosphoproteome analysis of mouse liver in including a with IMAC (3Jin W.H. Dai J. Zhou H. Xia Q.C. Zou H.F. Zeng R. Phosphoproteome analysis of mouse liver using immobilized metal affinity purification and linear ion trap mass spectrometry.Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2004; 18: 2169-2176Crossref PubMed Scopus (62) Google a Fe3+-IMAC S. S. Zhou H. M. Zou H. Fe3+ immobilized metal affinity chromatography with for phosphoproteome PubMed Scopus Google and a Fe3+-IMAC M. S. J. Zou H. Enrichment of phosphopeptides by of for and PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). a of and phosphorylated peptides were identified with a The number of identified phosphorylated phosphopeptides by the Zr4+-IMAC approach of phosphorylated peptides for was than by of the Fe3+-IMAC The high performance is because Zr4+-IMAC with high enrich effectively the of many as phosphopeptides were identified from and with the Zr4+-IMAC approach. This also phosphopeptides be by Zr4+-IMAC and high were specificity of Fe3+-IMAC be by of on peptide to IMAC purification J. 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A. of from bovine complex identified by and Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, phosphorylation and of protein and of in Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). Jensen O.N. of phosphorylated peptides from peptide mixtures using 2005; 4: Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google the performance of a to enrich phosphopeptides from the mixture of phosphoproteins and with and at molar was found the molar ratio of phosphoprotein to to the number of peptides be it to a number of peptides were also However, the ratio to in of peptides were observed in and indicating a more of the phosphorylated peptides on the Zr4+-IMAC than on the and of phosphorylated peptides for mass spectrometric PubMed Scopus Google the performance of and for and of and and specificity and of phosphopeptide by with by was demonstrated performance to However, more of phosphorylated peptides was observed with with phosphorylated peptides. Because Zr4+-IMAC has than in Zr4+-IMAC also have than However, are to this Because there is on metal of using metal for phosphopeptide is the of a of IMAC for high specific of phosphopeptides for phosphoproteome analysis has been The IMAC were by of Zr4+ on the phosphonate-modified polymer beads. Zr4+-IMAC were demonstrated to have high specificity to phosphopeptides by using phosphoproteins as as a to IMAC purification is for Zr4+-IMAC because of its excellent Zr4+-IMAC in this have the high of the Zr4+ ion and the high and of the polymer and are IMAC adsorbents for purification of phosphopeptides in phosphoproteome analysis. Organisms use reversible phosphorylation of proteins to control many cellular processes including signal transduction, gene expression, cell cycle, cytoskeletal regulation, and apoptosis. Although phosphorylation is observed on a variety of amino acid residues, by far the most common and important sites of phosphorylation in eukaryotes occur on serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues (1Mann M. Jensen O.N. Proteomic analysis of post-translational modifications.Nat. Biotechnol. 2003; 21: 255-261Crossref PubMed Scopus (1597) Google Scholar, 2Mann M. Ong S.E. Gronborg M. Steen H. Jensen O.N. Pandey A. Analysis of protein phosphorylation using mass spectrometry: deciphering the phosphoproteome.Trends Biotechnol. 2002; 20: 261-268Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (789) Google Scholar). Because of the importance of protein phosphorylation in cellular signaling, various methods for protein phosphorylation site mapping have been developed through the years. However, this task remains a technical challenge, and there is an intense interest in development of technologies and methods for studying phosphorylation has been widely applied as a powerful tool to characterize protein modifications including phosphorylation due to its high sensitivity and capability of rapid sequencing by tandem mass spectrometric (MSn) technique (3Jin W.H. Dai J. Zhou H. Xia Q.C. Zou H.F. Zeng R. Phosphoproteome analysis of mouse liver using immobilized metal affinity purification and linear ion trap mass spectrometry.Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2004; 18: 2169-2176Crossref PubMed Scopus (62) Google Scholar, 4Wolschin F. Lehmann U. Glinski M. Weckwerth W. An integrated strategy for identification and relative quantification of site-specific protein phosphorylation using liquid chromatography coupled to MS2/MS3.Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2005; 19: 3626-3632Crossref PubMed Scopus (39) Google Scholar, 5Giorgianni F. Beranova-Giorgianni S. Desiderio D.M. Identification and characterization of phosphorylated proteins in the human pituitary.Proteomics. 2004; 4: 587-598Crossref PubMed Scopus (62) Google Scholar, 6Zhang H. Li X.J. Martin D.B. Aebersold R. Identification and quantification of N-linked glycoproteins using hydrazide chemistry, stable isotope labeling and mass spectrometry.Nat. Biotechnol. 2003; 21: 660-666Crossref PubMed Scopus (1262) Google Scholar). For the phosphoproteome analysis, satisfying results often cannot be obtained by direct mass spectrometric analysis of a protein digest. This is because phosphopeptides are present at low abundance in the digest, and the mass spectrometric response of a phosphopeptide is seriously suppressed by unphosphorylated peptides. To reduce the suppression, it is crucial to purify the phosphorylated peptides from complex peptide mixtures. A number of techniques have been developed to enrich phosphorylated peptides from peptide mixtures. These techniques are immunoprecipitation (7Rush J. Moritz A. Lee A. H. of tyrosine phosphorylation in Biotechnol. 2005; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, An at tyrosine Biotechnol. 2005; PubMed Scopus Google is and more of the phosphate group with an Enrichment analysis of phosphorylated proteins as a tool for the Biotechnol. 19: PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, S. F. R. M. of and peptides to sensitivity for analysis and for of PubMed Scopus Google or the phosphopeptide to and Aebersold R. A approach to the analysis of protein Biotechnol. 19: PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, R. Li X.J. Aebersold R. phosphoproteome analysis using a and tandem mass spectrometry.Nat. 2005; PubMed Scopus Google a technique performance is by and strong chromatography J. of chromatography coupled with tandem mass for protein the 2003; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, J. J. A approach for protein phosphorylation analysis and site Biotechnol. PubMed Scopus Google often results in large scale phosphoprotein enough and IMAC M. M. of tyrosine phosphorylation sites from human using immobilized metal affinity chromatography and tandem mass 2004; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, affinity chromatography of PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, A. Jensen O.N. analysis of in phosphorylated proteins by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography and mass 2003; Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, analysis of liver by high IMAC and PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, M. of immobilized metal of phosphopeptides for protein phosphorylation 2005; PubMed Scopus Google is the most metal as and were also to have high specificity for phosphopeptides Jensen O.N. of phosphorylated peptides from peptide mixtures using 2005; 4: Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, of phosphorylated peptides for mass spectrometric PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, as affinity for the analysis of phosphopeptides using mass 2005; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). metal as Fe3+ and are to using the immobilized iminodiacetic acid as chelating group affinity chromatography of PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, A. Jensen O.N. analysis of in phosphorylated proteins by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography and mass 2003; Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google phosphopeptides are because of the affinity of the metal for the phosphate the specificity of IMAC adsorbents is high unphosphorylated peptides are also to the resulting in for the analysis of phosphopeptides. The specificity for phosphopeptides by IMAC be by of the of and residues to IMAC purification J. Phosphoproteome analysis by mass and its to Biotechnol. 2002; 20: PubMed Scopus Google this also and with mass analysis because of A and for this is to a of IMAC with specificity for phosphopeptides. was and of be on the strong interaction between phosphate on with on the of a F. Scopus Google Scholar, M. J. approach to using phosphonate-modified 2004; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, S. Li Zou H. phosphonate-modified for highly specific of phosphopeptides and PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). of the strong we have developed a with its with for highly specific of phosphopeptides with direct analysis S. Li Zou H. phosphonate-modified for highly specific of phosphopeptides and PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). was observed the of the phosphonate-modified was than of conventional Fe3+-IMAC beads. Although the technique is for analysis, the of phosphopeptides is for analysis in Here a novel Zr4+-IMAC adsorbent was by poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene with with of Zr4+ using The obtained IMAC were by using of and as and were applied for phosphoproteome analysis of mouse specificity of phosphopeptide is crucial for phosphoproteome the the the sensitivity for the of phosphopeptides. by Zr4+-IMAC with analysis the identification of 153 phosphopeptides from 133 phosphoproteins from of of mouse liver by the 153 identified peptides were phosphorylated peptides. using of Fe3+-IMAC adsorbents were also applied for phosphoproteome analysis of mouse liver in including a with IMAC (3Jin W.H. Dai J. Zhou H. Xia Q.C. Zou H.F. Zeng R. Phosphoproteome analysis of mouse liver using immobilized metal affinity purification and linear ion trap mass spectrometry.Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2004; 18: 2169-2176Crossref PubMed Scopus (62) Google a Fe3+-IMAC S. S. Zhou H. M. Zou H. Fe3+ immobilized metal affinity chromatography with for phosphoproteome PubMed Scopus Google and a Fe3+-IMAC M. S. J. Zou H. Enrichment of phosphopeptides by of for and PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). a of and phosphorylated peptides were identified with a The number of identified phosphorylated phosphopeptides by the Zr4+-IMAC approach of phosphorylated peptides for was than by of the Fe3+-IMAC The high performance is because Zr4+-IMAC with high enrich effectively the of many as phosphopeptides were identified from and with the Zr4+-IMAC approach. This also phosphopeptides be by Zr4+-IMAC and high were specificity of Fe3+-IMAC be by of on peptide to IMAC purification J. Phosphoproteome analysis by mass and its to Biotechnol. 2002; 20: PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, S. immobilized metal affinity chromatography for PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). and analysis of liver by high IMAC and PubMed Scopus Google have applied this approach to phosphoproteome analysis of the liver was found of identified peptides were phosphorylated was and the to was by using Zr4+-IMAC of the peptides identified from were phosphorylated peptides. The of identified phosphopeptides by using Zr4+-IMAC was than the using Fe3+-IMAC and was to the using a of peptide with Fe3+-IMAC beads. This the specificity of Zr4+-IMAC was than of Fe3+-IMAC and was to of Fe3+-IMAC with peptide The of peptide to IMAC purification is the resulting from and and with mass analysis. The use of Zr4+-IMAC is because is as and were as affinity to enrich phosphopeptides Jensen O.N. of phosphorylated peptides from peptide mixtures using 2005; 4: Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, of phosphorylated peptides for mass spectrometric PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). The or with metal have been to have for of phosphopeptides than with conventional Fe3+-IMAC beads. The of and Zr4+-IMAC for of phosphopeptides are of are on the strong interaction between the and phosphate on phosphopeptides. also demonstrated have high specificity for phosphopeptides H. R. M. S. Li Zou H. specific of phosphopeptides by for phosphoproteome PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). were also to enrich phosphopeptides from the digest of mouse liver in and analysis of the phosphopeptides and of in phosphorylated peptides including phosphorylated phosphopeptides were The number of phosphorylated peptides was than in this using To the of and the of phosphopeptides in the results with and obtained by using was to be was than of Zr4+-IMAC The results demonstrated Zr4+-IMAC has for phosphopeptides than The performance between and Zr4+ be due to have strong acid sites on the as the of is more and there is there is a between the polymer and Zr4+ the phosphate on phosphopeptides to have a to Zr4+ on has been as an to IMAC for the of phosphopeptides from protein to complex of phosphorylated peptides for mass spectrometric PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, M. Aebersold R. of of the 4: PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, H. for the of A. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, M. S. S. A. of from bovine complex identified by and Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, phosphorylation and of protein and of in Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). Jensen O.N. of phosphorylated peptides from peptide mixtures using 2005; 4: Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google the performance of a to enrich phosphopeptides from the mixture of phosphoproteins and with and at molar was found the molar ratio of phosphoprotein to to the number of peptides be it to a number of peptides were also However, the ratio to in of peptides were observed in and indicating a more of the phosphorylated peptides on the Zr4+-IMAC than on the and of phosphorylated peptides for mass spectrometric PubMed Scopus Google the performance of and for and of and and specificity and of phosphopeptide by with by was demonstrated performance to However, more of phosphorylated peptides was observed with with phosphorylated peptides. Because Zr4+-IMAC has than in Zr4+-IMAC also have than However, are to this Because there is on metal of using metal for phosphopeptide is the of a of IMAC for high specific of phosphopeptides for phosphoproteome analysis has been The IMAC were by of Zr4+ on the phosphonate-modified polymer beads. Zr4+-IMAC were demonstrated to have high specificity to phosphopeptides by using phosphoproteins as as a to IMAC purification is for Zr4+-IMAC because of its excellent Zr4+-IMAC in this have the high of the Zr4+ ion and the high and of the polymer and are IMAC adsorbents for purification of phosphopeptides in phosphoproteome analysis. The specificity of phosphopeptide is crucial for phosphoproteome the the the sensitivity for the of phosphopeptides. by Zr4+-IMAC with analysis the identification of 153 phosphopeptides from 133 phosphoproteins from of of mouse liver by the 153 identified peptides were phosphorylated peptides. using of Fe3+-IMAC adsorbents were also applied for phosphoproteome analysis of mouse liver in including a with IMAC (3Jin W.H. Dai J. Zhou H. Xia Q.C. Zou H.F. Zeng R. Phosphoproteome analysis of mouse liver using immobilized metal affinity purification and linear ion trap mass spectrometry.Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2004; 18: 2169-2176Crossref PubMed Scopus (62) Google a Fe3+-IMAC S. S. Zhou H. M. Zou H. Fe3+ immobilized metal affinity chromatography with for phosphoproteome PubMed Scopus Google and a Fe3+-IMAC M. S. J. Zou H. Enrichment of phosphopeptides by of for and PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). a of and phosphorylated peptides were identified with a The number of identified phosphorylated phosphopeptides by the Zr4+-IMAC approach of phosphorylated peptides for was than by of the Fe3+-IMAC The high performance is because Zr4+-IMAC with high enrich effectively the of many as phosphopeptides were identified from and with the Zr4+-IMAC approach. This also phosphopeptides be by Zr4+-IMAC and high were The specificity of Fe3+-IMAC be by of on peptide to IMAC purification J. Phosphoproteome analysis by mass and its to Biotechnol. 2002; 20: PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, S. immobilized metal affinity chromatography for PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). and analysis of liver by high IMAC and PubMed Scopus Google have applied this approach to phosphoproteome analysis of the liver was found of identified peptides were phosphorylated was and the to was by using Zr4+-IMAC of the peptides identified from were phosphorylated peptides. The of identified phosphopeptides by using Zr4+-IMAC was than the using Fe3+-IMAC and was to the using a of peptide with Fe3+-IMAC beads. This the specificity of Zr4+-IMAC was than of Fe3+-IMAC and was to of Fe3+-IMAC with peptide The of peptide to IMAC purification is the resulting from and and with mass analysis. The use of Zr4+-IMAC is because is as and were as affinity to enrich phosphopeptides Jensen O.N. of phosphorylated peptides from peptide mixtures using 2005; 4: Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, of phosphorylated peptides for mass spectrometric PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). The or with metal have been to have for of phosphopeptides than with conventional Fe3+-IMAC beads. The of and Zr4+-IMAC for of phosphopeptides are of are on the strong interaction between the and phosphate on phosphopeptides. also demonstrated have high specificity for phosphopeptides H. R. M. S. Li Zou H. specific of phosphopeptides by for phosphoproteome PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). were also to enrich phosphopeptides from the digest of mouse liver in and analysis of the phosphopeptides and of in phosphorylated peptides including phosphorylated phosphopeptides were The number of phosphorylated peptides was than in this using To the of and the of phosphopeptides in the results with and obtained by using was to be was than of Zr4+-IMAC The results demonstrated Zr4+-IMAC has for phosphopeptides than The performance between and Zr4+ be due to have strong acid sites on the as the of is more and there is there is a between the polymer and Zr4+ the phosphate on phosphopeptides to have a to Zr4+ on beads. has been as an to IMAC for the of phosphopeptides from protein to complex of phosphorylated peptides for mass spectrometric PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, M. Aebersold R. of of the 4: PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, H. for the of A. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, M. S. S. A. of from bovine complex identified by and Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, phosphorylation and of protein and of in Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). Jensen O.N. of phosphorylated peptides from peptide mixtures using 2005; 4: Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google the performance of a to enrich phosphopeptides from the mixture of phosphoproteins and with and at molar was found the molar ratio of phosphoprotein to to the number of peptides be it to a number of peptides were also However, the ratio to in of peptides were observed in and indicating a more of the phosphorylated peptides on the Zr4+-IMAC than on the beads. and of phosphorylated peptides for mass spectrometric PubMed Scopus Google the performance of and for and of and and specificity and of phosphopeptide by with by was demonstrated performance to However, more of phosphorylated peptides was observed with with phosphorylated peptides. Because Zr4+-IMAC has than in Zr4+-IMAC also have than However, are to this Because there is on metal of using metal for phosphopeptide is the of a of IMAC for high specific of phosphopeptides for phosphoproteome analysis has been The IMAC were by of Zr4+ on the phosphonate-modified polymer beads. Zr4+-IMAC were demonstrated to have high specificity to phosphopeptides by using phosphoproteins as as a to IMAC purification is for Zr4+-IMAC because of its excellent Zr4+-IMAC in this have the high of the Zr4+ ion and the high and of the polymer and are IMAC adsorbents for purification of phosphopeptides in phosphoproteome analysis. with with

Abstract Porous ternary metal sulfide integrated electrode materials with abundant electroactive sites and redox reactions are very promising for supercapacitors. Herein, a porous zinc cobalt sulfide nanosheet array on Ni foam (Zn‐Co‐S/NF) was constructed by facile growth of 2D bimetallic zinc/cobalt‐based metal–organic framework (Zn/Co‐MOF) nanosheets with leaf‐like morphology on NF, followed by additional sulfurization. The Zn‐Co‐S/NF nanosheet array acted directly as a supercapacitor electrode showing much better electrochemical performance (2354.3 F g −1 and 88.6 % retention over 1000 cycles) when compared with zinc cobalt sulfide powder (355.3 F g −1 and 75.8 % retention over 1000 cycles), which originates from good electrical conductivity and mechanical stability, abundant electroactive sites, and facilitated transportation of electrons and electrolyte ions due to the unique nanosheet array structure. An asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) device assembled from Zn‐Co‐S/NF and activated carbon electrodes can deliver a highest energy density of 31.9 Wh kg −1 and a maximum power density of 8.5 kW kg −1 . Most importantly, this ASC also shows good cycling stability (71.0 % retention over 10000 cycles). Furthermore, a red LED can be powered by two connected ASCs, and thus as‐synthesized Zn‐Co‐S/NF has great potential for practical applications.

. This facile synthetic strategy can also be extended to fabricate other hierarchical integrated electrodes for high-efficiency electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices.

Abstract The purpose of this review was to analyse empirical studies on inclusion in physical education (PE) over the past 20 years and then propose recommendations for future research. A systematic process was used to search the literature for this review. First, a total of 75 research-based articles from computerised education databases were included in this review. Second, the publication descriptor data were summarised and analysed according to the geographic distribution, study period, research theme, and research method. Results showed that the number of studies on inclusive PE increased in the past 20 years, and most of these studies were contributed by authors in developed countries. Quantitative methods were the major research method employed in the reviewed studies. Third, we performed a content analysis on the descriptive data and identified three recurring themes from the empirical research. These included: stakeholder (e.g., teachers and parents) perspectives of inclusive PE, effective inclusive practices, and the impacts of inclusion on students with and without disabilities. Of the 75 studies reviewed, 49 (65%) focused on stakeholder perspectives on inclusive PE. The data indicated that stakeholders philosophically support inclusive PE, but numerous concerns and different opinions exist. Only 12 (16%) studies examined the effects of different inclusive strategies. The studies suggested that strategies such as peer tutoring and cooperative learning can provide useful support within inclusive PE. A total of 14 (19%) studies focused on the effect of inclusion on students with and without disabilities. The data indicated that inclusion in PE does not affect the learning outcome of students without disabilities when given support (e.g., using paraprofessionals and adapted PE specialists) or when a solid curriculum is used. However, students with disabilities experienced less motor engagement than their peers without disabilities. The findings of these studies also indicated that although students with disabilities can gain benefits from social interactions in inclusive PE, social isolation of students with disabilities also exists. In conclusion, this review has enhanced our knowledge of the type of studies undertaken in the field of inclusive PE for students with disabilities and some of the outcomes for these students. Keywords: disabilitiesinclusioninclusive educationinclusive physical educationintegrated educationmainstreamingphysical educationsystematic review Acknowledgements There was no research funding for this study, and no restrictions have been imposed on free access to, or publication of, the research data.

Is a manager's likability important from an employee's perspective? Research results in this field are scant and inconsistent. The current study explored employees' response to managers' likability and the moderating effect of power distance at both the cultural and individual levels. In study 1, following the countercultural priming experimental paradigm proposed by Van den Bos et al. (2013), 121 college students from China (a high power distance culture) and 99 college students from Denmark (a low power distance culture) were randomly assigned to either a countercultural (experimental) condition or a control condition. All participants were required to complete a manager selection task using the zero-acquaintance paradigm to measure their preference for likable managers. The results confirmed the moderating role of power distance at the cultural level. Study 2 further explored the moderating effect of power distance orientation at the individual level, as well as the boundary condition of the degree of resource dependence from the employee's perspective. One hundred and three Chinese participants with work experience were randomly assigned to either the subordinate perspective (high resource dependence) or the HR department perspective (low resource dependence) condition and completed the same task as in study 1. The results suggested that high power distance-oriented participants demonstrate stronger preference for likable manager candidates than do low power distance-oriented participants. In addition, these findings hold only when employees expect a high resource dependence relation with the manager. Theoretical and practical implications of the research findings and future research directions were discussed.

Copper nanoparticle-based catalysts have been extensively applied in industry, but the nanoparticles tend to sinter into larger ones in the chemical atmospheres, which is detrimental to catalyst performance. In this work, we used dealuminated Beta zeolite to support copper nanoparticles (Cu/Beta-deAl) and showed that these particles become smaller in methanol vapor at 200°C, decreasing from ~5.6 to ~2.4 nanometers in diameter, which is opposite to the general sintering phenomenon. A reverse ripening process was discovered, whereby migratable copper sites activated by methanol were trapped by silanol nests and the copper species in the nests acted as new nucleation sites for the formation of small nanoparticles. This feature reversed the general sintering channel, resulting in robust catalysts for dimethyl oxalate hydrogenation performed with supported copper nanoparticles for use in industry.

The near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence sensor for rapid, selective, and sensitive detection of cystenine (Cys) is of great importance in both biological and environmental sciences. Herein, we report a specific probe with turn-on fluorescence property, visible color change with naked-eye, and large wavelength shift on UV spectra for highly selective detection of Cys over homocysteine (Hcy) and glutathione (GSH) in both HEPES buffer (10 mM, pH 7.4) and diluted human serum. The probe based on the conjugate addition-cyclization reaction has a low limit of detection to Cys (0.16 μM as NIR fluorescence sensor and 0.13 μM as UV sensor). Kinetic study indicated that the probe has a very rapid response to Cys, owing to the much higher pseudo-first-order reaction constant with Cys (299 M(-1) s(-1)) than with Hcy (1.29 M(-1) s(-1)) or GSH (0.53 M(-1) s(-1)). Upon addition of Cys to a solution of the probe, the color changed from purple to cyan, with the maximum wavelength shifting from 582 to 674 nm in the UV spectrum and a fluorescence emission at 697 nm appearing. It has been successfully applied for determination of Cys in diluted serum and bioimaging of Cys in living cells with low cell toxicity.

Anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments found in the cell vacuoles of fruits and flowers, performing several roles from insects attraction to stress protection. Their antioxidant activity contributes to human health, and consuming plant-derived products provides their higher source in the diet. Although their colour and nutritional features, their contribution to sensory properties of foods has not been widely investigated. In wine, preferences are connected with sensory attributes of colour, aroma, taste, and mouthfeel. In this study, grape anthocyanin extracts (TAE) were fractionated using centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) and preparative HPLC in three fractions, i.e glucoside (GF), acetylated (AF) and cinnamoylated (CF) anthocyanins. Sensory properties were investigated by chemical analysis, as reactivity towards bovin serum albumin (BSA) and salivary proteins, and in tasting sessions to assess anthocyanins best estimated thresholds (BET) in wine-like solution. Anthocyanins reacted with both BSA and salivary proteins, but to different extents, because higher interaction between salivary proteins and anthocyanins were found. Cinnamoylated anthocyanins are the most reactive to salivary proteins. Tasting sessions suggested an involvement of anthocyanins as in-mouth contributors in wine, since their BETs were 255, 297, 68, and 58 mg/L for TAE, GF, AF, and CF, respectively, and the descriptors reported were astringency and bitterness.