Rhode Island Agricultural Experiment Station

EGG weight has long been one of the problems confronting the hatching industry in the broiler-producing areas of the United States. Heavy demands for chicks during the months of September, October and November place the hatcheryman in a difficult situation. During this period the supply of satisfactory hatching eggs is more limited than at any other time during the year. There are two factors responsible for this limitation of supply. First, the flocks supplying the eggs are comprised largely of young pullets which have not reached heavy production. Second, the eggs these young pullets lay are usually quite small. This study was initiated with a twofold objective in mind. The first was to determine the justification of weight restrictions on hatching eggs to be used only for broiler chicks. These restrictions have been favorably revised since this study was begun. Second, this test was made to determine the influence of . . .

Kenneth E. Wright; Internal Precipitation of Phosphorus in Relation to Aluminum Toxicity1, Plant Physiology, Volume 18, Issue 4, 1 October 1943, Pages 708–712,

While habitat functions are determined by ecological (physical) relationships, social values for these functions are determined by public preferences. Rhode Island residents' preferences for salt marsh functions were estimated through an application of stated preference (conjoint) analysis. The two models were designed to integrate production with values of wetland functions, thereby providing insights into the set of restoration actions that would offer the greatest potential for welfare improvement, given a fixed restoration budget. This paper discusses the design, implementation and estimation of the integrated model, and provides an example of how the model may be used to prioritize multiattribute restoration policies.

NUMEROUS sulfa drugs have been found valuable in the prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry. Also various methods of using these drugs have been recommended. It is the belief of the authors that the inclusion of the medication in the feed continuously over a sufficient period of time to allow immunity to develop from natural exposure would be the safest and most economical method for controlling coccidiosis. This procedure would call for controlled infection rather than complete prevention of infection in order that the desired immunity might be established. Work at this station (Delaplane et al. 1947, and Grumbles et al. 1947) has shown that sulfaquinoxaline is effective against both cecal and intestinal coccidiosis. In these experiments 0.05 percent sulfaquinoxaline, fed in mash intermittently, and 0.033 and 0.0125 percent, fed continuously in mash, gave good results. These studies also have shown that sulfaquinoxaline used thus did not prevent the . . .

S. A. Pieniazek; Physical Characters of the Skin in Relation to Apple Fruit Transpiration1, Plant Physiology, Volume 19, Issue 3, 1 July 1944, Pages 529–536, ht

FOR years it has been known that egg weight exerts a control on the weight of baby chicks at hatching time. A small egg produces a small chick, large egg produces a large chick. One would be apt to assume that such a start in life extends back into embryonic development prior to the hatching of the egg. Further, one might assume that any disadvantage suffered by the chick hatched from a small egg would be continued on through to maturity. Evidence was presented by Benjamin (1920), Hablersleben and Mussehl (1922), Upp (1928), Graham (1931), and Munroe and Kosin (1940) which showed a highly significant, positive relationship between egg weight and chick weight at hatching time. Jull and Quinn (1925) reported an influence of egg weight on body weight differences between male and female chicks, but contrasting results were published by Munroe and Kosin (1940) who used percent of egg . . .

The Maillard nonenzymatic browning reaction is known to cause serious reduction in the nutritionai value of foods. The reduced nutritionai value does not seem to be limited to the loss of amino acids, as supplementation of the diet with those amino acids does not completely restore its biologic value. When rats were fed a browned egg albumin diet and a control diet of equal protein quality for up to 12 mo, the rats fed browned diet showed enlarged cecums, livers, and kidneys and reduced weight gain. In addition, intestinal digestive enzyme activities decreased, and serum alkaline phosphatase and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) activities increased compared to the control group. The livers of the rats fed browned protein showed histopathologic changes including fatty change and an unknown pigment accumulation. The data indicate a possible cumulative toxic effect due to the long-term feeding of Maillard browned compounds. The mutagenic activity of Maillard browned egg albumin was also tested. No mutagenic effect was observed. The products of the nitrosation of the Amadori compound fructosyl-L-trytophan were mutagenic, however, in strains TA 1535 and TA 100 of the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity assay.

B. E. Gilbert; The Adaptation Of Certain Colorimetric Methods To The Estimation Of Nitrates, Phosphates And Potassium In Plant Solutions1, Plant Physiology, Vol

Leonard P. Pepkowitz, Russell E. Larson, Josephine Gardner, Geraldine Owens; The Carotene and ascorbic Acid Concentration of Vegetable Varieties1, Plant Ph

Abstract The level of endogenous root-promoting and inhibiting substances in 3 clones of rhododendron were compared at seasonal intervals in order to study the clonal and seasonal variation in rooting response of cuttings. The highest levels of 4 rooting cofactors in any season were found in both stem and leaf tissue of Rhododendron cv. ‘Cunningham’s White’ followed by ‘English Roseum’. The clone ‘Dr. H. C. Dresselhuys’ contained the least amount of the rooting cofactors. An inhibitor was often found in all clones, but it appeared less responsible for clonal differences in rooting response than variation in levels of the rooting cofactors. Rooting cofactor levels contained in the stem tissue of ‘Cunningham’s White’ were not less than those in the leaf tissue. In contrast, cofactor levels present in the stem tissue of ‘English Roseum’ and ‘Dr. H. C. Dresselhuys’ were less than those in the leaf tissue. The promoting activity of rooting cofactors in all tissues of the clones increased in September and decreased again in November to the level of July extract. The inhibitor found in the July extracts disappeared in September and reappeared in November. Rooting of cuttings of ‘Dr. H. C. Dresselhuys’ was significantly improved by grafting a leaf and bud scion of ‘Cunningham’s White’. On the other hand, scions of ‘Dr. H. C. Dresselhuys’ resulted in decreased rooting of cuttings of ‘Cunningham’s White‘. Rooting capacity of ‘English Roseum’ was less affected by a leaf and bud scion of other clones of Rhododendron .

The pigments were extracted from crayfish carapace with soy oil. Astaxanthin and its esters were purified and concentrated by using microcrystalline cellulose adsorptive chromatography. The concentration of the purified pigments was approximately forty times that of the original pigmented oil. The separation of the pigments from the pigmented soy oil enabled us to reduce the amount of oil necessary to fortify the diet. In a feeding trial, rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri were fed with the diets containing the purified pigments and desirable pink coloration was found in the flesh. The analysis of the pigment in the test diets and flesh of rainbow trout was carried out. The diets with the higher levels of oil had a higher level of pigment decomposition.

THE work of Horton-Smith (1942–43), Swales (1944–46), Hawkins (1943), Levine (1939–41), Farr and Allen (1942), Ripsom and Herrick (1945), Thorp (1947) and Seegar (1946) has shown the value of the sulfonamides in the control of cecal coccidiosis. Delaplane (1945) first reported the use of sulfaquinoxaline as a preventive against enzootic Pasteurella avicida infection in chickens. Delaplane, Batchelder and Higgins (1947) reported that 0.05 percent sulfaquinoxaline in the mash, when given four days out of eight, 50 percent of the time, was effective in preventing Eimeria tenella infection in chickens during the summer months. They also reported that 0.033 percent given continuously in the mash gave good protection against cecal coccidiosis. Further studies of the prophylactic use of sulfaquinoxaline were continued on a commercial poultry farm where 33,126 broilers were given 0.05 percent of the drug with various feeding schedules. The work was carried on for a period . . .

Donald E. Frear; Estimation of Nitrate Nitrogen in Plant Juice: A Study of the Expression and Clarification of the Juice 12, Plant Physiology, Volume 5, Issue 3

THE work of Delaplane, Batchelder and Higgins (1947) showed that sulfaquinoxaline was effective in preventing mortality from Eimeria tenella infection and apparently did not interfere with the development of immunity. Further studies were made on chickens obtained from a commercial broiler plant where sulfaquinoxaline was being used in various intermittent feeding schedules in an effort to obtain more information as to whether the use of the drug interfered with the development of immunity. MATERIAL AND METHODS The chickens at the plant where this this study was made were brooded in battery brooders for three weeks, then were moved to the main broiler building. Approximately 1,000 to 1,200 chickens were placed in each pen on clean peanut-hull litter. The litter was not changed until the birds were marketed at about 12 weeks of age. Ten representative, including Barred Rocks, New Hampshires and crosses, were obtained from each pen when the birds . . .

In an attempt to shorten the procedure for the estimation of sulfur in urine, Benedict (1) used an oxidizing solution containing copper nitrate.Denis (2) modified this solution, and since that time both the original method and this latter modification have been used increasingly in biological work.Pinchussen and Konarsky (3) used Benedict's original solution for the estimation of sulfur in the organs of animals by adding the solution directly to the finely ground tissue and carrying out the entire procedure in a porcelain centrifuge tube.Trotman and Bell (4) have used the Denis modification to determine the sulfur in wool, first dissolving the sample in nitric acid.Hoffman and Gortner (5) used the Denis modification to estimate the sulfur in pure organic compounds, after dissolving them in a suitable solvent, and these authors (6) have described the use of the method on plant saps.Wolf and Osterberg ( 7) have used the Benedict method after a preliminary treatment of the sample with fuming nitric acid to oxidize most of the organic matter present.This method is complicated by the use of large amounts of fuming nitric acid, and the resulting values for blank determinations are usually high in comparison to the quantity of barium sulfate from the sulfur of most organic materials.Halverson (8) has further altered this procedure by digestion and disintegration with hot water for 10 hours, and by reducing the amount of fuming nitric acid used in the preliminary treatment.Even this last simplification does not render the determination

Irene H. Stuckey; Influence of Soil Temperature on the Development of Colonial Bent Grass1, Plant Physiology, Volume 17, Issue 1, 1 January 1942, Pages 116–122,

SINCE the discovery of vitamin A, investigators have been trying to find a source of the vitamin that would combine high availability with high stability to overcome the oxidation of the vitamin and its precursors in a mixed feed. Johnson, Carrick and Hauge (1948) found that the carotene from dehydrated alfalfa leaf meal gave better growth and liver storage than the vitamin A from fish liver oil with Barred Plymouth Rock chickens. Reynolds and co-workers(1948), also using Barred Plymouth Rock chickens, observed that better growth to seven weeks of age was obtained from a ration containing stabilized carotene, stabilized vitamin A or vitamin A ester. The work of Castano and his associates (1951) indicated that crystalline vitamin A acetate was more effective than “Black Cod” liver oil or crystalline carotene in producing concentrations of vitamin A in the blood plasma and livers of chickens. When Kramke, Lloyd and Fritz (1952) …

Frank S. Schlenker; Comparison of Existing Methods For the Determination of Ammonia Nitrogen and Their Adaptability to Plant Juice1, Plant Physiology, Volume 7,

B. E. Gilbert, F. T. Mclean, W. L. Adams; The Current Mineral Nutrient Content Of The Plant Solution As An Index Of Metabolic Limiting Conditions*, Plant P

ジャガイモのデンプン価は食味や調理・加工適性に大きな影響を及ぼす．各種の栽培条件下でジャガイモのデンプン価は変動し，製品品質や加工工程にばらつきをもたらすため，しばしば消費・実需面からのクレームを生じることがある．そこで，我々は可視・近赤外分光法を用い，実用レベルで，デンプン価の非破壊測定法を検討した．透過スペクトルは，コンベアで分光測定部へ試料を50m/min. の速度で連続的に供給しながら，光源からの光を塊茎にあて，対面するCCDエリアイメージセンサー（測定波長範囲730～930nm）で受光して測定した．比重法により求めた塊茎のデンプン価（実測値）と本法で得られた2次微分スペクトルからPLS回帰分析により検量線を品種毎に作成した．その結果，「男爵薯」，「メークイン」，「キタアカリ」の全規格込みの予測標準誤差（SEP）は，それぞれ0.87％，0.58％および0.86％であった．また，産地，付着土の有無および品温が測定精度に及ぼす影響は小さく，いずれの処理でもSEPは目標値の1％未満に抑えられた．以上のように，選果ラインを組み合わせた光学的評価法により，ジャガイモ塊茎のデンプン価の非破壊測定およびデンプン価に基づいて選別（毎秒約3.3個）できることが示された．